1
|
Rao S, Traxler R, Napetavaridze T, Asanishvili Z, Rukhadze K, Maghlakelidze G, Geleishvili M, Broladze M, Kokhreidze M, Reynolds D, Shadomy S, Salman M. Risk factors associated with the occurrence of anthrax outbreaks in livestock in the country of Georgia: A case-control investigation 2013-2015. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215228. [PMID: 31048838 PMCID: PMC6497231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anthrax is considered endemic in livestock in Georgia. In 2007, the annual vaccination became the responsibility of livestock owners, while contracting of private veterinarians was not officially required. Six years later, due to increase in human outbreaks associated with livestock handling, there is a need to find out the risk factors of livestock anthrax in Georgia. Objective To identify exposures and risk factors associated with livestock anthrax. Methods A matched case-control study design was used to recruit the owners of individual livestock anthrax cases that occurred between June 2013 and May 2015, and owners of unaffected livestock from within (“village control”) and outside the village (“area control”). We collected data about the case and control livestock animals’ exposure and risk factors within the one-month prior to the disease onset of the case livestock (or matched case for the controls). We used logistic regression analysis (univariate and multivariable) to calculate the odds ratios of exposures and risk factors. Results During the study period, 36 anthrax cases met the case definition and were enrolled in the study; 67 matched village control livestock and 71 matched area control livestock were also enrolled. The findings from multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrate that vaccination within the last two years significantly reduced the odds of anthrax in cattle (OR = 0.014; 95% Confidence interval = <0.001, 0.99). The other factors that were significantly protective against anthrax were ‘animals being in covered fence area/barn’ (OR = 0.065; p-value = 0.036), and ‘female animal being pregnant or milking compared to heifer’ (OR = 0.006; p-value = 0.037). Conclusions The information obtained from this study has involved and been presented to decision makers, used to build technical capacity of veterinary staff, and to foster a One Health approach to the control of zoonotic diseases which will optimize prevention and control strategies. Georgia has embedded the knowledge and specific evidence that vaccination is a highly protective measure to prevent anthrax deaths among livestock, to which primary emphasis of the anthrax control program will be given. Education of livestock keepers in Georgia is an overriding priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Rao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rita Traxler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tsira Napetavaridze
- National Food Agency (NFA) of Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture of Georgia (MEPA), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Zviad Asanishvili
- National Food Agency (NFA) of Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture of Georgia (MEPA), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ketevan Rukhadze
- Department of Rural Development and Vocational Education (DRDVE) of Georgian Institute of Public Affairs (GIPA), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | | | - Mariam Broladze
- National Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Maka Kokhreidze
- Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture (LMA), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Debby Reynolds
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sean Shadomy
- CDC One Health Office, NCEZID, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mo Salman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Farlow J, Donduashvili M, Kokhreidze M, Kotorashvili A, Vepkhvadze NG, Kotaria N, Gulbani A. Intra-epidemic genome variation in highly pathogenic African swine fever virus (ASFV) from the country of Georgia. Virol J 2018; 15:190. [PMID: 30547827 PMCID: PMC6295034 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes an acute hemorrhagic infection in suids with a mortality rate of up to 100%. No vaccine is available and the potential for catastrophic disease in Europe remains elevated due to the ongoing ASF epidemic in Russia and Baltic countries. To date, intra-epidemic whole-genome variation for ASFV has not been reported. To provide a more comprehensive baseline for genetic variation early in the ASF outbreak, we sequenced two Georgian ASFV samples, G-2008/1 and G-2008/2, derived from domestic porcine blood collected in 2008. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted directly from low-volume ASFV PCR-positive porcine blood samples and subjected to next generation sequencing on the Illumina Miseq platform. De novo and mapped sequence assemblies were performed using CLCBio software. Genomic illustrations, sequence alignments and assembly figures were generated using Geneious v10.2.4. Sequence repeat architecture was analyzed using DNASTAR GeneQuest 14.1.0. RESULTS The G-2008/1 and G-2008/2 genomes were distinguished from each other by coding changes in seven genes, including MGF 110-1 L, X69R, MGF 505-10R, EP364R, H233R, E199L, and MGF 360-21R in addition to eight homopolymer tract variations. The 2008/2 genome possessed a novel allele state at a previously undescribed intergenic repeat locus between genes C315R and C147L. The C315R/C147L locus represents the earliest observed variable repeat sequence polymorphism reported among isolates from this epidemic. No sequence variation was observed in conventional ASFV subtyping markers. The two genomes exhibited complete collinearity and identical gene content with the Georgia 2007/1 reference genome. Approximately 56 unique homopolymer A/T-tract variations were identified that were unique to the Georgia 2007/1 genome. In both 2008 genomes, within-sample sequence read heterogeneity was evident at six homopolymeric G/C-tracts confined to the known hypervariable ~ 7 kb region in the left terminal region of the genome. CONCLUSIONS This is the first intra-epidemic comparative genomic analysis reported for ASFV and provides insight into the intra-epidemic microevolution of ASFV. The genomes reported here, in addition to the G-2007/1 genome, provide an early baseline for future genome-level comparisons and epidemiological tracing efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Farlow
- Farlow Scientific Consulting Company, LLC, Lewiston, UT 84320 USA
| | | | | | - Adam Kotorashvili
- Richard G. Lugar Center for Public Health Research at the National Center for Disease Control (NCDC), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Nato Kotaria
- Richard G. Lugar Center for Public Health Research at the National Center for Disease Control (NCDC), Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ana Gulbani
- Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Tbilisi, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vepkhvadze NG, Menteshashvili I, Kokhreidze M, Goginashvili K, Tigilauri T, Mamisashvili E, Gelashvili L, Abramishvili T, Donduashvili M, Ghvinjilia G, Avaliani L, Parkadze O, Ninidze L, Kartskhia N, Napetvaridze T, Rukhadze Z, Asanishvili Z, Weller R, Risatti GR. Active surveillance of African swine fever in domestic swine herds in Georgia, 2014. REV SCI TECH OIE 2018; 36:879-887. [PMID: 30160694 DOI: 10.20506/rst.36.3.2721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since its introduction to the Republic of Georgia in 2007, African swine fever virus (ASFV) has spread across the Caucasus region, the Russian Federation, and some Eastern European countries. It is assumed that large populations of naïve, domestic, free-ranging and wild pigs are vital to the transmission of the disease. Since its epidemic emergence in the region in 2007, ASFV has continued to circulate, which suggests that an endemic cycle has been established and is maintained by contact between free-ranging domestic pigs, wild pigs, and possibly native Ornithodoros ticks, the most likely reservoirs for the virus. In 2014, a survey was conducted across the Republic of Georgia to determine ASFV prevalence among domestic swine herds. All 1,231 samples collected for this survey tested negative for ASF. The probability of observing no reactors in a sample of this size (n = 1,231) from a population with an estimated disease prevalence of 1% is very low (<0.0001). Therefore, it is possible but very unlikely that ASFV was present among domestic swine during the span of this survey. These data suggest that, in 2014, domestic pig herds were not the source of the virus, and that the ASF endemic cycle may be supported by the circulation of ASFV among feral pigs, wild pigs, and possibly native Ornithodoros ticks.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao J, Gigante C, Khmaladze E, Liu P, Tang S, Wilkins K, Zhao K, Davidson W, Nakazawa Y, Maghlakelidze G, Geleishvili M, Kokhreidze M, Carroll DS, Emerson G, Li Y. Genome Sequences of Akhmeta Virus, an Early Divergent Old World Orthopoxvirus. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050252. [PMID: 29757202 PMCID: PMC5977245 DOI: 10.3390/v10050252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Annotated whole genome sequences of three isolates of the Akhmeta virus (AKMV), a novel species of orthopoxvirus (OPXV), isolated from the Akhmeta and Vani regions of the country Georgia, are presented and discussed. The AKMV genome is similar in genomic content and structure to that of the cowpox virus (CPXV), but a lower sequence identity was found between AKMV and Old World OPXVs than between other known species of Old World OPXVs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AKMV diverged prior to other Old World OPXV. AKMV isolates formed a monophyletic clade in the OPXV phylogeny, yet the sequence variability between AKMV isolates was higher than between the monkeypox virus strains in the Congo basin and West Africa. An AKMV isolate from Vani contained approximately six kb sequence in the left terminal region that shared a higher similarity with CPXV than with other AKMV isolates, whereas the rest of the genome was most similar to AKMV, suggesting recombination between AKMV and CPXV in a region containing several host range and virulence genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Gao
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Crystal Gigante
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Ekaterine Khmaladze
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, 9 M. Asatiani Street, Tbilisi 0177, Georgia.
| | - Pengbo Liu
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Shiyuyun Tang
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Kimberly Wilkins
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Kun Zhao
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Whitni Davidson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Yoshinori Nakazawa
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Giorgi Maghlakelidze
- Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Marika Geleishvili
- Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Maka Kokhreidze
- Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture of Georgia (LMA), Animal Disease Diagnostic Department, 49 Vaso Godziashvilis Street, Tbilisi 0159, Georgia.
| | - Darin S Carroll
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Ginny Emerson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Yu Li
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vepkhvadze N, Donduashvili M, Kokhreidze M, Risatti G. Novel laboratory methods to study/describe the molecular characterization of African swine fever virus isolates for the purposes of genotyping in Georgia. Int J Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.11.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
6
|
Vora NM, Li Y, Geleishvili M, Emerson GL, Khmaladze E, Maghlakelidze G, Navdarashvili A, Zakhashvili K, Kokhreidze M, Endeladze M, Mokverashvili G, Satheshkumar PS, Gallardo-Romero N, Goldsmith CS, Metcalfe MG, Damon I, Maes EF, Reynolds MG, Morgan J, Carroll DS. Human infection with a zoonotic orthopoxvirus in the country of Georgia. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:1223-30. [PMID: 25806914 PMCID: PMC4692157 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1407647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During 2013, cutaneous lesions developed in two men in the country of Georgia after they were exposed to ill cows. The men had never received vaccination against smallpox. Tests of lesion material with the use of a quantitative real-time polymerase-chain-reaction assay for non-variola virus orthopoxviruses were positive, and DNA sequence analysis implicated a novel orthopoxvirus species. During the ensuing epidemiologic investigation, no additional human cases were identified. However, serologic evidence of exposure to an orthopoxvirus was detected in cows in the patients' herd and in captured rodents and shrews. A third case of human infection that occurred in 2010 was diagnosed retrospectively during testing of archived specimens that were originally submitted for tests to detect anthrax. Orthopoxvirus infection should be considered in persons in whom cutaneous lesions develop after contact with animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Vora
- From the Epidemic Intelligence Service (N.M.V.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (N.M.V., Y.L., G.L.E., P.S.S., N.G.-R., C.S.G., M.G.M., I.D., M.G.R., D.S.C.), and the Division of Global Health Protection (N.M.V., M.G., E.F.M., J.M.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta; CDC Georgia Country Office (M.G., J.M.), National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (E.K., A.N., K.Z.), Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture (G. Maghlakelidze, M.K.), and Infectious Diseases, AIDS, and Clinical Immunology Research Center (M.E.), Tbilisi, and National Food Agency, Tianeti (G. Mokverashvili) - all in Georgia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiang J, You BJ, Liu E, Apte A, Yarina TR, Myers TE, Lee JS, Francesconi SC, O’Guinn ML, Tsertsvadze N, Vephkhvadze N, Babuadze G, Sidamonidze K, Kokhreidze M, Donduashvili M, Onashvili T, Ismayilov A, Agayev N, Aliyev M, Muttalibov N, Richards AL. Development of three quantitative real-time PCR assays for the detection of Rickettsia raoultii, Rickettsia slovaca, and Rickettsia aeschlimannii and their validation with ticks from the country of Georgia and the Republic of Azerbaijan. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|