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Tumusiime D, Isingoma E, Tashoroora OB, Ndumu DB, Bahati M, Nantima N, Mugizi DR, Jost C, Bett B. Mapping the risk of Rift Valley fever in Uganda using national seroprevalence data from cattle, sheep and goats. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010482. [PMID: 37235591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Uganda has had repeated outbreaks of Rift Valley fever (RVF) since March 2016 when human and livestock cases were reported in Kabale after a long interval. The disease has a complex and poorly described transmission patterns which involves several mosquito vectors and mammalian hosts (including humans). We conducted a national serosurvey in livestock to determine RVF virus (RVFV) seroprevalence, risk factors, and to develop a risk map that could be used to guide risk-based surveillance and control measures. A total of 3,253 animals from 175 herds were sampled. Serum samples collected were screened at the National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre (NADDEC) using a competition multispecies anti-RVF IgG ELISA kit. Data obtained were analyzed using a Bayesian model that utilizes integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) and stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE) approaches to estimate posterior distributions of model parameters, and account for spatial autocorrelation. Variables considered included animal level factors (age, sex, species) and multiple environmental data including meteorological factors, soil types, and altitude. A risk map was produced by projecting fitted (mean) values, from a final model that had environmental factors onto a spatial grid that covered the entire domain. The overall RVFV seroprevalence was 11.39% (95% confidence interval: 10.35-12.51%). Higher RVFV seroprevalences were observed in older animals compared to the young, and cattle compared to sheep and goats. RVFV seroprevalence was also higher in areas that had (i) lower precipitation seasonality, (ii) haplic planosols, and (iii) lower cattle density. The risk map generated demonstrated that RVF virus was endemic in several regions including those that have not reported clinical outbreaks in the northeastern part of the country. This work has improved our understanding on spatial distribution of RVFV risk in the country as well as RVF burden in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tumusiime
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
- International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
- Dahlem Research School (DRS) Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Isingoma
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Deo B Ndumu
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Milton Bahati
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Noelina Nantima
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Christine Jost
- United States Agency for International Development's Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance 14 (USAID/BHA), Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Global Health Support Initiative III, Social Solutions International, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Atim SA, Ashraf S, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Ademun AR, Vudriko P, Nakayiki T, Niebel M, Shepherd J, Balinandi S, Nakanjako G, Abaasa A, Johnson PC, Odongo S, Esau M, Bahati M, Kaleebu P, Lutwama JJ, Masembe C, Lambe T, Thomson EC, Tweyongyere R. Risk factors for Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) virus exposure in farming communities in Uganda. J Infect 2022; 85:693-701. [PMID: 36108783 PMCID: PMC9731351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is an emerging human-health threat causing sporadic outbreaks in livestock farming communities. However, the full extent and the risks associated with exposure of such communities has not previously been well-described. METHODS We collected blood samples from 800 humans, 666 cattle, 549 goats and 32 dogs in districts within and outside Ugandan cattle corridor in a cross-sectional survey, and tested for CCHFV-specific IgG antibodies using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays. Sociodemographic and epidemiological data were recorded using structured questionnaire. Ticks were collected to identify circulating nairoviruses by metagenomic sequencing. RESULTS CCHFV seropositivity was in 221/800 (27·6%) in humans, 612/666 (91·8%) in cattle, 413/549 (75·2%) in goats and 18/32 (56·2%) in dogs. Human seropositivity was associated with livestock farming (AOR=5·68, p<0·0001), age (AOR=2·99, p=0·002) and collecting/eating engorged ticks (AOR=2·13, p=0·004). In animals, seropositivity was higher in cattle versus goats (AOR=2·58, p<0·0001), female sex (AOR=2·13, p=0·002) and heavy tick infestation (>50 ticks: AOR=3·52, p=0·004). CCHFV was identified in multiple tick pools of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. INTERPRETATION The very high CCHF seropositivity especially among livestock farmers and multiple regional risk factors associated exposures, including collecting/eating engorged ticks previously unrecognised, highlights need for further surveillance and sensitisation and control policies against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella A. Atim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (CoVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda,MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom,Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Shirin Ashraf
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anna R Ademun
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (CoVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Teddy Nakayiki
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Marc Niebel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James Shepherd
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Balinandi
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Gladys Nakanjako
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda,Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Andrew Abaasa
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe Uganda
| | - Paul C.D. Johnson
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Odongo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (CoVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Martin Esau
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Milton Bahati
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda,MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe Uganda
| | - Julius J Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Charles Masembe
- College of Natural Resources (CoNAS), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma C. Thomson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow, United Kingdom,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Robert Tweyongyere
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (CoVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda,Corresponding Authors.
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Omodo M, Ar Gouilh M, Mwiine FN, Okurut ARA, Nantima N, Namatovu A, Nakanjako MF, Isingoma E, Arinaitwe E, Esau M, Kyazze S, Bahati M, Mayanja F, Bagonza P, Urri RA, Lovincer MN, Nabatta E, Kidega E, Ayebazibwe C, Nakanjako G, Sserugga J, Ndumu DB, Mwebe R, Mugabi K, Gonzalez JP, Sekamatte M. Rabies in Uganda: rabies knowledge, attitude and practice and molecular characterization of circulating virus strains. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:200. [PMID: 32143593 PMCID: PMC7060555 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is a deadly preventable viral disease that affects all warm-blooded animals and widespread in many regions including Africa. The disease remains of major public health importance in Uganda. The purpose of this study was to establish Knowledge, Attitude, Practice (KAP) of Rabies in Moyo and Ntoroko districts and to characterize Rabies virus (RABV) strains from seven districts of Uganda with consistent prevalence of rabies. Methods KAP survey data were collected based on animal biting history by interviewing the head of the veterinary departments, the medical centers and selected households from the study sites. Data were obtained from 84 households in Ntoroko and Moyo districts. Thirty-five (35) brain samples were collected from bovine, dogs, goats, foxes, jackals ad sheep between 2011 and 2013. Samples were tested using fluorescent antibody test (FAT), One step RT-PCR (following RNA extraction) and partial RABV N gene was sequenced by Sanger method before phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of sequences. Results Scarcity of post-exposure prophylaxis services in the health centers was noted. Poor attitude of wound washing and deficiency of knowledge on how to handle wounds related to dog bites and the significance among household participants lacked. There is a high risk of rabies infection due to a limited dog’s vaccination. Dog biting episodes in humans were of 75.00 and 62.50% in Moyo and Ntoroko districts respectively. Twenty-seven (27) samples tested positive for rabies by FAT and PCR. Ugandan sequences were closely related (97% nucleotide id) to the rabies virus sequences from Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Nigeria, Central African Republic and Sudan with both the “Africa 1A” and “Africa 1B” RABV clades represented. A putative new clade 1D was also detected. Conclusions Rabies remains a public health hazard in Uganda. There is urgent need to establish advocacy programs in both schools and communities to curtail the spread of rabies. Increasing the knowledge regarding wound washing, post-exposure prophylaxis and dogs vaccination would enhance prevention of rabies. A strong collaboration between medical and veterinary sectors under a one health platform is required to ensure sufficient preventative services to the communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Omodo
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda.
| | - Meriadeg Ar Gouilh
- Normandy University, EA2656, GRAM2.0 - Groupe de Recherche sur l'Adaptation Microbienne, UNICAEN - UNIROUEN, Caen University, 14000, Caen, France.,Virology Department, University Hospital Center of Caen, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Frank Norbert Mwiine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anna Rose Ademun Okurut
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Noelina Nantima
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Alice Namatovu
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Maria Flavia Nakanjako
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Isingoma
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Eugene Arinaitwe
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Martin Esau
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Simon Kyazze
- Ministry of Health, National One Health Platform: Zoonotic Disease Coordination Office, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Milton Bahati
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Franklin Mayanja
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Patrick Bagonza
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Richard Akule Urri
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Mary Nanfuka Lovincer
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Esther Nabatta
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Eugene Kidega
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Chrisostom Ayebazibwe
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Gladys Nakanjako
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Joseph Sserugga
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Deo Birungi Ndumu
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Robert Mwebe
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Kenneth Mugabi
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P.O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Musa Sekamatte
- Ministry of Health, National One Health Platform: Zoonotic Disease Coordination Office, Entebbe, Uganda
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