Dominant mutations in mtDNA maintenance gene SSBP1 cause optic atrophy and foveopathy

Mutations in genes encoding components of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication machinery cause mtDNA depletion syndromes (MDSs), which associate ocular features with severe neurological syndromes. Here, we identified heterozygous missense mutations in single-strand binding protein 1 (SSBP1) in 5 unrelated families, leading to the R38Q and R107Q amino acid changes in the mitochondrial single-stranded DNA-binding protein, a crucial protein involved in mtDNA replication. All affected individuals presented optic atrophy, associated with foveopathy in half of the cases. To uncover the structural features underlying SSBP1 mutations, we determined a revised SSBP1 crystal structure. Structural analysis suggested that both mutations affect dimer interactions and presumably distort the DNA-binding region. Using patient fibroblasts, we validated that the R38Q variant destabilizes SSBP1 dimer/tetramer formation, affects mtDNA replication, and induces mtDNA depletion. Our study showing that mutations in SSBP1 cause a form of dominant optic atrophy frequently accompanied with foveopathy brings insights into mtDNA maintenance disorders.

OPA1 gene therapy prevents retinal ganglion cell loss in a Dominant Optic Atrophy mouse model

Dominant optic atrophy (DOA) is a rare progressive and irreversible blinding disease which is one of the most frequent forms of hereditary optic neuropathy. DOA is mainly caused by dominant mutation in the OPA1 gene encoding a large mitochondrial GTPase with crucial roles in membrane dynamics and cell survival. Hereditary optic neuropathies are commonly characterized by the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, leading to the optic nerve atrophy and the progressive loss of visual acuity. Up to now, despite increasing advances in the understanding of the pathological mechanisms, DOA remains intractable. Here, we tested the efficiency of gene therapy on a genetically-modified mouse model reproducing DOA vision loss. We performed intravitreal injections of an Adeno-Associated Virus carrying the human OPA1 cDNA under the control of the cytomegalovirus promotor. Our results provide the first evidence that gene therapy is efficient on a mouse model of DOA as the wild-type OPA1 expression is able to alleviate the OPA1-induced retinal ganglion cell degeneration, the hallmark of the disease. These results displayed encouraging effects of gene therapy for Dominant Optic Atrophy, fostering future investigations aiming at clinical trials in patients.

Optical Coherence Tomography: Imaging Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells In Vivo

Structural changes in the retina are common manifestations of ophthalmic diseases. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables their identification in vivo-rapidly, repetitively, and at a high resolution. This protocol describes OCT imaging in the mouse retina as a powerful tool to study optic neuropathies (OPN). The OCT system is an interferometry-based, non-invasive alternative to common post mortem histological assays. It provides a fast and accurate assessment of retinal thickness, allowing the possibility to track changes, such as retinal thinning or thickening. We present the imaging process and analysis with the example of the Opa1^delTTAG mouse line. Three types of scans are proposed, with two quantification methods: standard and homemade calipers. The latter is best for use on the peripapillary retina during radial scans; being more precise, is preferable for analyzing thinner structures. All approaches described here are designed for retinal ganglion cells (RGC) but are easily adaptable to other cell populations. In conclusion, OCT is efficient in mouse model phenotyping and has the potential to be used for the reliable evaluation of therapeutic interventions.

A dominant mutation in MAPKAPK3, an actor of p38 signaling pathway, causes a new retinal dystrophy involving Bruch's membrane and retinal pigment epithelium

Inherited retinal dystrophies are clinically and genetically heterogeneous with significant number of cases remaining genetically unresolved. We studied a large family from the West Indies islands with a peculiar retinal disease, the Martinique crinkled retinal pigment epitheliopathy that begins around the age of 30 with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane changes resembling a dry desert land and ends with a retinitis pigmentosa. Whole-exome sequencing identified a heterozygous c.518T>C (p.Leu173Pro) mutation in MAPKAPK3 that segregates with the disease in 14 affected and 28 unaffected siblings from three generations. This unknown variant is predicted to be damaging by bioinformatic predictive tools and the mutated protein to be non-functional by crystal structure analysis. MAPKAPK3 is a serine/threonine protein kinase of the p38 signaling pathway that is activated by a variety of stress stimuli and is implicated in cellular responses and gene regulation. In contrast to other tissues, MAPKAPK3 is highly expressed in the RPE, suggesting a crucial role for retinal physiology. Expression of the mutated allele in HEK cells revealed a mislocalization of the protein in the cytoplasm, leading to cytoskeleton alteration and cytodieresis inhibition. In Mapkapk3-/- mice, Bruch's membrane is irregular with both abnormal thickened and thinned portions. In conclusion, we identified the first pathogenic mutation in MAPKAPK3 associated with a retinal disease. These findings shed new lights on Bruch's membrane/RPE pathophysiology and will open studies of this signaling pathway in diseases with RPE and Bruch's membrane alterations, such as age-related macular degeneration.

Cultured Cells from the Human Oocyte Cumulus Niche Are Efficient Feeders to Propagate Pluripotent Stem Cells

Pluripotency is at the crossroads of stem cell research and biology of reproduction. The mature metaphase II oocyte contains the key factors for pluripotency induction and maintenance as assessed by its capacity to reprogram somatic nuclei. The cumulus cells (CCs) niche that surrounds the oocyte is crucial for its maturation and presumably for the oocyte to acquire its competence to confer pluripotency. In this study, we examined whether cells cultured from the human mature metaphase II oocyte CC niche (hCC) could be used as feeders for the propagation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. The induced pluripotent (iPS) cells cultured on hCC (hCC-iPS) were assessed for their pluripotency potential by their expression of pluripotency-associated genes such as Oct4, Nanog, and TRA1-60 and their competence to differentiate into the three germ layers in vitro (embryoid bodies) as well as in vivo (teratoma formation). We show that not only the hCC-iPS cells maintained their pluripotency potential, but they also exhibited much better self-renewal performance in terms of proliferation rate compared to the same cells cultured on human foreskin fibroblast (hFF) feeders (hFF-iPS). A comparative gene expression profile study of hCC and hFF revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) in expression of cellular matrix components and an upregulation in hCC of genes known to be important players in cell proliferation such as interleukin 6 gene (IL6).

Side scatter intensity is highly heterogeneous in undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells and predicts clonogenic self-renewal

In culture, human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are phenotypically (for instance, the SSEA3 expression level) and functionally (capacity to survive after single-cell dissociation) heterogeneous. We report here that the side scatter (SSC) signal measured by flow cytometry, a variable correlated with membrane irregularity and cell granularity, is very high in PSCs, even higher than in blood polymorphonuclear cells, and markedly heterogeneous. Moreover, SSC intensity rapidly and strongly decreases upon PSC differentiation into any of the three germ layers. PSCs with high SSC (HSSC cells) or low SSC (LSSC cells) values both express pluripotency markers, but HSSC cells are characterized by more frequent simultaneous expression of the membrane pluripotency factors SSEA3, SSEA4, TRA-1-81, TRA-1-60, and CD24 and by a higher mitochondrial content. Functionally, HSSC cells are more likely to generate colonies upon single-cell passage than LSSC cells. SSC monitoring might provide a simple, but robust and rapid method to estimate pluripotency variations in culture and unveils a new phenotypic and functional heterogeneity in PSCs.

A novel dendritic cell subset involved in tumor immunosurveillance

The interferon (IFN)-gamma-induced TRAIL effector mechanism is a vital component of cancer immunosurveillance by natural killer (NK) cells in mice. Here we show that the main source of IFN-gamma is not the conventional NK cell but a subset of B220(+)Ly6C(-) dendritic cells, which are atypical insofar as they express NK cell-surface molecules. Upon contact with a variety of tumor cells that are poorly recognized by NK cells, B220(+)NK1.1(+) dendritic cells secrete high levels of IFN-gamma and mediate TRAIL-dependent lysis of tumor cells. Adoptive transfer of these IFN-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDCs) into tumor-bearing Rag2(-/-)Il2rg(-/-) mice prevented tumor outgrowth, whereas transfer of conventional NK cells did not. In conclusion, we identified IKDCs as pivotal sensors and effectors of the innate antitumor immune response.

Mutation analysis of the tyrosinase gene in oculocutaneous albinism

Type I oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by the reduction or the absence of tyrosinase (TYR) activity in melanocytes of the skin, hair and eyes. Here we report an analysis of 45 patients with OCA. We found five novel mutations in the tyrosinase gene involved in the pathogenesis of oculocutaneous albinism type IA or type IB (OCA-1A/B) in five unrelated patients. Three mutations are missense mutations (G109R, P205T and H256Y) and two are nucleotide deletions (336-337delCA and 678-680delAGG). One patient is homozygous for the previously known V275F mutation but has an extremely mild OCA phenotype and has no eye features typical of OCA. In several patients we discovered only one or even no mutation in the coding sequence of the TYR gene. Thus, this disease may also result from mutations in non coding regions of the gene or in another gene involved in the biosynthesis of melanin. Hum Mutat 17:352, 2001.

Identification of novel VMD2 gene mutations in patients with best vitelliform macular dystrophy

ABSTRACT We report five novel VMD2 mutations in Best's macular dystrophy patients (S16F, I73N, R92H, V235L, and N296S). An SSCP analysis of the VMD2 11 exons revealed electrophoretic mobility shifts exclusively in exons 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8. Direct sequencing indicated that these shifts are caused by mono-allelic transition in exons 2, 4, 6, 8 and transversion in exons 3 and 6. Five novel "silent" polymorphisms are also reported: 213T>C, 323C>A, 1514A>G, 1661C>T, and 1712T>C. Hum Mutat 17:235, 2001.