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Lischka A, Eggermann K, Record CJ, Dohrn MF, Laššuthová P, Kraft F, Begemann M, Dey D, Eggermann T, Beijer D, Šoukalová J, Laura M, Rossor AM, Mazanec R, Van Lent J, Tomaselli PJ, Ungelenk M, Debus KY, Feely SME, Gläser D, Jagadeesh S, Martin M, Govindaraj GM, Singhi P, Baineni R, Biswal N, Ibarra-Ramírez M, Bonduelle M, Gess B, Romero Sánchez J, Suthar R, Udani V, Nalini A, Unnikrishnan G, Marques W, Mercier S, Procaccio V, Bris C, Suresh B, Reddy V, Skorupinska M, Bonello-Palot N, Mochel F, Dahl G, Sasidharan K, Devassikutty FM, Nampoothiri S, Rodovalho Doriqui MJ, Müller-Felber W, Vill K, Haack TB, Dufke A, Abele M, Stucka R, Siddiqi S, Ullah N, Spranger S, Chiabrando D, Bolgül BS, Parman Y, Seeman P, Lampert A, Schulz JB, Wood JN, Cox JJ, Auer-Grumbach M, Timmerman V, de Winter J, Themistocleous AC, Shy M, Bennett DL, Baets J, Hübner CA, Leipold E, Züchner S, Elbracht M, Çakar A, Senderek J, Hornemann T, Woods CG, Reilly MM, Kurth I. Genetic landscape of congenital insensitivity to pain and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies. Brain 2023; 146:4880-4890. [PMID: 37769650 PMCID: PMC10689924 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders exclusively or predominantly affecting the sensory and autonomic neurons. Due to the rarity of the diseases and findings based mainly on single case reports or small case series, knowledge about these disorders is limited. Here, we describe the molecular workup of a large international cohort of CIP/HSAN patients including patients from normally under-represented countries. We identify 80 previously unreported pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in a total of 73 families in the >20 known CIP/HSAN-associated genes. The data expand the spectrum of disease-relevant alterations in CIP/HSAN, including novel variants in previously rarely recognized entities such as ATL3-, FLVCR1- and NGF-associated neuropathies and previously under-recognized mutation types such as larger deletions. In silico predictions, heterologous expression studies, segregation analyses and metabolic tests helped to overcome limitations of current variant classification schemes that often fail to categorize a variant as disease-related or benign. The study sheds light on the genetic causes and disease-relevant changes within individual genes in CIP/HSAN. This is becoming increasingly important with emerging clinical trials investigating subtype or gene-specific treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Lischka
- Institute for Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Katja Eggermann
- Institute for Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christopher J Record
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Maike F Dohrn
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Petra Laššuthová
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, 150 06 Praha, Czechia
| | - Florian Kraft
- Institute for Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Begemann
- Institute for Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniela Dey
- Institute for Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institute for Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Danique Beijer
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jana Šoukalová
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Matilde Laura
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Alexander M Rossor
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Radim Mazanec
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, 150 06 Prague, Czechia
| | - Jonas Van Lent
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2160 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pedro J Tomaselli
- Department of Neurosciences and Behaviour Sciences, Clinical Hospital of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14015-130, Brazil
| | - Martin Ungelenk
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Karlien Y Debus
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine Institute for Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Shawna M E Feely
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Dieter Gläser
- Center for Human Genetics, Genetikum®, 89231 Neu-Ulm, Germany
| | - Sujatha Jagadeesh
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counselling, Mediscan Systems, Chennai 600032, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Madelena Martin
- Davis and Davis Children's Hospital, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Geeta M Govindaraj
- Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala 673 008, India
| | - Pratibha Singhi
- Pediatric Neurology and Neurodevelopment, Medanta, The Medicity, Gurgaon, Haryana 122 001, India
| | - Revanth Baineni
- Department of Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - Niranjan Biswal
- Department of Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - Marisol Ibarra-Ramírez
- Genetics Department, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460 Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Maryse Bonduelle
- Centre for Medical Genetics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1090 Jette, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Burkhard Gess
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, University of Bielefeld, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Renu Suthar
- Pediatric Neurology and Neurodevelopment Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160 012, India
| | - Vrajesh Udani
- Department of Child Neurology, PD Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 016, India
| | - Atchayaram Nalini
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Gopikrishnan Unnikrishnan
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Wilson Marques
- Department of Neurosciences and Behaviour Sciences, Clinical Hospital of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14015-130, Brazil
| | - Sandra Mercier
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires AOC, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, MitoVasc Institute, UMR CNRS 6015- INSERM U1083, CHU Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Céline Bris
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, MitoVasc Institute, UMR CNRS 6015- INSERM U1083, CHU Angers, 49055 Angers, France
| | - Beena Suresh
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counselling, Mediscan Systems, Chennai 600032, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vaishnavi Reddy
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counselling, Mediscan Systems, Chennai 600032, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Mariola Skorupinska
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Fanny Mochel
- Genetics Department, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, APHP, INSERM, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Georg Dahl
- Pediatric Neurology, Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters in Norfolk, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Karthika Sasidharan
- Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala 673 008, India
| | - Fiji M Devassikutty
- Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala 673 008, India
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Cochin, Kerala 682 041, India
| | - Maria J Rodovalho Doriqui
- Department of Genetics, Hospital Infantil Doutor Juvêncio Mattos, São Luis, Maranhão 65015-460, Brazil
| | - Wolfgang Müller-Felber
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, LMU Campus Innenstadt, University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Vill
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Dufke
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Abele
- Neurologie, Praxis für Neurologie und Schlafmedizin, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Rolf Stucka
- Friedrich Baur Institute at the Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Saima Siddiqi
- Genomics Group, Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Noor Ullah
- Institute for Paramedical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, KPK 25100, Pakistan
| | | | - Deborah Chiabrando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center ‘Guido Tarone’, University of Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Behiye S Bolgül
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Dicle University, 21200 Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Yesim Parman
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pavel Seeman
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, 150 06 Praha, Czechia
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg B Schulz
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Research Centre Jülich GmbH, and RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James J Cox
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michaela Auer-Grumbach
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2160 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jonathan de Winter
- Translational Neurosciences and Institute Born Bunge, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Michael Shy
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David L Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Translational Neurosciences and Institute Born Bunge, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christian A Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Enrico Leipold
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care and CBBM—Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Stephan Züchner
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Miriam Elbracht
- Institute for Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Arman Çakar
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jan Senderek
- Friedrich Baur Institute at the Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Geoffrey Woods
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Mary M Reilly
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute for Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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2
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Refisch A, Komatsuzaki S, Ungelenk M, Chung HY, Schumann A, Schilling SS, Jantzen W, Schröder S, Mühleisen TW, Nöthen MM, Hübner CA, Bär KJ. Associations of common genetic risk variants of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 with cardiac autonomic dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2023; 24:1-11. [PMID: 35172679 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2022.2043561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Decreased vagal modulation, which has consistently been observed in schizophrenic patients, might contribute to increased cardiac mortality in schizophrenia. Previously, associations between CHRM2 (Cholinergic Receptor Muscarinic 2) and cardiac autonomic features have been reported. Here, we tested for possible associations between these polymorphisms and heart rate variability in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS A total of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CHRM2 (rs73158705 A>G, rs8191992 T>A and rs2350782 T>C) that achieved significance (p < 5 * 10-8) in genome-wide association studies for cardiac autonomic features were genotyped in 88 drug-naïve patients, 61 patients receiving antipsychotic medication and 144 healthy controls. Genotypes were analysed for associations with parameters of heart rate variability and complexity, in each diagnostic group. RESULTS We observed a significantly altered heart rate variability in unmedicated patients with identified genetic risk status in rs73158705 A>G, rs8191992 T>A and rs2350782 T>C as compared to genotype non-risk status. In patients receiving antipsychotic medication and healthy controls, these associations were not observed. DISCUSSION We report novel candidate genetic associations with cardiac autonomic dysfunction in schizophrenia, but larger cohorts are required for replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Refisch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Lab for Autonomic Neuroscience, Imaging and Cognition (LANIC)1, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Shoko Komatsuzaki
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Ungelenk
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ha-Yeun Chung
- Department of Neurology, Section Translational Neuroimmunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Andy Schumann
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Lab for Autonomic Neuroscience, Imaging and Cognition (LANIC)1, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Susann S Schilling
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Lab for Autonomic Neuroscience, Imaging and Cognition (LANIC)1, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Wibke Jantzen
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Lab for Autonomic Neuroscience, Imaging and Cognition (LANIC)1, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sabine Schröder
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Lab for Autonomic Neuroscience, Imaging and Cognition (LANIC)1, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, Human Genomics Research Group, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Karl-Jürgen Bär
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Lab for Autonomic Neuroscience, Imaging and Cognition (LANIC)1, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Herrmann T, Gerth M, Dittmann R, Pensold D, Ungelenk M, Liebmann L, Hübner CA. Disruption of KCC2 in Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons Is Associated With a Decreased Seizure Threshold and a Progressive Loss of Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:807090. [PMID: 35185464 PMCID: PMC8850922 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.807090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
GABAA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, which are predominantly permeable for chloride. The neuronal K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 lowers the intraneuronal chloride concentration and thus plays an important role for GABA signaling. KCC2 loss-of-function is associated with seizures and epilepsy. Here, we show that KCC2 is expressed in the majority of parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV-INs) of the mouse brain. PV-INs receive excitatory input from principle cells and in turn control principle cell activity by perisomatic inhibition and inhibitory input from other interneurons. Upon Cre-mediated disruption of KCC2 in mice, the polarity of the GABA response of PV-INs changed from hyperpolarization to depolarization for the majority of PV-INs. Reduced excitatory postsynaptic potential-spike (E-S) coupling and increased spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) frequencies further suggest that PV-INs are disinhibited upon disruption of KCC2. In vivo, PV-IN-specific KCC2 knockout mice display a reduced seizure threshold and develop spontaneous sometimes fatal seizures. We further found a time dependent loss of PV-INs, which was preceded by an up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes upon disruption of KCC2.
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Mirzakhani K, Kallenbach J, Rasa SMM, Ribaudo F, Ungelenk M, Ehsani M, Gong W, Gassler N, Leeder M, Grimm MO, Neri F, Baniahmad A. The androgen receptor-lncRNASAT1-AKT-p15 axis mediates androgen-induced cellular senescence in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2022; 41:943-959. [PMID: 34667276 PMCID: PMC8837536 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) to treat prostate cancer (PCa) includes cycles of supraphysiological androgen levels (SAL) under androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). We showed previously that SAL induces cellular senescence in androgen-sensitive PCa cells and in ex vivo-treated patient PCa tumor samples. Here, we analyzed the underlying molecular pathway and reveal that SAL induces cellular senescence in both, castration-sensitive (CSPC) LNCaP and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) C4-2 cells through the cell cycle inhibitor p15INK4b and increased phosphorylation of AKT. Treatment with the AKT inhibitor (AKTi) potently inhibited SAL-induced expression of p15INK4b and cellular senescence in both cell lines. Proximity-ligation assays (PLA) combined with high-resolution laser-scanning microscopy indicate that SAL promotes interaction of endogenous androgen receptor (AR) with AKT in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus detectable after three days. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) comparing the SAL-induced transcriptomes of LNCaP with C4-2 cells as well as with AKTi-treated cell transcriptomes revealed landscapes for cell senescence. Interestingly, one of the identified genes is the lncRNASAT1. SAL treatment of native patient tumor samples ex vivo upregulates lncRNASAT1. In PCa tumor tissues, lncRNASAT1 is downregulated compared with nontumor tissues of the same patients. Knockdown indicates that the lncRNASAT1 is crucial for SAL-induced cancer-cell senescence as an upstream factor for pAKT and for p15INK4b. Further, knockdown of lncRNASAT1 enhances cell proliferation by SAL, suggesting that lncRNASAT1 serves as a tumor suppressor at SAL. Interestingly, immunoprecipitation of AR detected lncRNASAT1 as an AR-interacting partner that regulates AR target-gene expression. Similarly, RNA-ChIP experiments revealed the interaction of AR with lncRNASAT1 on chromatin. Thus, we identified a novel AR-lncRNASAT1-AKT-p15INK4b signaling axis to mediate SAL-induced cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Mirzakhani
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Kallenbach
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Federico Ribaudo
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Ungelenk
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marzieh Ehsani
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Wenrong Gong
- grid.412979.00000 0004 1759 225XMedical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China ,Present Address: SCW Medicath LTD, Baolong industrial Town, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nikolaus Gassler
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Section of Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mirjam Leeder
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc-Oliver Grimm
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Department of Adult and Pediatric Urology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Francesco Neri
- grid.418245.e0000 0000 9999 5706Leibniz Institute on Aging, Jena, Germany
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Mirzakhani K, Kallenbach J, Rasa SMM, Ribaudo F, Ungelenk M, Ehsani M, Gong W, Gassler N, Leeder M, Grimm MO, Neri F, Baniahmad A. Correction to: The androgen receptor—lncRNASAT1-AKT-p15 axis mediates androgen-induced cellular senescence in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2021; 41:1071-1077. [PMID: 34930998 PMCID: PMC8837539 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Jayavelu AK, Schnöder TM, Perner F, Herzog C, Meiler A, Krishnamoorthy G, Huber N, Mohr J, Edelmann-Stephan B, Austin R, Brandt S, Palandri F, Schröder N, Isermann B, Edlich F, Sinha AU, Ungelenk M, Hübner CA, Zeiser R, Rahmig S, Waskow C, Coldham I, Ernst T, Hochhaus A, Jilg S, Jost PJ, Mullally A, Bullinger L, Mertens PR, Lane SW, Mann M, Heidel FH. Splicing factor YBX1 mediates persistence of JAK2-mutated neoplasms. Nature 2020; 588:157-163. [PMID: 33239784 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2968-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) mediate responses to cytokines, hormones and growth factors in haematopoietic cells1,2. The JAK gene JAK2 is frequently mutated in the ageing haematopoietic system3,4 and in haematopoietic cancers5. JAK2 mutations constitutively activate downstream signalling and are drivers of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). In clinical use, JAK inhibitors have mixed effects on the overall disease burden of JAK2-mutated clones6,7, prompting us to investigate the mechanism underlying disease persistence. Here, by in-depth phosphoproteome profiling, we identify proteins involved in mRNA processing as targets of mutant JAK2. We found that inactivation of YBX1, a post-translationally modified target of JAK2, sensitizes cells that persist despite treatment with JAK inhibitors to apoptosis and results in RNA mis-splicing, enrichment for retained introns and disruption of the transcriptional control of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling. In combination with pharmacological JAK inhibition, YBX1 inactivation induces apoptosis in JAK2-dependent mouse and primary human cells, causing regression of the malignant clones in vivo, and inducing molecular remission. This identifies and validates a cell-intrinsic mechanism whereby differential protein phosphorylation causes splicing-dependent alterations of JAK2-ERK signalling and the maintenance of JAK2V617F malignant clones. Therapeutic targeting of YBX1-dependent ERK signalling in combination with JAK2 inhibition could thus eradicate cells harbouring mutations in JAK2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tina M Schnöder
- Innere Medizin II, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany.,Innere Medizin C, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Perner
- Innere Medizin II, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Herzog
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Center of Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Medical Center, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Arno Meiler
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Nicolas Huber
- Innere Medizin II, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Juliane Mohr
- Innere Medizin II, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Bärbel Edelmann-Stephan
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Center of Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Medical Center, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Austin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Cancer Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Center of Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Medical Center, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Berend Isermann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Center of Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Medical Center, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Edlich
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Ungelenk
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Robert Zeiser
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susann Rahmig
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.,Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.,Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Iain Coldham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Innere Medizin II, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Hochhaus
- Innere Medizin II, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Jilg
- Medical Department III for Haematology and Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp J Jost
- Medical Department III for Haematology and Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
| | - Ann Mullally
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lars Bullinger
- Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charite University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Center of Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Medical Center, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Steven W Lane
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Cancer Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthias Mann
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany.
| | - Florian H Heidel
- Innere Medizin II, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany. .,Innere Medizin C, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. .,Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
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7
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Ammer-Herrmenau C, Kulkarni U, Andreas N, Ungelenk M, Ravens S, Hübner C, Kather A, Kurth I, Bauer M, Kamradt T. Sepsis induces long-lasting impairments in CD4+ T-cell responses despite rapid numerical recovery of T-lymphocyte populations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211716. [PMID: 30730978 PMCID: PMC6366777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive apoptosis of lymphocytes is a hallmark of sepsis. The resulting immunosuppression is associated with secondary infections, which are often lethal. Moreover, sepsis-survivors are burdened with increased morbidity and mortality for several years after the sepsis episode. The duration and clinical consequences of sepsis induced-immunosuppression are currently unknown. We have used the mouse model of peritoneal contamination and infection (PCI) to investigate the quantitative and qualitative recovery of T lymphocytes for 3.5 months after sepsis with or without IL-7 treatment. Thymic output and the numbers of naive and effector/memory CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes quickly recovered after sepsis. IL-7 treatment resulted in an accelerated recovery of CD8+ lymphocytes. Next generation sequencing revealed no significant narrowing of the T cell receptor repertoire 3.5 months after sepsis. In contrast, detailed functional analyses of T helper (Th)-cell responses towards a fungal antigen revealed a significant loss of Th cells. Whereas cytokine production was not impaired at the single cell level, the absolute number of Th cells specific for the fungal antigen was reduced. Our data indicate a clinically relevant loss of pathogen-specific T cell clones after sepsis. Given the small number of naive T lymphocytes specific for a given antigen, this decrement of T cell clones remains undetected even by sensitive methods such as deep sequencing. Taken together, our data are compatible with long lasting impairments in CD4+ T-cell responses after sepsis despite rapid recovery of T lymphocyte populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Upasana Kulkarni
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany, United States of America
| | - Nico Andreas
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany, United States of America
| | - Martin Ungelenk
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarina Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Angela Kather
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany, United States of America
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control & Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Institute of Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Castori M, Morlino S, Ungelenk M, Pareyson D, Salsano E, Grammatico P, Tolosano E, Kurth I, Chiabrando D. Posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa coexisting with sensory-autonomic neuropathy and leukemia due to the homozygous p.Pro221Ser FLVCR1 mutation. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:732-739. [PMID: 28766925 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
FLVCR1 encodes for a ubiquitous heme exporter, whose recessive mutations cause posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa (PCARP). Recently, FLVCR1 recessive mutations were also found in two sporadic children with hereditary sensory-autonomic neuropathy (HSAN). We report the unique case of a 33-year-old Italian woman with a combination of typical PCARP, sensory-autonomic neuropathy with sensory loss to all modalities and multiple autonomic dysfuctions, and acute lymphocytic leukemia. Molecular analysis demonstrated homozygosity for the previously identified FLVCR1 p.Pro221Ser variation. The same variation, in combination with a frameshift mutation, was previously identified in an Italian child with HSAN. Functional studies carried out on patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines showed decreased FLVCR1a transcript, increased reactive oxygen species, excessive intracellular heme accumulation, and increased number of Annexin V positive cells. This indicates that the homozygous p.Pro221Ser FLVCR1 variation compromises the ability of FLVCR1a to export heme leading to enhanced susceptibility to programmed cell death. Our study demonstrates the existence of a phenotypic continuum among the discrete disorders previously linked to FLVCR1 mutations, and suggests that the related alteration of heme metabolism may lead to the degeneration of specific neuronal cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Castori
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (Foggia), Italy
| | - Silvia Morlino
- Division/Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Martin Ungelenk
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Davide Pareyson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS Foundation C. Besta Neurological Institute, Neurological Rare Diseases of Adulthood Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Salsano
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS Foundation C. Besta Neurological Institute, Neurological Rare Diseases of Adulthood Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Grammatico
- Division/Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Deborah Chiabrando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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9
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Girdauskas E, Geist L, Disha K, Kazakbaev I, Groß T, Schulz S, Ungelenk M, Kuntze T, Reichenspurner H, Kurth I. Genetic abnormalities in bicuspid aortic valve root phenotype: preliminary results†. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2017; 52:156-162. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezx065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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10
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Schulz A, Wagner F, Ungelenk M, Kurth I, Redecker C. Stroke-like onset of brain stem degeneration presents with unique MRI sign and heterozygous NMNAT2 variant: a case report. Transl Neurodegener 2016; 5:23. [PMID: 28035283 PMCID: PMC5187649 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-016-0069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute-onset neurodegenerative diseases in older patients are rare clinical cases, especially when the degeneration only affects specific regions of the nervous system. Several neurological disorders have been described in which the degeneration of brain parenchyma originates from and/or primarily affects the brain stem. Clinical diagnosis in these patients, however, is often complicated due to a poor understanding of these diseases and their underlying mechanisms. Case presentation In this manuscript we report on a 73-year-old female who had experienced a sudden onset of complex neurological symptoms that progressively worsened over a period of 2 years. Original evaluation had suggested a MRI-negative stroke as underlying pathogenesis. The combination of patient’s medical history, clinical examination and exceptional pattern of brain stem degeneration presenting as “kissing swan sign” in MR imaging was strongly suggestive of acute onset of Alexander’s disease. This leukoencephalopathy is caused by GFAP (glial fibrilary acidic protein) gene mutations and may present with brain stem atrophy and stroke-like onset of symptoms in elderly individuals. However, a pathognomonic GFAP gene mutation could not be identified by Sanger sequencing. Conclusions After an extended differential diagnosis and exclusion of other diseases, a definite diagnosis of the patient’s condition presently remains elusive. However, whole-exome sequencing performed from patient’s blood revealed 12 potentially disease-causative heterozygous variants, amongst which several have been associated with neurological disorders in vitro and in vivo – in particular the axon degeneration-related NMNAT2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schulz
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07747 Germany.,Present address: Department of Genetics and Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Franziska Wagner
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07747 Germany
| | - Martin Ungelenk
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, 07743 Germany
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, 07743 Germany.,Present address: Institute of Human Genetics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, 52074 Germany
| | - Christoph Redecker
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07747 Germany
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11
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Chiabrando D, Castori M, di Rocco M, Ungelenk M, Gießelmann S, Di Capua M, Madeo A, Grammatico P, Bartsch S, Hübner CA, Altruda F, Silengo L, Tolosano E, Kurth I. Mutations in the Heme Exporter FLVCR1 Cause Sensory Neurodegeneration with Loss of Pain Perception. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006461. [PMID: 27923065 PMCID: PMC5140052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is necessary to alert us to actual or potential tissue damage. Specialized nerve cells in the body periphery, so called nociceptors, are fundamental to mediate pain perception and humans without pain perception are at permanent risk for injuries, burns and mutilations. Pain insensitivity can be caused by sensory neurodegeneration which is a hallmark of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANs). Although mutations in several genes were previously associated with sensory neurodegeneration, the etiology of many cases remains unknown. Using next generation sequencing in patients with congenital loss of pain perception, we here identify bi-allelic mutations in the FLVCR1 (Feline Leukemia Virus subgroup C Receptor 1) gene, which encodes a broadly expressed heme exporter. Different FLVCR1 isoforms control the size of the cytosolic heme pool required to sustain metabolic activity of different cell types. Mutations in FLVCR1 have previously been linked to vision impairment and posterior column ataxia in humans, but not to HSAN. Using fibroblasts and lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with sensory neurodegeneration, we here show that the FLVCR1-mutations reduce heme export activity, enhance oxidative stress and increase sensitivity to programmed cell death. Our data link heme metabolism to sensory neuron maintenance and suggest that intracellular heme overload causes early-onset degeneration of pain-sensing neurons in humans. Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy (HSAN) is a genetic disorder mainly characterized by the impairment of sensory neurons, which transmit information about sensations such as pain, temperature and touch. Therefore, unintentional self-injury, leading to ulcers and eventually amputations are common in affected individuals. Although mutations in several genes were previously associated with sensory neurodegeneration and pain insensitivity, the etiology of many cases remains unknown. We here identify mutations in the heme exporter protein FLVCR1 in patients with congenital inability to experience pain. We showed that FLVCR1 mutations results in reduced heme export activity, enhanced oxidative stress and increased sensitivity to programmed cell death. These data assign a surprising role for heme to sensory neuron maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Chiabrando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- * E-mail: (DC); (ET); (IK)
| | - Marco Castori
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Maja di Rocco
- Unit of Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martin Ungelenk
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gießelmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matteo Di Capua
- Unit of Neurophysiopathology, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Madeo
- Unit of Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Grammatico
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Sophie Bartsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian A. Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Fiorella Altruda
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Silengo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- * E-mail: (DC); (ET); (IK)
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail: (DC); (ET); (IK)
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