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Detection of cannabinoid receptor type 2 in native cells and zebrafish with a highly potent, cell-permeable fluorescent probe. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5539-5545. [PMID: 35694350 PMCID: PMC9116301 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06659e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its essential role in the (patho)physiology of several diseases, CB2R tissue expression profiles and signaling mechanisms are not yet fully understood. We report the development of a highly potent, fluorescent CB2R agonist probe employing structure-based reverse design. It commences with a highly potent, preclinically validated ligand, which is conjugated to a silicon-rhodamine fluorophore, enabling cell permeability. The probe is the first to preserve interspecies affinity and selectivity for both mouse and human CB2R. Extensive cross-validation (FACS, TR-FRET and confocal microscopy) set the stage for CB2R detection in endogenously expressing living cells along with zebrafish larvae. Together, these findings will benefit clinical translatability of CB2R based drugs. Detection and visualization of the cannabinoid receptor type 2 by a cell-permeable high affinity fluorescent probe platform enables tracing receptor trafficking in live cells and in zebrafish.![]()
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Selective Cannabinoid 2 Receptor Agonists as Potential Therapeutic Drugs for the Treatment of Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183338. [PMID: 31540271 PMCID: PMC6767236 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2R) is a promising anti-inflammatory drug target and development of selective CB2R ligands may be useful for treating sight-threatening ocular inflammation. (2) Methods: This study examined the pharmacology of three novel chemically-diverse selective CB2R ligands: CB2R agonists, RO6871304, and RO6871085, as well as a CB2R inverse agonist, RO6851228. In silico molecular modelling and in vitro cell-based receptor assays were used to verify CB2R interactions, binding, cell signaling (ß-arrestin and cAMP) and early absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicology (ADMET) profiling of these receptor ligands. All ligands were evaluated for their efficacy to modulate leukocyte-neutrophil activity, in comparison to the reported CB2R ligand, HU910, using an in vivo mouse model of endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in wild-type (WT) and CB2R-/- mice. The actions of RO6871304 on neutrophil migration and adhesion were examined in vitro using isolated neutrophils from WT and CB2R-/- mice, and in vivo in WT mice with EIU using adoptive transfer of WT and CB2R-/- neutrophils, respectively. (3) Results: Molecular docking studies indicated that RO6871304 and RO6871085 bind to the orthosteric site of CB2R. Binding studies and cell signaling assays for RO6871304 and RO6871085 confirmed high-affinity binding to CB2R and selectivity for CB2R > CB1R, with both ligands acting as full agonists in cAMP and ß-arrestin assays (EC50s in low nM range). When tested in EIU, topical application of RO6871304 and RO6871085 decreased leukocyte-endothelial adhesion and this effect was antagonized by the inverse agonist, RO6851228. The CB2R agonist, RO6871304, decreased in vitro neutrophil migration of WT neutrophils but not neutrophils from CB2R-/-, and attenuated adhesion of adoptively-transferred leukocytes in EIU. (4) Conclusions: These unique ligands are potent and selective for CB2R and have good immunomodulating actions in the eye. RO6871304 and RO6871085, as well as HU910, decreased leukocyte adhesion in EIU through inhibition of resident ocular immune cells. The data generated with these three structurally-diverse and highly-selective CB2R agonists support selective targeting of CB2R for treating ocular inflammatory diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/chemistry
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endotoxins/adverse effects
- Leukocytes/drug effects
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Molecular Structure
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/chemistry
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Uveitis/chemically induced
- Uveitis/drug therapy
- Uveitis/immunology
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NF-κB activation in astrocytes drives a stage-specific beneficial neuroimmunological response in ALS. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798697. [PMID: 29875132 PMCID: PMC6092622 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are involved in non‐cell‐autonomous pathogenic cascades in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); however, their role is still debated. We show that astrocytic NF‐κB activation drives microglial proliferation and leukocyte infiltration in the SOD1 (G93A) ALS model. This response prolongs the presymptomatic phase, delaying muscle denervation and decreasing disease burden, but turns detrimental in the symptomatic phase, accelerating disease progression. The transition corresponds to a shift in the microglial phenotype showing two effects that can be dissociated by temporally controlling NF‐κB activation. While NF‐κB activation in astrocytes induced a Wnt‐dependent microglial proliferation in the presymptomatic phase with neuroprotective effects on motoneurons, in later stage, astrocyte NF‐κB‐dependent microglial activation caused an accelerated disease progression. Notably, suppression of the early microglial response by CB2R agonists had acute detrimental effects. These data identify astrocytes as important regulators of microglia expansion and immune response. Therefore, stage‐dependent microglia modulation may be an effective therapeutic strategy in ALS.
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Challenges and Rewards in Medicinal Chemistry Targeting Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Chimia (Aarau) 2015; 69:407-413. [DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2015.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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5
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Novel Triazolopyrimidine-Derived Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonists as Potential Treatment for Inflammatory Kidney Diseases. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:179-89. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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6-Alkoxy-5-aryl-3-pyridinecarboxamides, a new series of bioavailable cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) antagonists including peripherally selective compounds. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9874-96. [PMID: 24175572 DOI: 10.1021/jm4010708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We identified 6-alkoxy-5-aryl-3-pyridinecarboxamides as potent CB1 receptor antagonists with high selectivity over CB2 receptors. The series was optimized to reduce lipophilicity compared to rimonabant to achieve peripherally active molecules with minimal central effects. Several compounds that showed high plasma exposures in rats were evaluated in vivo to probe the contribution of central vs peripheral CB1 agonism to metabolic improvement. Both rimonabant and 14g, a potent brain penetrant CB1 receptor antagonist, significantly reduced the rate of body weight gain. However, 14h, a molecule with markedly reduced brain exposure, had no significant effect on body weight. PK studies confirmed similarly high exposure of both 14h and 14g in the periphery but 10-fold lower exposure in the brain for 14h. On the basis of these data, which are consistent with reported effects in tissue-specific CB1 receptor KO mice, we conclude that the metabolic benefits of CB1 receptor antagonists are primarily centrally mediated as originally believed.
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Highly potent and selective cannabinoid receptor 2 agonists: Initial hit optimization of an adamantyl hit series identified from high-through-put screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1177-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Conformationally restricted pyrrolidines by intramolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2989-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc40757h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Synthesis of Fluorinated Tricyclic Scaffolds by Intramolecular [2+2] Photocycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10169-72. [PMID: 22962009 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Synthesis of Fluorinated Tricyclic Scaffolds by Intramolecular [2+2] Photocycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Rational design of novel pyrrolidine derivatives as orally active neurokinin-3 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6735-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Biochemical and behavioural characterization of EMPA, a novel high-affinity, selective antagonist for the OX(2) receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 156:1326-41. [PMID: 19751316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The OX(2) receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is abundantly found in the tuberomammillary nucleus, an important site for the regulation of the sleep-wake state. Herein, we describe the in vitro and in vivo properties of a selective OX(2) receptor antagonist, N-ethyl-2-[(6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl)-(toluene-2-sulphonyl)-amino]-N-pyridin-3-ylmethyl-acetamide (EMPA). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The affinity of [(3)H]EMPA was assessed in membranes from HEK293-hOX(2)-cells using saturation and binding kinetics. The antagonist properties of EMPA were determined by Schild analysis using the orexin-A- or orexin-B-induced accumulation of [(3)H]inositol phosphates (IP). Quantitative autoradiography was used to determine the distribution and abundance of OX(2) receptors in rat brain. The in vivo activity of EMPA was assessed by reversal of [Ala(11),D-Leu(15)]orexin-B-induced hyperlocomotion during the resting phase in mice and the reduction of spontaneous locomotor activity (LMA) during the active phase in rats. KEY RESULTS [(3)H]EMPA bound to human and rat OX(2)-HEK293 membranes with K(D) values of 1.1 and 1.4 nmol x L(-1) respectively. EMPA competitively antagonized orexin-A- and orexin-B-evoked accumulation of [(3)H]IP at hOX(2) receptors with pA(2) values of 8.6 and 8.8 respectively. Autoradiography of rat brain confirmed the selectivity of [(3)H]EMPA for OX(2) receptors. EMPA significantly reversed [Ala(11),D-Leu(15)]orexin-B-induced hyperlocomotion dose-dependently during the resting phase in mice. EMPA, injected i.p. in rats during the active phase, reduced LMA dose-dependently. EMPA did not impair performance of rats in the rotarod procedure. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS EMPA is a high-affinity, reversible and selective OX(2) receptor antagonist, active in vivo, which should prove useful for analysis of OX(2) receptor function.
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Histamine-3 Receptor Inverse Agonists for the Treatment of Obesity: Validation of the Target and Identification of Novel Series. Chimia (Aarau) 2009. [DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2009.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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5-Hydroxyindole-2-carboxylic Acid Amides: Novel Histamine-3 Receptor Inverse Agonists for the Treatment of Obesity. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3855-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900409x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Refinement of histamine H3 ligands pharmacophore model leads to a new class of potent and selective naphthalene inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4377-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Discovery of benzoylpiperazines as a novel class of potent and selective GlyT1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5134-9. [PMID: 18752953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Screening of the Roche compound library led to the identification of the benzoylpiperazine 7 as a structurally novel GlyT1 inhibitor. The SAR which was developed in this series resulted in the discovery of highly potent compounds displaying excellent selectivity against the GlyT2 isoform, drug-like properties, and in vivo efficacy after oral administration.
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17
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Benzodioxoles: novel cannabinoid-1 receptor inverse agonists for the treatment of obesity. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2115-27. [PMID: 18335976 DOI: 10.1021/jm701487t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The application of the evolutionary fragment-based de novo design tool TOPology Assigning System (TOPAS), starting from a known CB1R (CB-1 receptor) ligand, followed by further refinement principles, including pharmacophore compliance, chemical tractability, and drug likeness, allowed the identification of benzodioxoles as a novel CB1R inverse agonist series. Extensive multidimensional optimization was rewarded by the identification of promising lead compounds, showing in vivo activity. These compounds reversed the CP-55940-induced hypothermia in Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice and reduced body-weight gain, as well as fat mass, in diet-induced obese Sprague-Dawley rats. Herein, we disclose the tools and strategies that were employed for rapid hit identification, synthesis and generation of structure-activity relationships, ultimately leading to the identification of (+)-[( R)-2-(2,4-dichloride-phenyl)-6-fluoro-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl]-morpholin-4-yl-methanone ( R)-14g . Biochemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic characteristics of ( R)-14g are discussed.
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Aminothiazole Derivatives as Neuropeptide Y5 Receptor Ligands: Finding the Balance between Affinity and Physicochemical Properties. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:45-8. [PMID: 16892333 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Isomeric thiazole derivatives as ligands for the neuropeptide Y5 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3446-9. [PMID: 15951170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Revised: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sets of isomeric thiazole derivatives 1 and 2 have been synthesised in a parallel iterative solution-phase synthesis approach guided by the SAR analysis derived from biological results and computer-aided design and analysis. This synergistic and streamlined working procedure led to highly active isomeric NPY5 receptor ligands. However, a 10-fold difference at least in their respective binding affinities was consistently found for all isomeric pairs 1 and 2. The analysis of conformational differences due to heteroatom interactions in 1 and 2 revealed a favourable C=O...S interaction in 1, whereas thiazoles 2 showed a repulsive C=O...N interaction.
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Novel and potent NPY5 receptor antagonists derived from virtual screening and iterative parallel chemistry design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1599-603. [PMID: 15745805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Revised: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the quest for NPY5 receptor antagonists a virtual screening approach yielded a novel and potent hit class from a limited compound selection. The tight and seamless integration between virtual screening and rapid parallel chemistry within the framework of the Roche Lead Generation unit led in only two rounds of iterative chemistry optimisation to a much broader understanding of the factors which influence the potency of the thiazole hit class.
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Comparison of inhibitory activity of isomeric triazolopyridine derivatives towards adenosine receptor subtypes or do similar structures reveal similar bioactivities? Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3307-12. [PMID: 15149696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of an array of 8-amino-2-aryl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6-carboxyl amide derivatives is described for the first time. A subset of 20 derivatives were compared to their isomeric 5-amino-2-aryl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-7-carboxyl amide counterparts with regard to their potential to inhibit the human adenosine 2a (hA2a) receptor and their selectivity against the human adenosine 1 (hA1) receptor. Based on the analysis of H-bond donor/acceptor capabilities of the isomeric triazolopyridine pairs it can be concluded that the H-bond donor strength of the free amino functionality is the main determinant for hA2a inhibitory activity and hA1 selectivity.
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Synthetic Access to 2-Amido-5-aryl-8-methoxy-triazolopyridineand 2-Amido-5-morpholino-8-methoxy-triazolopyridine Derivativesas Potential Inhibitors of the Adenosine Receptor Subtypes. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2003. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-40874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ligand-based combinatorial design of selective purinergic receptor (A2A) antagonists using self-organizing maps. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 5:233-7. [PMID: 12739938 DOI: 10.1021/cc020092j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A virtual screening procedure based on a topological pharmacophore similarity metric and self-organizing maps (SOM) was developed and applied to optimizing combinatorial products functioning as P(1) purinergic receptor antagonists. The target was the human A(2A) receptor. A SOM was developed using a set of biologically tested molecules to establish a preliminary structure-activity relationship. A combinatorial library design was performed by projecting virtually assembled new molecules onto the SOM. A small focused library of 17 selected combinatorial products was synthesized and tested. On average, the designed structures yielded a 3-fold smaller binding constant ( approximately 33 vs approximately 100 nM) and 3.5-fold higher selectivity (50 vs 14) than the initial library. The most selective compound obtained revealed a 121-fold relative selectivity for A(2A) with K(i) (A(2A)) = 2.4 nM, and K(i) (A(1)) = 292 nM. This result demonstrates that it was possible to design a small, activity-enriched focused library with an improved property profile using the SOM virtual screening approach. The strategy might be particularly useful in projects in which structure-based design cannot be applied because of a lack of receptor structure information, for example, in the many projects aiming at finding new GPCR modulators.
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Lead generation--enhancing the success of drug discovery by investing in the hit to lead process. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2003; 6:51-66. [PMID: 12570752 DOI: 10.2174/1386207033329823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Improving on the poor success rates in the drug discovery industry requires that knowledge-based decisions are made to advance or stop a lead candidate as early as possible in the discovery process. Failure to make such timely decisions on the rigorous selection of lead candidates has costly time and resource implications in downstream drug development. To meet this challenge dedicated 'hit to lead' groups have recently been established in many major pharmaceutical companies, and a key to the success of such groups is establishing a clear consistent process and rigorous metrics for lead quality. The importance of such a "Lead Generation" group within the drug discovery process will be highlighted with the aim of placing a greater level of emphasis in discovering and refining novel lead series with enhanced drug-like properties. This activity is facilitated by the application of productivity enhancing, integrated technologies coupled with the early evaluation of drug-like properties in the lead refinement process to ensure that a balanced activity - properties profile can be attained before committing to a full lead optimisation program. This article will survey the processes and tools employed in the hit to lead process in such a "Lead Generation" group in order to achieve these objectives, emphasising the possible gains in productivity through close, early interactions between chemistry and other expert groups.
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The Development of a Practical and Reliable Large-Scale Synthesis of 2,6-Diamino-4-bromopyridine. Org Process Res Dev 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/op020085j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Accelerating drug discovery by integrative implementation of laboratory automation in the work flow. Curr Med Chem 2002; 9:2179-90. [PMID: 12470254 DOI: 10.2174/0929867023368764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acceleration of the drug discovery process in pre-clinical pharmaceutical research is a highly desirable goal and combinatorial chemistry united with automation technology promised to accomplish this task. Through the accumulation of experience with automated devices over time it became evident that only by harmonisation and streamlining of work-flow procedures the efficiency of the overall process can be improved. An open architecture of efficient data management and appropriate utilisation of automated laboratory protocols provides the opportunity to react in a flexible and advisable way. Only an integrative workflow concept promotes the enhancement of the overall performance. However, the foundation of any efforts towards the accelerated synthesis of new and desired compound arrays lies in the development of reliable chemistry protocols amenable to solid- and solution phase chemistry.
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Preface. Curr Med Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867023368782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
The synthesis of two indole derivative libraries is described. 2-Acyl-3-amino-indoles 4 can easily be accessed by treatment of the intermediates 3 with bases in a one-pot reaction sequence whereas the reaction of the isolated intermediates 5 (R(3)=aromatic-, heteroaromatic, or cycloalkyl) with acid chlorides yielded the novel indole derivatives 6. The products were purified by reversed phase column chromatography and obtained in multi-milligram quantities in acceptable yields.
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Combinatorial Synthesis of 5-Aryl-[1,2,4]-triazolo-[1,5-a]-pyridine Derivatives as Potential Inhibitors of the Adenosine 2A Receptor. Synlett 2001. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-18758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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NEW POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL POLYMERS AS KETAL PROTECTING GROUPS – A POLYMER SUPPORTED APPROACH TO SYMMETRICALLY SUBSTITUTED SPIROKETALS. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-100105668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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32
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Synthesis of enantiomerically pure 4-alkylsubstituted tryptophan derivatives by a combination of organometallic reactions with enantioselective enzymatic transformations. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)00001-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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