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Bomfim CCB, Fisher L, Amaral EP, Mittereder L, McCann K, Correa AAS, Namasivayam S, Swamydas M, Moayeri M, Weiss JM, Chari R, McVicar DW, Costa DL, D’Império Lima MR, Sher A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Irg1 in Murine Macrophages by a Pathway Involving Both TLR-2 and STING/IFNAR Signaling and Requiring Bacterial Phagocytosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:862582. [PMID: 35586249 PMCID: PMC9109611 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.862582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Irg1 is an enzyme that generates itaconate, a metabolite that plays a key role in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Previous studies have implicated Irg1 as an important mediator in preventing excessive inflammation and tissue damage in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Here, we investigated the pattern recognition receptors and signaling pathways by which Mtb triggers Irg1 gene expression by comparing the responses of control and genetically deficient BMDMs. Using this approach, we demonstrated partial roles for TLR-2 (but not TLR-4 or -9), MyD88 and NFκB signaling in Irg1 induction by Mtb bacilli. In addition, drug inhibition studies revealed major requirements for phagocytosis and endosomal acidification in Irg1 expression triggered by Mtb but not LPS or PAM3CSK4. Importantly, the Mtb-induced Irg1 response was highly dependent on the presence of the bacterial ESX-1 secretion system, as well as host STING and Type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) signaling with Type II IFN (IFN-γ) signaling playing only a minimal role. Based on these findings we hypothesize that Mtb induces Irg1 expression in macrophages via the combination of two independent triggers both dependent on bacterial phagocytosis: 1) a major signal stimulated by phagocytized Mtb products released by an ESX-1-dependent mechanism into the cytosol where they activate the STING pathway leading to Type I-IFN production, and 2) a secondary TLR-2, MyD88 and NFκB dependent signal that enhances Irg1 production independently of Type I IFN induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio C. B. Bomfim
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Logan Fisher
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eduardo P. Amaral
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lara Mittereder
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Katelyn McCann
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - André A. S. Correa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sivaranjani Namasivayam
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Muthulekha Swamydas
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mahtab Moayeri
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonathan M. Weiss
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Raj Chari
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Daniel W. McVicar
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Diego L. Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria R. D’Império Lima
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alan Sher
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Marinho CRF, Nuñez-Apaza LN, Martins-Santos R, Bastos KRB, Bombeiro AL, Bucci DZ, Sardinha LR, Lima MRD, Alvarez JM. IFN-gamma, but not nitric oxide or specific IgG, is essential for the in vivo control of low-virulence Sylvio X10/4 Trypanosoma cruzi parasites. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:297-308. [PMID: 17635807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Highly virulent strains of Trypanosoma cruzi are frequently used as murine models of Chagas' disease. However, these strains do not fully represent the spectrum of parasites involved in the human infection. In this paper, we analysed parasitaemia, mortality, tissue pathology and parasite-specific IgG serum levels in immune-deficient mice infected with Sylvio X10/4 parasites, a T. cruzi derived from a chagasic patient that yields very low parasitaemias and in C3H/HePAS mice induces a chronic cardiopathy resembling the human disease. IFN-gamma was identified as a crucial element for parasite control as its absence determined a drastic increase in parasitaemia, tissue parasitism, leukocyte infiltrates at the heart and striated muscles and mortality. The lack of IFN-gamma or IL-12p40, a molecule shared by IL-12 and IL-23, also resulted in spinal cord lesions and a progressive paralysis syndrome. Whereas IgG2a was the main Ig isotype in infected C57BL/6 mice, IL-12p40-KO mice produced IgG2a and IgG1 and IFN-gamma-KO mice produced only IgG1. The IFN-gamma-protective effect was not essentially mediated by nitric oxide (NO), inasmuch as infected iNOS-KO mice showed no parasitaemia and low tissue damage. Mice deficient in CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells showed an intermediate phenotype with increased mortality and tissue pathology but no parasitaemia. Interestingly, CD28-KO mice were unable to produce anti-T. cruzi IgG antibodies but presented moderate tissue pathology and managed to control the infection. Thus, differently from infections with high virulence parasites, neither IgG, NO nor CD28-mediated signalling are essential for the non-sterile control of Sylvio X10/4 parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R F Marinho
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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