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Wang J, Wei Y, Galizzi MM, Kwan HS, Zee BCY, Fung H, Yung TKC, Wong ELY, Yue Q, Lee MKL, Wu Y, Wang K, Wu H, Yeoh EK, Chong KC. Evaluating the impact of sugar-sweetened beverages tax on overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes in an affluent Asian setting: A willingness-to-pay survey and simulation analysis. Prev Med 2024; 184:107994. [PMID: 38723779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.107994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential health effects of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been insufficiently examined in Asian contexts. This study aimed to assess the impact of SSB taxation on the prevalence of obesity/overweight and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Hong Kong using a willingness-to-pay (WTP) survey and simulation analysis. METHODS A random telephone survey was conducted with 1000 adults from May to June 2020. We used a contingent valuation approach to assess individuals' WTP for SSBs under four tax payment scenarios (5%, 10%, 40%, and 50% of the current market price). Based on the WTP, a simulation analysis was conducted to project changes in SSB purchase and associated reductions in the prevalence of obesity/overweight and T2DM over a 10-year simulation period. FINDINGS When 5% and 10% taxation rates were introduced, approximately one-third of the population were unwilling to maintain their SSB purchase. Our simulation demonstrated a gradual decline in the prevalence of obesity/overweight and diabetes with a more pronounced decrease when higher taxation rates were introduced. 10% taxation resulted in a mean reduction of 1532.7 cases of overweight/obesity per 100 thousand population at the sixth year, while T2DM prevalence decreased by 267.1 (0.3%). CONCLUSIONS This study underscores the effects of an SSB tax on purchase behaviors and health outcomes in an affluent Asia setting, with a more pronounced influence on adult population. These findings are expected to inform policymakers in making decisions regarding an effective and equitable tax rate on SSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Wang
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuchen Wei
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matteo M Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Hoi Shan Kwan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benny Chung Ying Zee
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Fung
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tony Ka Chun Yung
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eliza Lai Yi Wong
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qianying Yue
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Yushan Wu
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kailu Wang
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongjiang Wu
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eng Kiong Yeoh
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Chun Chong
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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2
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Veltri GA, Steinert JI, Sternberg H, Galizzi MM, Fasolo B, Kourtidis P, Büthe T, Gaskell G. Assessing the perceived effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions on SARS-Cov-2 transmission risk: an experimental study in Europe. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4857. [PMID: 38418636 PMCID: PMC10902314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We conduct a large (N = 6567) online experiment to measure the features of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) that citizens of six European countries perceive to lower the risk of transmission of SARS-Cov-2 the most. We collected data in Bulgaria (n = 1069), France (n = 1108), Poland (n = 1104), Italy (n = 1087), Spain (n = 1102) and Sweden (n = 1097). Based on the features of the most widely adopted public health guidelines to reduce SARS-Cov-2 transmission (mask wearing vs not, outdoor vs indoor contact, short vs 90 min meetings, few vs many people present, and physical distancing of 1 or 2 m), we conducted a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to estimate the public's perceived risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in scenarios that presented mutually exclusive constellations of these features. Our findings indicate that participants' perception of transmission risk was most influenced by the NPI attributes of mask-wearing and outdoor meetings and the least by NPI attributes that focus on physical distancing, meeting duration, and meeting size. Differentiating by country, gender, age, cognitive style (reflective or intuitive), and perceived freight of COVID-19 moreover allowed us to identify important differences between subgroups. Our findings highlight the importance of improving health policy communication and citizens' health literacy about the design of NPIs and the transmission risk of SARS-Cov-2 and potentially future viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janina Isabel Steinert
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology & TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Henrike Sternberg
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology & TUM School of Management, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich School of Politics and Public Policy & TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology & TUM School of Management, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matteo M Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science and LSE Behavioural Lab, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Barbara Fasolo
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Ploutarchos Kourtidis
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science and LSE Behavioural Lab, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Tim Büthe
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology & TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - George Gaskell
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science and LSE Behavioural Lab, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
- Department of Methodology, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
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3
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Ruggeri K, Stock F, Haslam SA, Capraro V, Boggio P, Ellemers N, Cichocka A, Douglas KM, Rand DG, van der Linden S, Cikara M, Finkel EJ, Druckman JN, Wohl MJA, Petty RE, Tucker JA, Shariff A, Gelfand M, Packer D, Jetten J, Van Lange PAM, Pennycook G, Peters E, Baicker K, Crum A, Weeden KA, Napper L, Tabri N, Zaki J, Skitka L, Kitayama S, Mobbs D, Sunstein CR, Ashcroft-Jones S, Todsen AL, Hajian A, Verra S, Buehler V, Friedemann M, Hecht M, Mobarak RS, Karakasheva R, Tünte MR, Yeung SK, Rosenbaum RS, Lep Ž, Yamada Y, Hudson SKTJ, Macchia L, Soboleva I, Dimant E, Geiger SJ, Jarke H, Wingen T, Berkessel JB, Mareva S, McGill L, Papa F, Većkalov B, Afif Z, Buabang EK, Landman M, Tavera F, Andrews JL, Bursalıoğlu A, Zupan Z, Wagner L, Navajas J, Vranka M, Kasdan D, Chen P, Hudson KR, Novak LM, Teas P, Rachev NR, Galizzi MM, Milkman KL, Petrović M, Van Bavel JJ, Willer R. A synthesis of evidence for policy from behavioural science during COVID-19. Nature 2024; 625:134-147. [PMID: 38093007 PMCID: PMC10764287 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Scientific evidence regularly guides policy decisions1, with behavioural science increasingly part of this process2. In April 2020, an influential paper3 proposed 19 policy recommendations ('claims') detailing how evidence from behavioural science could contribute to efforts to reduce impacts and end the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we assess 747 pandemic-related research articles that empirically investigated those claims. We report the scale of evidence and whether evidence supports them to indicate applicability for policymaking. Two independent teams, involving 72 reviewers, found evidence for 18 of 19 claims, with both teams finding evidence supporting 16 (89%) of those 18 claims. The strongest evidence supported claims that anticipated culture, polarization and misinformation would be associated with policy effectiveness. Claims suggesting trusted leaders and positive social norms increased adherence to behavioural interventions also had strong empirical support, as did appealing to social consensus or bipartisan agreement. Targeted language in messaging yielded mixed effects and there were no effects for highlighting individual benefits or protecting others. No available evidence existed to assess any distinct differences in effects between using the terms 'physical distancing' and 'social distancing'. Analysis of 463 papers containing data showed generally large samples; 418 involved human participants with a mean of 16,848 (median of 1,699). That statistical power underscored improved suitability of behavioural science research for informing policy decisions. Furthermore, by implementing a standardized approach to evidence selection and synthesis, we amplify broader implications for advancing scientific evidence in policy formulation and prioritization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ruggeri
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA.
- Policy Research Group, Centre for Business Research, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- 274th ASOS, US Air Force/New York Air National Guard, Syracuse, NY, United States.
| | - Friederike Stock
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Paulo Boggio
- Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Social and Affective Neuroscience, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - David G Rand
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Eli J Finkel
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Michael J A Wohl
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard E Petty
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joshua A Tucker
- Department of Politics & Center for Social Media and Politics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Azim Shariff
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Jolanda Jetten
- University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul A M Van Lange
- Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Global Faculty, Social and Economic Behavior, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Ellen Peters
- Center for Science Communication Research, School of Journalism and Communication, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
- Psychology Department, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | | | - Alia Crum
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Nassim Tabri
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Linda Skitka
- University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Dean Mobbs
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Sarah Ashcroft-Jones
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna Louise Todsen
- Department of Social Policy and Evaluation, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Marlene Hecht
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rayyan S Mobarak
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Markus R Tünte
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siu Kit Yeung
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - R Shayna Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Academy for Research and Education, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Žan Lep
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre for Applied Epistemology, Educational Research Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Eugen Dimant
- Center for Social Norms and Behavioral Dynamics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- CESifo, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra J Geiger
- Environmental Psychology, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Jarke
- Policy Research Group, Centre for Business Research, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tobias Wingen
- University of Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jana B Berkessel
- Mannheim Centre for European Social Research, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Silvana Mareva
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Lucy McGill
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Francesca Papa
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Eike K Buabang
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marna Landman
- Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Felice Tavera
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jack L Andrews
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- University College, Oxford, UK
| | - Aslı Bursalıoğlu
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zorana Zupan
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lisa Wagner
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joaquín Navajas
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Negocios, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - David Kasdan
- Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Patricia Chen
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Paul Teas
- University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nikolay R Rachev
- Department of General, Experimental, Developmental, and Health Psychology, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Matteo M Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics, London, UK
| | | | - Marija Petrović
- Department of Psychology & Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology & Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robb Willer
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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4
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Thomas R, Galizzi MM, Moorhouse L, Nyamukapa C, Hallett TB. Do risk, time and prosocial preferences predict risky sexual behaviour of youths in a low-income, high-risk setting? J Health Econ 2024; 93:102845. [PMID: 38103348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2023.102845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Young people in sub-Saharan Africa are particularly at high risk of sexually transmitted infections. Little is known about their preferences and even less about their association with risky sexual behaviour. We conducted incentivized economic experiments to measure risk, time and prosocial preferences in Zimbabwe. Preferences measured at baseline predict biomarker and self-reported measures of risky sexual behaviour gathered 12 months later. We find robust evidence that individuals more altruistic at baseline are more likely to be Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 (HSV-2) positive 12 months later. Analysis by sex shows this association is driven by our sample of women. Having more sexual partners is associated with greater risk tolerance amongst men and greater impatience amongst women. Results highlight heterogeneity in the association between preferences and risky sexual behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeeta Thomas
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Matteo M Galizzi
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa Moorhouse
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Constance Nyamukapa
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Timothy B Hallett
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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5
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Fedrigo V, Galizzi MM, Jenkins R, Sanders JG. Penumbral thoughts: Contents of consciousness upon waking. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289654. [PMID: 38096272 PMCID: PMC10721006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Thoughts shape our experience, choice, and behaviour throughout the day. Yet the content of 'penumbral thoughts'-first thoughts upon waking-has received very little research attention. Across seven independent samples (total N = 829), we used recall and reflection methods, solicited the same day, to understand what individuals think as they regain consciousness. These penumbral thoughts show remarkable thematic consistency: individuals were most likely to reflect on their somatic or psychological state, focus on temporal orientation, and prioritise waking actions. Survey results demonstrate that temporal and spatial orientation are dominated by the current time and the day ahead, rather than the past or other future timescales. Our results provide some insight into the order of priority in consciousness. We conclude that establishing one's temporal position is important to the daily process of 'rebooting' conscious awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Fedrigo
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo M. Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Jenkins
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jet G. Sanders
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Fedrigo V, Guenther B, Jenkins R, Galizzi MM, Sanders JG. Weakened weekdays: lockdown disrupts the weekly cycle of risk tolerance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21147. [PMID: 38036568 PMCID: PMC10689774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk tolerance decreases from Monday to Thursday and increases on Friday. Antecedents of this weekly risk cycle are difficult to investigate experimentally as manipulating the seven-day cycle is impractical. Here we used temporal disorientation during the UK COVID-19 lockdown to conduct a natural experiment. In two studies, we measured responses to risk in participants with either a strong or weak sense of weekday, after either a short or long period of disruption to their weekly routine by lockdown. In Study 1 (N = 864), the weekly risk cycle was consistent in risk attitude measures specifically to participants who reported a strong sense of weekday. In Study 2 (N = 829), the weekly risk cycle was abolished, even for participants who retained a strong sense of weekday. We propose that two factors sustain the weekly risk cycle. If the sense of weekday is lacking, then weekday will have little effect because the current day is not salient. If weekday associations decay, then weekday will have little effect because the current day is not meaningful. The weekly risk cycle is strong and consistent when (i) sense of weekday is robust and (ii) weekday associations are maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Fedrigo
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Sciences, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK.
| | - Benno Guenther
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Sciences, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - Rob Jenkins
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Matteo M Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Sciences, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - Jet G Sanders
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Sciences, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK
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Hodges JS, Stoyanova LV, Galizzi MM. End-of-Life Preferences: A Randomized Trial of Framing Comfort Care as Refusal of Treatment in the Context of COVID-19. Med Decis Making 2023; 43:631-641. [PMID: 37199414 PMCID: PMC10196681 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x231171139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of advance directive (AD) completion in the United Kingdom are lower than in the United States and other western European countries, which is especially concerning in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. UK residents typically complete an advance decision to refuse care (ADRT), whereas US versions of ADs present a more neutral choice between comfort-oriented or life-prolonging care. The purpose of this study is to test whether this framing affects decision making for end-of-life care and if this is affected by exposure to information about the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS In an online experiment, 801 UK-based respondents were randomly allocated to document their preferences for end-of-life care in a 2 (US AD or UK ADRT) by 2 (presence or absence of COVID-19 prime) between-subjects factorial design. RESULTS Most (74.8%) of participants across all conditions chose comfort-oriented care. However, framing comfort care as a refusal of treatment made respondents significantly less likely to choose it (65.4% v. 84.1%, P < 0.001). This effect was exacerbated by priming participants to think about COVID-19: those completing an ADRT were significantly more likely to choose life-prolonging care when exposed to the COVID-19 prime (39.8% v. 29.6%, P = 0.032). Subgroup analyses revealed these effects differed by age, with older participants' choices influenced more by COVID-19 while younger participants were more affected by the AD framing. CONCLUSIONS The UK ADRT significantly reduced the proportion of participants choosing comfort-oriented care, an effect that was heightened in the presence of information about COVID-19. This suggests the current way end-of-life care wishes are documented in the United Kingdom could affect people's choices in a way that does not align with their preferences, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. HIGHLIGHTS Participants completing an AD framed as an advance decision to refuse treatment were significantly less likely to choose comfort-oriented care than participants completing an AD with a neutral choice between comfort-oriented and life-prolonging care.Exposure to a COVID-19 prime had an interactive effect on documented preferences in the refusal of treatment condition, with these participants even less likely to choose comfort-oriented care.Policy makers and organizations that design templates for advance care planning, particularly in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, should be aware how the framing of these forms can influence decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet S Hodges
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics, London, UK
| | - Lilia V Stoyanova
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics, London, UK
| | - Matteo M Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics, London, UK
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8
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Attema AE, Galizzi MM, Groß M, Hennig-Schmidt H, Karay Y, L'Haridon O, Wiesen D. The formation of physician altruism. J Health Econ 2023; 87:102716. [PMID: 36603361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2022.102716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We study how patient-regarding altruism is formed by medical education. We elicit and structurally estimate altruistic preferences using experimental data from a large sample of medical students (N = 733) in Germany at different progress stages in their studies. The estimates reveal substantial heterogeneity in altruistic preferences of medical students. Patient-regarding altruism is highest for freshmen, significantly declines for students in the course of medical studies, and tends to increase again for last year students, who assist in clinical practice. Also, patient-regarding altruism is higher for females and positively associated to general altruism. Altruistic medical students have gained prior practical experience in healthcare, have lower income expectations, and are more likely to choose surgery and pediatrics as their preferred specialty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur E Attema
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Matteo M Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK.
| | - Mona Groß
- Department of Business Administration and Healthcare Management, University of Cologne, Germany.
| | - Heike Hennig-Schmidt
- Laboratory for Experimental Economics, Department of Economics, University of Bonn, Germany.
| | | | - Olivier L'Haridon
- Center for Research in Economics and Management (CREM), University of Rennes 1, France; Institut Universitaire de France, France.
| | - Daniel Wiesen
- Department of Business Administration and Healthcare Management, University of Cologne, Germany.
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9
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Steinert JI, Sternberg H, Prince H, Fasolo B, Galizzi MM, Büthe T, Veltri GA. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in eight European countries: Prevalence, determinants, and heterogeneity. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabm9825. [PMID: 35476432 PMCID: PMC9045608 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We examine heterogeneity in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy across eight European countries. We reveal striking differences across countries, ranging from 6.4% of adults in Spain to 61.8% in Bulgaria reporting being hesitant. We experimentally assess the effectiveness of different messages designed to reduce COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Receiving messages emphasizing either the medical benefits or the hedonistic benefits of vaccination significantly increases COVID-19 vaccination willingness in Germany, whereas highlighting privileges contingent on holding a vaccination certificate increases vaccination willingness in both Germany and the United Kingdom. No message has significant positive effects in any other country. Machine learning-based heterogeneity analyses reveal that treatment effects are smaller or even negative in settings marked by high conspiracy beliefs and low health literacy. In contrast, trust in government increases treatment effects in some groups. The heterogeneity in vaccine hesitancy and responses to different messages suggests that health authorities should avoid one-size-fits-all vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina I. Steinert
- Hochschule für Politik, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | - Henrike Sternberg
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Prince
- Hochschule für Politik, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Fasolo
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Matteo M. Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Tim Büthe
- Hochschule für Politik, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM School of Management, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Giuseppe A. Veltri
- Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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10
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Galizzi MM, W. Lau K, Miraldo M, Hauck K. Bandwagoning, free-riding and heterogeneity in influenza vaccine decisions: An online experiment. Health Econ 2022; 31:614-646. [PMID: 34989067 PMCID: PMC9305895 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
'Nudge'-based social norms messages conveying high population influenza vaccination coverage levels can encourage vaccination due to bandwagoning effects but also discourage vaccination due to free-riding effects on low risk of infection, making their impact on vaccination uptake ambiguous. We develop a theoretical framework to capture heterogeneity around vaccination behaviors, and empirically measure the causal effects of different messages about vaccination coverage rates on four self-reported and behavioral vaccination intention measures. In an online experiment, N = 1365 UK adults are randomly assigned to one of seven treatment groups with different messages about their social environment's coverage rate (varied between 10% and 95%), or a control group with no message. We find that treated groups have significantly greater vaccination intention than the control. Treatment effects increase with the coverage rate up to a 75% level, consistent with a bandwagoning effect. For coverage rates above 75%, the treatment effects, albeit still positive, stop increasing and remain flat (or even decline). Our results suggest that, at higher coverage rates, free-riding behavior may partially crowd out bandwagoning effects of coverage rate messages. We also find significant heterogeneity of these effects depending on the individual perceptions of risks of infection and of the coverage rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo M. Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioral ScienceLSE Behavioral Science HubLSE Global Health InitiativeLondon School of EconomicsLondonUK
| | - Krystal W. Lau
- Department of Economics and Public PolicyCentre for Health Economics & Policy InnovationImperial College Business SchoolLondonUK
| | - Marisa Miraldo
- Department of Economics and Public PolicyCentre for Health Economics & Policy InnovationImperial College Business SchoolLondonUK
| | - Katharina Hauck
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease AnalysisJameel Institute for Disease and Emergency AnalyticsSchool of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
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11
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Bosa I, Castelli A, Castelli M, Ciani O, Compagni A, Galizzi MM, Garofano M, Ghislandi S, Giannoni M, Marini G, Vainieri M. Response to COVID-19: was Italy (un)prepared? Health Econ Policy Law 2022; 17:1-13. [PMID: 33663622 PMCID: PMC7985656 DOI: 10.1017/s1744133121000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
On 31st January 2020, the Italian cabinet declared a 6-month national emergency after the detection of the first two COVID-19 positive cases in Rome, two Chinese tourists travelling from Wuhan. Between then and the total lockdown introduced on 22nd March 2020 Italy was hit by an unprecedented crisis. In addition to being the first European country to be heavily swept by the COVID-19 pandemic, Italy was the first to introduce stringent lockdown measures. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and related COVID-19 pandemic have been the worst public health challenge endured in recent history by Italy. Two months since the beginning of the first wave, the estimated excess deaths in Lombardy, the hardest hit region in the country, reached a peak of more than 23,000 deaths. The extraordinary pressures exerted on the Italian Servizio Sanitario Nazionale (SSN) inevitably leads to questions about its preparedness and the appropriateness and effectiveness of responses implemented at both national and regional levels. The aim of the paper is to critically review the Italian response to the COVID-19 crisis spanning from the first early acute phases of the emergency (March-May 2020) to the relative stability of the epidemiological situation just before the second outbreak in October 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Bosa
- Business School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Michele Castelli
- Population Health Science Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Oriana Ciani
- SDA Bocconi School of Management, Bocconi University, Milano, Italy
| | - Amelia Compagni
- Department of Social and Political Sciences, Bocconi University, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo M. Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, LSE, London, UK
| | | | - Simone Ghislandi
- Department of Social and Political Sciences, Bocconi University, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Marini
- Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Milena Vainieri
- Department of Embeds, Management and Health Lab, Institute of Management, Sant'Anna Advanced School of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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12
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Krpan D, Galizzi MM, Dolan P. When the Future “Spills Under”: General Self-Efficacy Moderates the Influence of Expected Exercise on Present Intellectual Performance. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211018367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether an expected future activity (exercise vs. relaxation) impacts a present behavior (performance on an intellectual task) that occurs prior to this activity. Across two experiments ( n = 320 and n = 466), the influence of expected exercise compared to relaxation on present intellectual performance was moderated by general self-efficacy (GSE)—a core personality trait that determines people’s confidence that they can surmount physically or intellectually challenging activities. Participants high in GSE had better intellectual performance when they were expecting to exercise versus relax, whereas the effect reversed under low GSE. Moderated mediation analyses suggested that task-focused attention (i.e., participants’ level of focus while solving the intellectual task) accounted for a significant proportion of variance between the future activity (exercise vs. relaxation) and present intellectual performance across different GSE levels. These findings document a previously unexplored channel through which future expectations shape present outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Krpan
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo M. Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Dolan
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom
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13
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Bosa I, Castelli A, Castelli M, Ciani O, Compagni A, Galizzi MM, Garofano M, Ghislandi S, Giannoni M, Marini G, Vainieri M. Corona-regionalism? Differences in regional responses to COVID-19 in Italy. Health Policy 2021; 125:1179-1187. [PMID: 34366171 PMCID: PMC8325551 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The paper discusses the responses to the COVID-19 crisis in the acute phase of the first wave of the pandemic (February-May 2020) by different Italian regions in Italy, which has a decentralised healthcare system. We consider five regions (Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Umbria, Apulia) which are located in the north, centre and south of Italy. These five regions differ both in their healthcare systems and in the extent to which they were hit by the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. We investigate their different responses to COVID-19 reflecting on seven management factors: (1) monitoring, (2) learning, (3) decision-making, (4) coordinating, (5) communicating, (6) leading, and (7) recovering capacity. In light of these factors, we discuss the analogies and differences among the regions and their different institutional choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Bosa
- Business School, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michele Castelli
- Population Health Science Institute, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Oriani Ciani
- SDA Bocconi School of Management and CERGAS Bocconi, Bocconi University, Italy
| | - Amelia Compagni
- Department of Social and Political Sciences, Bocconi University, Italy
| | - Matteo M Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, LSE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simone Ghislandi
- Department of Social and Political Sciences, Bocconi University, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Marini
- Department of Juridical and Economic Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
| | - Milena Vainieri
- Management and Health Lab, Institute of Management, Department of Embeds, Sant'Anna Advanced School of Pisa, Italy
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14
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Guenther B, Galizzi MM, Sanders JG. Heterogeneity in Risk-Taking During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From the UK Lockdown. Front Psychol 2021; 12:643653. [PMID: 33868115 PMCID: PMC8046913 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In two pre-registered online studies during the COVID-19 pandemic and the early 2020 lockdown (one of which with a UK representative sample) we elicit risk-tolerance for 1,254 UK residents using four of the most widely applied risk-taking tasks in behavioral economics and psychology. Specifically, participants completed the incentive-compatible Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) and the Binswanger-Eckel-Grossman (BEG) multiple lotteries task, as well as the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Task (DOSPERT) and the self-reported questions for risk-taking used in the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP) study. In addition, participants in the UK representative sample answered a range of questions about COVID-19-related risky behaviors selected from the UCL COVID-19 Social Survey and the ICL-YouGov survey on COVID-19 behaviors. Consistently with pre-COVID-19 times, we find that risk tolerance during the UK lockdown (i) was higher in men than in women and (ii) decreased with age. Undocumented in pre-COVID-19 times, we find some evidence for healthier participants displaying significantly higher risk-tolerance for self-reported risk measures. We find no systematic nor robust patterns of association between the COVID-19 risky behaviors and the four risk-taking tasks in our study. Moreover, we find no evidence in support of the so-called "risk compensation" hypothesis. If anything, it appears that participants who took greater risk in real-life COVID-19-relevant risky behaviors (e.g., isolating or taking precautions) also exhibited higher risk-tolerance in our experimental and self-reported risk-taking measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno Guenther
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
- Salient Behavioural Consultants Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo M. Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jet G. Sanders
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Thomas R, Skovdal M, Galizzi MM, Schaefer R, Moorhouse L, Nyamukapa C, Maswera R, Mandizvidza P, Hallett TB, Gregson S. Improving risk perception and uptake of voluntary medical male circumcision with peer-education sessions and incentives, in Manicaland, East Zimbabwe: study protocol for a pilot randomised trial. Trials 2020; 21:108. [PMID: 31973744 PMCID: PMC6979356 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-4048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) is a key component of combination HIV-prevention programmes. Several high-HIV-prevalence countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including Zimbabwe, are looking to scale up VMMC activities. There is limited evidence on how a combination of social learning from peer education by a role model with different behavioural incentives influences demand for VMMC in such settings. METHODS/DESIGN This matched-cluster randomised controlled trial with 1740 participants will compare two behavioural incentives against a control with no intervention. In the intervention clusters, participants will participate in an education session delivered by a circumcised young male ("role model") on the risks of HIV infection and the benefits from medical male circumcision. All participants will receive contributions towards transport costs to access medical male circumcision at participating clinics. Via blocked randomisation, in the intervention clusters participants will be randomly assigned to receive one of two types of incentives - fixed cash payment or lottery payment - both conditional on undergoing surgical VMMC. In two sites, a community-led intervention will also be implemented to address social obstacles and to increase support from peers, families and social structures. Baseline measures of endpoints will be gathered in surveys. Follow-up assessment at 6 months will include self-reported uptake of VMMC triangulated with clinic data. DISCUSSION This is the first trial to pilot-test social learning to improve risk perception and self-efficacy and to address the fear of pain associated with VMMC and possible present-biased preferences with front-loaded compensations as well as fixed or lottery-based cash payments. This study will generate important knowledge to inform HIV-prevention policies about the effectiveness of behavioural interventions and incentives, which could be easily scaled-up. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial has been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT03565588). Registered on 21 June 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeeta Thomas
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, Cowdray House, London, WC2 2AE UK
| | - Morten Skovdal
- Section of Health Services Research, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5 opg, B, Postb 15, Building: 15.0.17, 1014 København K, Denmark
| | - Matteo M. Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, WC2 2AE UK
| | - Robin Schaefer
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Louisa Moorhouse
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Constance Nyamukapa
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, 10 Seagrave, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rufurwokuda Maswera
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, 10 Seagrave, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Phyllis Mandizvidza
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, 10 Seagrave, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Timothy B. Hallett
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Simon Gregson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
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16
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Jones CR, Whitmarsh L, Byrka K, Capstick S, Carrico AR, Galizzi MM, Kaklamanou D, Uzzell D. Editorial: Methodological, Theoretical and Applied Advances in Behavioral Spillover. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2701. [PMID: 31866903 PMCID: PMC6904339 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Jones
- Environmental Psychology Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katarzyna Byrka
- Faculty of Psychology, Social Behavior Research Center, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stuart Capstick
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda R Carrico
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Matteo M Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daphne Kaklamanou
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - David Uzzell
- Environmental Psychology Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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17
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Thomas R, Skovdal M, Galizzi MM, Schaefer R, Moorhouse L, Nyamukapa C, Maswera R, Mandizvidza P, Hallett TB, Gregson S. Improving risk perception and uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) through interactive feedback-based counselling with and without community engagement in young women in Manicaland, East Zimbabwe: study protocol for a pilot randomized trial. Trials 2019; 20:668. [PMID: 31791405 PMCID: PMC6889525 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV incidence in adolescent girls and young women remains high in sub-Saharan Africa. Progress towards uptake of HIV prevention methods remains low. Studies of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) have shown that uptake and adherence may be low due to low-risk perception and ambivalence around using antiretrovirals for prevention. No evidence exists on whether an interactive intervention aimed at adjusting risk perception and addressing the uncertainty around PrEP will improve uptake. This pilot research trial aims to provide an initial evaluation of the impact of an interactive digital tablet-based counselling session, correcting risk perception, and addressing ambiguity around availability, usability, and effectiveness of PrEP. METHODS/DESIGN This is a matched-cluster randomized controlled trial which will compare an interactive tablet-based education intervention against a control with no intervention. The study will be implemented in eight sites. In each site, two matched clusters of villages will be created. One cluster will be randomly allocated to intervention. In two sites, a community engagement intervention will also be implemented to address social obstacles and to increase support from peers, families, and social structures. A total of 1200 HIV-negative young women aged 18-24 years, not on PrEP at baseline, will be eligible. Baseline measures of endpoints will be gathered in surveys. Follow-up assessment at six months will include biomarkers of PrEP uptake and surveys. DISCUSSION This will be the first randomized controlled trial to determine whether interactive feedback counselling leads to uptake of HIV prevention methods such as PrEP and reduces risky sexual behavior. If successful, policymakers could consider such an intervention in school-based education campaigns or as post-HIV-testing counselling for young people. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03565575. Registered on 21 June 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeeta Thomas
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, Cowdray House, London, WC2 2AE UK
| | - Morten Skovdal
- Section of Health Services Research, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5 opg. B, Postb, 15, Building: 15.0.17, 1014 København K, Denmark
| | - Matteo M. Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, WC2 2AE UK
| | - Robin Schaefer
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Louisa Moorhouse
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Constance Nyamukapa
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, 10 Seagrave, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rufurwokuda Maswera
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, 10 Seagrave, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Phyllis Mandizvidza
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, 10 Seagrave, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Timothy B. Hallett
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Simon Gregson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
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18
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Krpan D, Galizzi MM, Dolan P. Looking at Spillovers in the Mirror: Making a Case for "Behavioral Spillunders". Front Psychol 2019; 10:1142. [PMID: 31156523 PMCID: PMC6532417 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral spillovers refer to the influence that a given intervention targeting behavior 1 exerts on a subsequent, non-targeted, behavior 2, which may or may not be in the same domain (health, finance, etc.) as one another. So, a nudge to exercise more, for example, could lead people to eat more or less, or possibly even to give more or less to charity depending on the nature of the spillover. But what if spillovers also operate backward; that is, if the expectation of behavior 1 influences behavior 0 that precedes it? For example, a person may form an intention to exercise prompted by a policy intervention but overeat at present as a result. We define such a possibility as a "spillunder." In the proposed article, we critically review the few papers that we have identified through a narrative literature review which have demonstrated spillunder effects to date, and we propose a conceptual framework. Based on evidence about the human mind and behavior from psychology and economics, we argue that spillunder effects may be more common than the limited empirical findings suggest. We propose six representative mechanisms through which the prospect of behavior 1 may impact behavior 0: executive functions, moral licensing and moral cleansing, emotion regulation, energization, construal level, and savoring and dread. We further discuss the policy and practical implications of spillunder effects and examine methodological issues that need to be considered when empirically testing these effects. As with our earlier paper on spillovers, we aim to motivate other behavioral scientists to research behavioral spillunders more systematically and extensively, and to prompt decision makers to consider these effects when designing behavioral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Krpan
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Crea G, Galizzi MM, Linnosmaa I, Miraldo M. Physician altruism and moral hazard: (no) Evidence from Finnish national prescriptions data. J Health Econ 2019; 65:153-169. [PMID: 31022628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We test the physicians' altruism and moral hazard hypotheses using a national panel register containing all 2003-2010 statins prescriptions in Finland. We estimate the likelihood that physicians prescribe generic versus branded versions of statins as a function of the shares of the difference between what patients have to pay out of their pocket and what is covered by the insurance, controlling for patient, physician, and drug characteristics. We find that the estimated coefficients and the average marginal effects associated with moral hazard and altruism are nearly zero, and are orders of magnitude smaller than the ones associated with other explanatory factors such as the prescriptions' year and the physician specialization. When the analysis distinctly accounts for both the patient and the insurer shares of expenditure, the estimated coefficients directly reject the altruism and moral hazard hypotheses. Instead, we find strong and robust evidence of habits persistence in prescribing branded drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Crea
- University of Pavia, Department of Economics and Management, Italy.
| | - Matteo M Galizzi
- London School of Economics, Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, LSE Global Health Initiative, LSE Behavioural Science Hub, Room 3.16, Queens House, 55/56 Lincoln's Inn Fields, WC2A 3LJ, London, UK; Paris School of Economics - École d'Économie de Paris, Hospinnomics, Hôtel-Dieu, 1, Parvis de Notre-Dame, Bâtiment B1, 5° étage, 75004, Paris, France.
| | - Ismo Linnosmaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Centre for Health and Social Economics, Mannerheimintie 166, 00271, Helsinki, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Social and Health Management, Yliopistonranta 1E, Snellmania Building, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Marisa Miraldo
- Paris School of Economics - École d'Économie de Paris, Hospinnomics, Hôtel-Dieu, 1, Parvis de Notre-Dame, Bâtiment B1, 5° étage, 75004, Paris, France; Imperial College Business School, Department of Management & Centre for Health Economics & Policy Innovation (CHEPI), South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK.
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20
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Abstract
A growing stream of literature at the interface between economics and psychology is currently investigating 'behavioral spillovers' in (and across) different domains, including health, environmental, and pro-social behaviors. A variety of empirical methods have been used to measure behavioral spillovers to date, from qualitative self-reports to statistical/econometric analyses, from online and lab experiments to field experiments. The aim of this paper is to critically review the main experimental and non-experimental methods to measure behavioral spillovers to date, and to discuss their methodological strengths and weaknesses. A consensus mixed-method approach is then discussed which uses between-subjects randomization and behavioral observations together with qualitative self-reports in a longitudinal design in order to follow up subjects over time. In particular, participants to an experiment are randomly assigned to a treatment group where a behavioral intervention takes place to target behavior 1, or to a control group where behavior 1 takes place absent any behavioral intervention. A behavioral spillover is empirically identified as the effect of the behavioral intervention in the treatment group on a subsequent, not targeted, behavior 2, compared to the corresponding change in behavior 2 in the control group. Unexpected spillovers and additional insights (e.g., drivers, barriers, mechanisms) are elicited through analysis of qualitative data. In the spirit of the pre-analysis plan, a systematic checklist is finally proposed to guide researchers and policy-makers through the main stages and features of the study design in order to rigorously test and identify behavioral spillovers, and to favor transparency, replicability, and meta-analysis of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo M. Galizzi
- London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Galizzi MM, Wiesen D. Behavioural experiments in health: An introduction. Health Econ 2017; 26 Suppl 3:3-5. [PMID: 29285870 DOI: 10.1002/hec.3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo M Galizzi
- London School of Economics, Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, LSE Behavioural Science Hub, and LSE Health, London, UK
| | - Daniel Wiesen
- Department of Health Care Management, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Galizzi MM, Miraldo M, Stavropoulou C, van der Pol M. Doctor-patient differences in risk and time preferences: A field experiment. J Health Econ 2016; 50:171-182. [PMID: 27792903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We conduct a framed field experiment among patients and doctors to test whether the two groups have similar risk and time preferences. We elicit risk and time preferences using multiple price list tests and their adaptations to the healthcare context. Risk and time preferences are compared in terms of switching points in the tests and the structurally estimated behavioural parameters. We find that doctors and patients significantly differ in their time preferences: doctors discount future outcomes less heavily than patients. We find no evidence that doctors and patients systematically differ in their risk preferences in the healthcare domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo M Galizzi
- Department of Social Policy, Behavioural Research Lab, LSE Health, London School of Economics, Old 2.35 Old Building, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK; École d'Économie de Paris, Hospinnomics, Paris School of Economics, Hôtel-Dieu, 1, Parvis de Notre-Dame, Bâtiment B1, 5° étage, 75004 Paris, France.
| | - Marisa Miraldo
- École d'Économie de Paris, Hospinnomics, Paris School of Economics, Hôtel-Dieu, 1, Parvis de Notre-Dame, Bâtiment B1, 5° étage, 75004 Paris, France; Management Group, Imperial College Business School, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Charitini Stavropoulou
- School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK.
| | - Marjon van der Pol
- Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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23
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Abstract
We present results from a hypothetical framed field experiment assessing whether risk preferences significantly differ across the health and financial domains when they are elicited through the same multiple price list paired-lottery method. We consider a sample of 300 patients attending outpatient clinics in a university hospital in Athens during the Greek financial crisis. Risk preferences in finance were elicited using paired-lottery questions with hypothetical payments. The questions were adapted to the health domain by framing the lotteries as risky treatments in hypothetical health care scenarios. Using maximum likelihood methods, we estimated the degree of risk aversion, allowing for the estimates to be dependent on domain and individual characteristics. The subjects in our sample, who were exposed to both health and financial distress, tended to be less risk averse in the financial domain than in the health domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo M. Galizzi
- Department of Social Policy, LSE Health and Social Care, and LSE Behavioural Science, London School of Economics, London, UK (MMG)
- Hospinnomics, École d’Économie de Paris, Paris, France (MMG, MM)
- Management Group, Imperial College Business School, London, UK (MM)
- School of Health Sciences, and City Health Economics Centre, City University London, London, UK (CS)
| | - Marisa Miraldo
- Department of Social Policy, LSE Health and Social Care, and LSE Behavioural Science, London School of Economics, London, UK (MMG)
- Hospinnomics, École d’Économie de Paris, Paris, France (MMG, MM)
- Management Group, Imperial College Business School, London, UK (MM)
- School of Health Sciences, and City Health Economics Centre, City University London, London, UK (CS)
| | - Charitini Stavropoulou
- Department of Social Policy, LSE Health and Social Care, and LSE Behavioural Science, London School of Economics, London, UK (MMG)
- Hospinnomics, École d’Économie de Paris, Paris, France (MMG, MM)
- Management Group, Imperial College Business School, London, UK (MM)
- School of Health Sciences, and City Health Economics Centre, City University London, London, UK (CS)
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24
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Abstract
There is no evidence comparing head-to-head the effects of monetary incentives to act and to abstain from acting on behaviour. We present an experiment, conducted between June and September 2012, that directly compares the effects of those two different monetary incentive schemes on eating behaviour: we evaluate incentives to eat against incentives not to eat. A large number of participants (n = 353) had bowls of sweets next to them while they watched different videos over two experimental sessions that were two days apart. Sweets eating was monitored and monetary incentives to eat or not to eat were introduced during one of the videos for participants randomly allocated to these conditions. Our results show that, while both types of incentives were effective in changing sweets-eating behaviour when they were in place, only incentives not to eat had significant carryover effects after they were removed. Those effects were still significant two days after the monetary incentives had been eliminated. We also present some additional results on personality and health-related variables that shed further light on these effects. Overall, our study shows that incentives not to eat can be more effective in producing carryover effects on behaviour in domains like the one explored here. We experimentally compare the effects of different incentives on eating behaviour. Subjects had bowls of sweets next to them while they watched videos in lab sessions. Incentives to eat or not to eat were randomly allocated during one of the videos. Both incentives were effective in changing eating behaviour when they were in place. Only incentives not to eat had significant carryover effects after being removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dolan
- London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Social Policy, LSE Health, Houghton Street, WC2A2AE London, UK; Centre for the Study of Incentives in Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, St Thomas Street, SE1 9RT London, UK
| | - Matteo M Galizzi
- London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Social Policy, LSE Health, Houghton Street, WC2A2AE London, UK; Centre for the Study of Incentives in Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, St Thomas Street, SE1 9RT London, UK; Paris School of Economics-École d'Économie de Paris, Hospinnomics, Hôtel-Dieu, 1, Parvis de Notre-Dame, Bâtiment B1, 5° étage, 75004 Paris, France.
| | - Daniel Navarro-Martinez
- Centre for the Study of Incentives in Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, St Thomas Street, SE1 9RT London, UK; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Departament d'Economia i Empresa, Barcelona Graduate School of Economics, and Barcelona School of Management, Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Abstract
We look at the links between the Digit Ratio—the ratio of the length of the index finger to the length of the ring finger—for both right and left hands, and giving in a Dictator Game. Unlike previous studies with exclusively Caucasian subjects, we consider a large, ethnically diverse sample. Our main results are as follows. First, for Caucasian subjects we estimate a significant positive regression coefficient for the right hand digit ratio and a significant negative coefficient for its squared measure. These results replicate the findings of Brañas-Garza et al. (2013), who also observe an inverted U-shaped relationship for Caucasian subjects. Second, we are not able to find any significant association of the right hand digit ratio with giving in the Dictator Game for the other main ethnic groups in our sample, nor in the pooled sample. Third, we find no significant association between giving in the Dictator Game and the left hand digit ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo M Galizzi
- Behavioural Research Lab, Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science London, UK
| | - Jeroen Nieboer
- Behavioural Research Lab, Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science London, UK
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26
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Miraldo M, Galizzi MM, Merla A, Levaggi R, Schulz PJ, Auxilia F, Castaldi S, Gelatti U. Should I pay for your risky behaviours? Evidence from London. Prev Med 2014; 66:145-58. [PMID: 24945692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the extent to which respondents from a general population sample in London (July-August 2011) agree or disagree with the NHS covering the healthcare costs related to five risky health behaviours: overeating, unhealthy diet, sedentary life, excess of alcohol, and smoking. For each behaviour, we also directly explore the main factors associated with the likelihood to agree or disagree. Half of the respondents (N=146) manifest agreement with the idea. Wider agreement exists for covering the costs associated smoking, heavy drinking, and sedentary lives than with overeating, or poor diets. With the exception of alcohol drinking and sedentary life, there is an almost one-to-one relationship between the agreement that the NHS should pay the healthcare costs associated with a specific behaviour, and the respondents' actual engagement in that behaviour. Those at higher risk of depending on publicly funded healthcare, are more likely to agree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Miraldo
- Healthcare Management Group, Imperial College Business School, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, UK.
| | - Matteo M Galizzi
- LSE Health, London School of Economics, Houghton Street, WC2A 2AE London, UK; Centre for the Study of Incentives in Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 5th Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Campus, SE1 1UL London, UK.
| | - Anna Merla
- Post-graduate School of Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy; AOS Spedali Civili di Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Rosella Levaggi
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Brescia, Via San Faustino 74/b, 25122 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Peter J Schulz
- Institute of Communication and Health, University of Lugano, Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, CH-6904 Lugano, Switzerland.
| | - Francesco Auxilia
- Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvana Castaldi
- Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Umberto Gelatti
- Section of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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27
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Abstract
This work proposes a critical, non systematic, review of the three main lines of health policy interventions to deal with risky behaviours, such as over-eating, smoking, sedentary lives, and excess alcohol drinking, namely: i) the release of information on health risks and consequences; ii) the use of incentives; and iii) direct policy intervention in markets, through regulation and taxation. First, the health and economic impact of the risky behaviours epidemics are briefly described. Then a critical review follows on the evidence existing on the effectiveness of each type of intervention. The review will also highlight the public health approach staying beyond each type of policy on risky behaviours and critically consider them within the context of more general health and social policy interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo M Galizzi
- Centre for the Study of Incentives in Health, The London School of Economics, UK
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28
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Galizzi MM, Miraldo M. The effects of hospitals' governance on optimal contracts: bargaining vs. contracting. J Health Econ 2011; 30:408-424. [PMID: 21277033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We propose a two-stage model to study the impact of different hospitals' governance frameworks on the optimal contracts designed by third-party payers when patients' disease severity is the private information of the hospital. In the second stage, doctors and managers interact within either a bargaining or a contracting scenario. In the contracting scenario, managers offer a contract that determines the payment to doctors, and doctors decide how many patients to treat. In the bargaining scenario, doctors and managers strategically negotiate on both the payment to doctors and the number of patients to treat. We derive the equilibrium doctors' payments and number of treated patients under both scenarios. We then derive the optimal contract offered by the government to the hospital in the first stage. Results show that when the cost of capital is sufficiently low, the informational rent is lower, and the social welfare is higher, in the contracting scenario.
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