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He SWJ, Voß F, Nicolaie MA, Brummelman J, van de Garde MDB, Bijvank E, Poelen M, Wijmenga-Monsuur AJ, Wyllie AL, Trzciński K, Van Beek J, Rots NY, den Hartog G, Hammerschmidt S, van Els CACM. Serological profiling of pneumococcal proteins reveals unique patterns of acquisition, maintenance and waning of antibodies throughout life. J Infect Dis 2024:jiae216. [PMID: 38679601 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children and older adults. Yet knowledge on the development of pneumococcal protein-specific antibody responses throughout life is limited. To investigate this, we measured serum IgG levels to 55 pneumococcal proteins in 11-month old infants (n=73), 24-month old children (n=101), parents (n=99), adults without children <6 years of age (n= 99) and older adults aged >60 years (n=100). Our findings revealed low IgG levels in infancy, with distinct development patterns peaking in adults. A decrease in levels was observed for 27 antigens towards older age. Adults and older adults had increased IgG levels during pneumococcal carriage and at increased exposure risk to S. pneumoniae. Carriage was a stronger predictor than exposure or age for antibody responses. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of naturally acquired humoral immunity to pneumococcal proteins throughout life, offering insights for age-targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha W J He
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Franziska Voß
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mioara A Nicolaie
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Brummelman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn D B van de Garde
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elske Bijvank
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martien Poelen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alienke J Wijmenga-Monsuur
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Krzysztof Trzciński
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Josine Van Beek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Y Rots
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco den Hartog
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cécile A C M van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ciacchi L, van de Garde MDB, Ladell K, Farenc C, Poelen MCM, Miners KL, Llerena C, Reid HH, Petersen J, Price DA, Rossjohn J, van Els CACM. CD4 + T cell-mediated recognition of a conserved cholesterol-dependent cytolysin epitope generates broad antibacterial immunity. Immunity 2023; 56:1082-1097.e6. [PMID: 37100059 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cell-mediated immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) can protect against recurrent bacterial colonization and invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs). Although such immune responses are common, the pertinent antigens have remained elusive. We identified an immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitope derived from pneumolysin (Ply), a member of the bacterial cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs). This epitope was broadly immunogenic as a consequence of presentation by the pervasive human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allotypes DPB1∗02 and DPB1∗04 and recognition via architecturally diverse T cell receptors (TCRs). Moreover, the immunogenicity of Ply427-444 was underpinned by core residues in the conserved undecapeptide region (ECTGLAWEWWR), enabling cross-recognition of heterologous bacterial pathogens expressing CDCs. Molecular studies further showed that HLA-DP4-Ply427-441 was engaged similarly by private and public TCRs. Collectively, these findings reveal the mechanistic determinants of near-global immune focusing on a trans-phyla bacterial epitope, which could inform ancillary strategies to combat various life-threatening infectious diseases, including IPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ciacchi
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Martijn D B van de Garde
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Utrecht 3721MA, the Netherlands
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Carine Farenc
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Martien C M Poelen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Utrecht 3721MA, the Netherlands
| | - Kelly L Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Carmen Llerena
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jan Petersen
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Cécile A C M van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Utrecht 3721MA, the Netherlands; Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CL, the Netherlands.
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3
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He SWJ, van de Garde MDB, Pieren DKJ, Poelen MCM, Voß F, Abdullah MR, Hammerschmidt S, van Els CACM. Diminished Pneumococcal-Specific CD4+ T-Cell Response is Associated With Increased Regulatory T Cells at Older Age. Front Aging 2021; 2:746295. [PMID: 35822055 PMCID: PMC9261371 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.746295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in older adults. Acquired CD4+ T cell mechanism are essential for the protection against colonization and subsequent development of infections by S. pneumoniae. In this study, we hypothesized that age-related changes within the CD4+ T-cell population compromise CD4+ T-cell specific responses to S. pneumoniae, thereby contributing to increased susceptibility at older age. To this end, we interrogated the CD4+ T-cell response against the immunogenic pneumococcal protein AliB, part of the unique oligopeptide ABC transporter system responsible for the uptake of nutrients for the bacterium and crucial for the development of pneumococcal meningitis, in healthy young and older adults. Specifically, proliferation of CD4+ T cells as well as concomitant cytokine profiles and phenotypic markers implied in immunosenescence were studied. Older adults showed decreased AliB-induced CD4+ T-cell proliferation that is associated with an increased frequency of regulatory T cells and lower levels of active CD25+CD127+CTLA-4−TIGIT-CD4+T cells. Additionally, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNy and IL-17F were decreased at older age. Our findings indicate that key features of a pneumococcal-specific CD4+ T-cell immune response are altered at older age, which may contribute to enhanced susceptibility for pneumococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha W J He
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Martijn D B van de Garde
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Daan K J Pieren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Martien C M Poelen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Franziska Voß
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mohammed R Abdullah
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cécile A C M van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
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Ciacchi L, van de Garde MDB, Petersen J, Farenc C, Poelen MCM, Reid HH, Ladell K, Price DA, van Els CACM, Rossjohn J. CD4 + T cell recognition of pneumolysin, a pore-forming cytolysin derived from Streptococcus pneumoniae presented by a common HLA allotype. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767321085998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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5
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Abstract
Humanized liver mouse models are crucial tools in liver research, specifically in the fields of liver cell biology, viral hepatitis and drug metabolism. The livers of these humanized mouse models are repopulated by 3-dimensional islands of fully functional primary human hepatocytes (PHH), which are notoriously difficult to maintain in vitro. As low efficiency and high cost hamper widespread use, optimization is of great importance. In the present study, we analyzed experimental factors associated with Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and PHH engraftment in 2 xenograft systems on a Nod-SCID-IL2Ry-/- background: the alb-urokinase plasminogen activator mouse model (uPA-NOG, n=399); and the alb-HSV thymidine kinase model (TK-NOG, n = 198). In a first analysis, HEV fecal shedding in liver humanized uPA-NOG and TK-NOG mice with comparable human albumin levels was found to be similar irrespective of the mouse genetic background. In a second analysis, sex, mouse age at transplantation and hepatocyte donor were the most determinant factors for xenograft success in both models. The sexual imbalance for xenograft success was related to higher baseline ALT levels and lower thresholds for ganciclovir induced liver morbidity and mortality in males. These data call for sexual standardization of human hepatocyte xenograft models, but also provide a platform for further studies on mechanisms behind sexual dimorphism in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulce Sari
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 6993Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gertine W van Oord
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 6993Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn D B van de Garde
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 6993Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda J C Voermans
- Department of Viroscience, 6993Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Boonstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 6993Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Vanwolleghem
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 6993Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium, Netherlands
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6
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Pieren DKJ, Smits NAM, van de Garde MDB, Guichelaar T. Response kinetics reveal novel features of ageing in murine T cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5587. [PMID: 30944406 PMCID: PMC6447543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of ageing on the immune system results in defects in T cell responsiveness. The search for ageing hallmarks has been challenging due to the complex nature of immune responses in which the kinetics of T cell responsiveness have largely been neglected. We aimed to unravel hallmarks of ageing in the kinetics of the murine T cell response. To this end, we assessed ageing-related T-cell response kinetics by studying the effect of the duration and strength of in vitro stimulation on activation, proliferation, and cytokine secretion by T cells of young and aged mice. Collectively, our data show that stimulatory strength and time kinetics of cytokine secretion, activation markers, and proliferation of Th, Tc, and Treg cells are crucial in understanding the impact of ageing on T cells. Despite low proliferative capacity, T cell subsets of aged mice do respond to stimulation by upregulation of activation markers and secretion of cytokines. These findings therefore indicate that replicative senescence of aged T cells is not a measure of unresponsiveness per se, but rather stress that ageing influences the kinetics of proliferation, upregulation of activation markers and cytokine secretion each to a different extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan K J Pieren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Noortje A M Smits
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn D B van de Garde
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Guichelaar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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7
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van de Garde MDB, Movita D, van der Heide M, Herschke F, De Jonghe S, Gama L, Boonstra A, Vanwolleghem T. Liver Monocytes and Kupffer Cells Remain Transcriptionally Distinct during Chronic Viral Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166094. [PMID: 27812182 PMCID: PMC5094584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the scarcity of immunocompetent animal models for chronic viral hepatitis, little is known about the role of the innate intrahepatic immune system during viral replication in the liver. These insights are however fundamental for the understanding of the inappropriate adaptive immune responses during the chronic phase of the infection. We apply the Lymphocytic Choriomenigitis Virus (LCMV) clone 13 mouse model to examine chronic virus-host interactions of Kupffer cells (KC) and infiltrating monocytes (IM) in an infected liver. LCMV infection induced overt clinical hepatitis, with rise in ALT and serum cytokines, and increased intrahepatic F4/80 expression. Despite ongoing viral replication, whole liver transcriptome showed baseline expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, interferons, and interferon induced genes during the chronic infection phase. Transcriptome analyses of sorted KC and IMs using NanoString technology revealed two unique phenotypes with only minimal overlap. At the chronic viral infection phase, KC showed no increased transcription of activation markers Cd80 and Cd86, but an increased expression of genes related to antigen presentation, whereas monocytes were more activated and expressed higher levels of Tnf transcripts. Although both KCs and intrahepatic IM share the surface markers F4/80 and CD11b, their transcriptomes point towards distinctive roles during virus-induced chronic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn D. B. van de Garde
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dowty Movita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke van der Heide
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lucio Gama
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andre Boonstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Vanwolleghem
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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van de Garde MDB, Martinez FO, Melgert BN, Hylkema MN, Jonkers RE, Hamann J. Chronic exposure to glucocorticoids shapes gene expression and modulates innate and adaptive activation pathways in macrophages with distinct changes in leukocyte attraction. J Immunol 2014; 192:1196-208. [PMID: 24395918 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have been used for more than 50 y as immunosuppressive drugs, yet their efficacy in macrophage-dominated disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is debated. Little is known how long-term GC treatment affects macrophage responses in inflammatory conditions. In this study, we compared the transcriptome of human macrophages, matured in the presence or absence of fluticasone propionate (FP), and their ability to initiate or sustain classical activation, mimicked using acute LPS and chronic IFN-γ stimulation, respectively. We identified macrophage gene expression networks, modulated by FP long-term exposure, and specific patterns of IFN-γ- and LPS-induced genes that were resistant, inhibited, or exacerbated by FP. Results suggest that long-term treatment with GCs weakens adaptive immune signature components of IFN-γ and LPS gene profiles by downmodulating MHC class II and costimulatory molecules, but strengthens innate signature components by maintaining and increasing expression of chemokines involved in phagocyte attraction. In a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, GC treatment induced higher chemokine levels, and this correlated with enhanced recruitment of leukocytes. Thus, GCs do not generally suppress macrophage effector functions, but they cause a shift in the innate-adaptive balance of the immune response, with distinct changes in the chemokine-chemokine receptor network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn D B van de Garde
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Melief J, Schuurman KG, van de Garde MDB, Smolders J, van Eijk M, Hamann J, Huitinga I. Microglia in normal appearing white matter of multiple sclerosis are alerted but immunosuppressed. Glia 2013; 61:1848-61. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Melief
- Neuroimmunology Group; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Karianne G. Schuurman
- Neuroimmunology Group; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Martijn D. B. van de Garde
- Department of Experimental Immunology; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joost Smolders
- Neuroimmunology Group; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marco van Eijk
- Medical Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Department of Experimental Immunology; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Inge Huitinga
- Neuroimmunology Group; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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10
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Pegtel DM, van de Garde MDB, Middeldorp JM. Viral miRNAs exploiting the endosomal-exosomal pathway for intercellular cross-talk and immune evasion. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1809:715-21. [PMID: 21855666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The class of persistent gamma-herpesviruses has developed a variety of strategies that exploit host-cell regulatory pathways to ensure a long-lasting, well-balanced infection of their host. However when these pathways are deregulated, an otherwise harmless infection can lead to disease including cancer. We recently demonstrated that the human herpes virus 4 (HHV4) also known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), encodes for small regulatory non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) that can be transferred from an infected cell to uninfected neighboring cells. Upon arrival these miRNAs are functional in the recipient cell, in that they are able to down regulate specific target genes. These secreted miRNAs are transported to recipient cells via small nano-sized vesicles (known as exosomes) that are of endosomal origin, formed as intraluminal vesicles (ILV) inside multivesicular bodies (MVB). One question that needs to be addressed is how viral miRNAs are sorted into these exosomes. Mature miRNAs, including those of viral origin, are loaded into RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISC) for gene silencing via blocking mRNA translation and/or initiating mRNA decay. Recent insights indicate that cytoplasmic RNA granules rich in RISC complexes are closely associated with endosomes. In fact, selective components of RISC, including GW182 and Argonaut proteins, miRNAs and mRNAs are present in exosomes. Thus miRNA function, mRNA stability and exosome-mediated intercellular communication converge at the level of endosomes. Since endosomes can be considered as key intracellular cross-roads that regulate communication of cells with their exterior, including neighboring cells, it is perhaps not surprising that viruses have found means to exploit this pathway to their benefit. Little is known however, how and if (micro) RNA species are specifically sorted into ILVs and what (micro)RNA-binding proteins are involved. Here we discuss recent developments relating to intracellular trafficking and function of miRNA-containing protein complexes that EBV may exploit for promoting or restricting miRNAs sorting into exosomes for intercellular regulatory functions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: MicroRNAs in viral gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Michiel Pegtel
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Peng YM, van de Garde MDB, Cheng KF, Baars PA, Remmerswaal EBM, van Lier RA, Mackay CR, Lin HH, Hamann J. Specific expression of GPR56 by human cytotoxic lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:735-40. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0211092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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