PPAR-γ agonists reactivate the ALDOC-NR2F1 axis to enhance sensitivity to temozolomide and suppress glioblastoma progression

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a type of brain cancer categorized as a high-grade glioma. GBM is characterized by limited treatment options, low patient survival rates, and abnormal serotonin metabolism. Previous studies have investigated the tumor suppressor function of aldolase C (ALDOC), a glycolytic enzyme in GBM. However, it is unclear how ALDOC regulates production of serotonin and its associated receptors, HTRs. In this study, we analyzed ALDOC mRNA levels and methylation status using sequencing data and in silico datasets. Furthermore, we investigated pathways, phenotypes, and drug effects using cell and mouse models. Our results suggest that loss of ALDOC function in GBM promotes tumor cell invasion and migration. We observed that hypermethylation, which results in loss of ALDOC expression, is associated with serotonin hypersecretion and the inhibition of PPAR-γ signaling. Using several omics datasets, we present evidence that ALDOC regulates serotonin levels and safeguards PPAR-γ against serotonin metabolism mediated by 5-HT, which leads to a reduction in PPAR-γ expression. PPAR-γ activation inhibits serotonin release by HTR and diminishes GBM tumor growth in our cellular and animal models. Importantly, research has demonstrated that PPAR-γ agonists prolong animal survival rates and increase the efficacy of temozolomide in an orthotopic brain model of GBM. The relationship and function of the ALDOC-PPAR-γ axis could serve as a potential prognostic indicator. Furthermore, PPAR-γ agonists offer a new treatment alternative for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).

Recent advances in near-infrared I/II persistent luminescent nanoparticles for biosensing and bioimaging in cancer analysis

Photoluminescent materials (PLNs) are photoluminescent materials that can absorb external excitation light, store it, and slowly release it in the form of light in the dark to achieve long-term luminescence. Developing near-infrared (NIR) PLNs is critical to improving long-afterglow luminescent materials. Because they excite in vitro, NIR-PLNs have the potential to avoid interference from in vivo autofluorescence in biomedical applications. These materials are promising for biosensing and bioimaging applications by exploiting the near-infrared biological window. First, we discuss the biomedical applications of PLNs in the first near-infrared window (NIR-I, 700-900 nm), which have been widely developed and specifically introduce biosensors and imaging reagents. However, the light in this area still suffers from significant light scattering and tissue autofluorescence, which will affect the imaging quality. Over time, fluorescence imaging technology in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) has also begun to develop rapidly. NIR-II fluorescence imaging has the advantages of low light scattering loss, high tissue penetration depth, high imaging resolution, and high signal-to-noise ratio, and it shows broad application prospects in biological analysis and medical diagnosis. This critical review collected and sorted articles from the past 5 years and introduced their respective fluorescence imaging technologies and backgrounds based on the definitions of NIR-I and NIR-II. We also analyzed the current advantages and dilemmas that remain to be solved. Herein, we also suggested specific approaches NIR-PLNs can use to improve the quality and be more applicable in cancer research.

Comprehensive Neurotoxicity of Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals in Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

To date, all-inorganic lead halide perovskite quantum dots have emerged as promising materials for photonic, optoelectronic devices, and biological applications, especially in solar cells, raising numerous concerns about their biosafety. Most of the studies related to the toxicity of perovskite quantum dots (PeQDs) have focused on the potential risks of hybrid perovskites by using zebrafish or human cells. So far, the neurotoxic effects and fundamental mechanisms of PeQDs remain unknown. Herein, a comprehensive methodology is designed to investigate the neurotoxicity of PeQDs by using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism. The results show that the accumulation of PeQDs mainly focuses on the alimentary system and head region. Acute exposure to PeQDs results in a decrease in locomotor behaviors and pharyngeal pumping, whereas chronic exposure to PeQDs causes brood decline and shortens lifespan. In addition, some abnormal issues occur in the uterus during reproduction assays, such as vulva protrusion, impaired eggs left in the vulva, and egg hatching inside the mother. Excessive reactive oxygen species formation is also observed. The neurotoxicity of PeQDs is explained by gene expression. This study provides a complete insight into the neurotoxicity of PeQD and encourages the development of novel nontoxic PeQDs.

Amplification of oxidative stress by lipid surface-coated single-atom Au nanozymes for oral cancer photodynamic therapy

Single-atom nanozymes (SANs) are the latest trend in biomaterials research and promote the application of single atoms in biological fields and the realization of protein catalysis in vivo with inorganic nanoparticles. Carbon quantum dots (CDs) have excellent biocompatibility and fluorescence properties as a substrate carrying a single atom. It is difficult to break through pure-phase single-atom materials with quantum dots as carriers. In addition, there is currently no related research in the single-atom field in the context of oral cancer, especially head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. This research developed a lipid surface-coated nanozyme combined with CDs, single-atomic gold, and modified lipid ligands (DSPE-PEG) with transferrin (Tf) to treat oral squamous cell carcinoma. The study results have demonstrated that surface-modified single-atom carbon quantum dots (m-SACDs) exhibit excellent therapeutic effects and enable in situ image tracking for diagnosing and treating head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC).

Detecting intragenic trans-splicing events from non-co-linearly spliced junctions by hybrid sequencing

Trans-spliced RNAs (ts-RNAs) are a type of non-co-linear (NCL) transcripts that consist of exons in an order topologically inconsistent with the corresponding DNA template. Detecting ts-RNAs is often interfered by experimental artifacts, circular RNAs (circRNAs) and genetic rearrangements. Particularly, intragenic ts-RNAs, which are derived from separate precursor mRNA molecules of the same gene, are often mistaken for circRNAs through analyses of RNA-seq data. Here we developed a bioinformatics pipeline (NCLscan-hybrid), which integrated short and long RNA-seq reads to minimize false positives and proposed out-of-circle and rolling-circle long reads to distinguish between intragenic ts-RNAs and circRNAs. Combining NCLscan-hybrid screening and multiple experimental validation steps successfully confirmed that four NCL events, which were previously regarded as circRNAs in databases, originated from trans-splicing. CRISPR-based endogenous genome modification experiments further showed that flanking intronic complementary sequences can significantly contribute to ts-RNA formation, providing an efficient/specific method to deplete ts-RNAs. We also experimentally validated that one ts-RNA (ts-ARFGEF1) played an important role for p53-mediated apoptosis through affecting the PERK/eIF2a/ATF4/CHOP signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. This study thus described both bioinformatics procedures and experimental validation steps for rigorous characterization of ts-RNAs, expanding future studies for identification, biogenesis, and function of these important but understudied transcripts.

Sustaining the Activation of EGFR Signal by Inflammatory Cytokine IL17A Prompts Cell Proliferation and EGFR-TKI Resistance in Lung Cancer

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a typical inflammation-associated cancer, and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common pathological subtype. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) mutations are the most common driver mutations of LUAD, and they have been identified as important therapeutic targets by EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). The proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-17A, and IL-17A-producing cells were reported to be elevated in the tumor microenvironment and peripheral blood of NSCLC patients and to be correlated with tumor progression and poor prognoses. However, the pathophysiological role of IL-17A in NSCLC remains unclear, although some studies suggested its involvement in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Herein, we observed that expressions of IL-17A and its receptor, IL-17 receptor C (IL-17RC), were elevated in LUAD tissues and were correlated with poor survival in different lung cancer cohorts. In LUAD cells with mutant EGFR, the IL-17A/IL-17RC axis was shown to enhance phosphorylation of EGFR and Met, thereby promoting proliferation and resistance to EGFR-TKIs such as afatinib. In LUAD cells with wild-type (WT) EGFR, we found that the IL-17A/IL-17RC axis enhanced EGF-induced EGFR activation and cell proliferation through causing impairment of EGF-induced EGFR lysosomal degradation. Collectively, our results indicated diverse impacts of the IL-17A/IL-17RC axis on EGFR activation in LUAD cells with WT and mutant EGFR and suggested that developing therapeutic strategies against IL-17A/IL-17RC would be valuable for LUAD treatment.

Glucose transporter 4: Insulin response mastermind, glycolysis catalyst and treatment direction for cancer progression

The glucose transporter family (GLUT) consists of fourteen members. It is responsible for glucose homeostasis and glucose transport from the extracellular space to the cell cytoplasm to further cascade catalysis. GLUT proteins are encoded by the solute carrier family 2 (SLC2) genes and are members of the major facilitator superfamily of membrane transporters. Moreover, different GLUTs also have their transporter kinetics and distribution, so each GLUT member has its uniqueness and importance to play essential roles in human physiology. Evidence from many studies in the field of diabetes showed that GLUT4 travels between the plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles (GLUT4-storage vesicles, GSVs) and that the PI3K/Akt pathway regulates this activity in an insulin-dependent manner or by the AMPK pathway in response to muscle contraction. Moreover, some published results also pointed out that GLUT4 mediates insulin-dependent glucose uptake. Thus, dysfunction of GLUT4 can induce insulin resistance, metabolic reprogramming in diverse chronic diseases, inflammation, and cancer. In addition to the relationship between GLUT4 and insulin response, recent studies also referred to the potential upstream transcription factors that can bind to the promoter region of GLUT4 to regulating downstream signals. Combined all of the evidence, we conclude that GLUT4 has shown valuable unknown functions and is of clinical significance in cancers, which deserves our in-depth discussion and design compounds by structure basis to achieve therapeutic effects. Thus, we intend to write up a most updated review manuscript to include the most recent and critical research findings elucidating how and why GLUT4 plays an essential role in carcinogenesis, which may have broad interests and impacts on this field.

Abstract 2352: ALDOC interplays with KIAA1409 to reduce m6A modifications and cancer-associated fibroblast characteristics in gliomas

The abundance and regulatory mechanisms of tumor microenvironment in gliomas remain unclear. We have previously demonstrated that aldolase c (ALDOC) has tumor suppressor function and prognostic value in the progression of glioma. In this study, we used immune infiltration algorithms to identify the immune response events that ALDOC modulates in gliomas and found that they were particularly strongly associated with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Our transcriptomic and proteomic profiles infer that ALDOC is involved in the methylation status of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and binds to KIAA1429, which in turn affects the assembly of the assembly of the m6A-METTL complex. We show that ALDOC can interact with KIAA1429 and trap it in the cytoplasm and then interfere with the modification of m6A. In malignant cells and ALDOC knockdown models, we observed loss of ALDOC function, KIAA1429 was responsible for the ‘writer’ of m6A and stabilized expression levels of various CAF-related features. Through the MeRIP-Seq/m6A-seq approach, we found that the RNA-binding protein, IGF2BP2, can be directly stabilized with multiple CAF-related genes. We examined ALDOC and KIAA1429, CAF-related genes (FAP, α-SMA, S100A4 and VIM) in available cohorts and tissue microarrays and were statistically inversely correlated. Furthermore, ALDOC colocalized with KIAA1429 and CAF genes in the surrounding microenvironment was significantly reduced in tissue sections from orthotopic animal models by multiplex immunohistochemistry.

Keywords: Aldolase C, m6A modification, cancer-associated fibroblasts, gliomas

Citation Format: Chien-Hsiu Li, Ming-Hsien Chan, Yu-Chan Chang. ALDOC interplays with KIAA1409 to reduce m6A modifications and cancer-associated fibroblast characteristics in gliomas [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2352.

Abstract 3899: CHST11 mediated SEMA7A expression contributes to TKI resistant in lung cancer

An extracellular matrix has been demonstrated to be one of the substances that promote tumor cells to become driven by external stimuli to change their biology or malignancy. The main component of extracellular matrix, chondroitin sulfate, has been confirmed as a factor in the progression of tumors. Nevertheless, a great deal remains unknown regarding the precise mechanisms that drive Chondroitin sulfate production and how these details are communicated to cancer cells. According to our previous studies, the main enzyme responsible for Chondroitin sulfate synthesis, carbohydrate sulfotransferase 11 (CHST11), plays a crucial role in lung cancer cell metastatic spread. Nevertheless, the relationship between CHST11 expression and regulatory mechanism in response to lung cancer treatment is unclear, especially for tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). A clinical correlation analysis was used in this study to identify molecules which were highly correlated with the overexpression of CHST11 and identified GPI-anchored protein semaphorin 7A (SEMA7A) as a candidate. According to the TCGA database, expression of upregulated SEMA7A is correlated with poor prognosis and cellular malignancy in lung cancer patients. A SEMA7A-based gene correlation analysis finds that the affected gene ontology is highly similar to CHST11, particularly integrin signaling, which may contribute to Gefitinib resistance. A GSEA analysis reveals a significant effect of CHST11 overexpression on mitotic spindle processes, some of which molecules are clinically relevant to CHST11 or SEMA7A. These molecules have been reported to be involved in TKI resistance events such as MARCKS, MYO1E, and PDLIM5. Based on the TCGA database, these molecules and integrins also display significant clinical relevance in lung cancer patients. A CHST11-mediated increase in SEMA7A in the mitotic spindle process of cells may serve as one of the possible means of reducing TKI-induced mitotic cell death, and thereby promoting the ability of lung cancer cells to become resistant to TKIs. Hence, targeting the CHST11-SEMA7A axis may offer a therapeutic strategy option that could be used to target drug resistance in lung cancers. [Keywords: CHST11, SEMA7A, Integrin, Drug resistant, Lung cancer] (Reference: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35985204/; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36181245/)

Citation Format: Chien-Hsiu Chris Li, Ming-Hsien Chan, Yu-Chan Chang, Michael Hsiao. CHST11 mediated SEMA7A expression contributes to TKI resistant in lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3899.

Overexpression of synaptic vesicle protein Rab GTPase 3C promotes vesicular exocytosis and drug resistance in colorectal cancer cells

Rab GTPase 3C (RAB3C) is a peripheral membrane protein that is involved in membrane trafficking (vesicle formation) and cell movement. Recently, researchers have noted the exocytosis of RAB proteins, and their dysregulation is correlated with drug resistance and the altered tumor microenvironment in tumorigenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms of exocytotic RABs in the carcinogenicity of colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unknown. Researchers have used various in silico datasets to evaluate the expression profiles of RAB family members. We confirmed that RAB3C plays a key role in CRC progression. Its overexpression promotes exocytosis and is related to the resistance to several chemotherapeutic drugs. We established a proteomic dataset based on RAB3C, and found that dystrophin is one of the proteins that is upregulated with the overexpression of RAB3C. According to our results, RAB3C-induced dystrophin expression promotes vesicle formation and packaging. A connectivity map predicted that the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) agonists reverse RAB3C-associated drug resistance, and that these agonists have synergistic effects when combined with standard chemotherapy regimens. Moreover, we found high dystrophin expression levels in CRC patients with poor survival outcomes. A combination of the dystrophin and RAB3C expression profiles can serve as an independent prognostic factor in CRC and is associated with several clinicopathological parameters. In addition, the RAB3C-dystrophin axis is positively correlated with the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform (PIK3CA) genetic alterations in CRC patients. These findings can be used to provide novel combined therapeutic options for the treatment of CRC.

The activation of EP300 by F11R leads to EMT and acts as a prognostic factor in triple-negative breast cancers

Cancer progression is influenced by junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) family members. The relationship between JAM family members and different types of cancer was examined using The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. mRNA levels of the F11R (F11 receptor) in tumours were inversely correlated to the expression of JAM-2 and JAM-3. This relationship was unique to breast cancer (BCa) and was associated with poor prognosis (p = 0.024, hazard ratio = 1.44 [1.05-1.99]). A 50-gene molecular signature (prediction analysis of microarray 50) was used to subtype BCa. F11R mRNA expression significantly increased in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-enriched (p = 0.0035) and basal-like BCa tumours (p = 0.0005). We evaluated F11R protein levels in two different compositions of BCa subtype patient tissue array cohorts to determine the relationship between BCa subtype and prognosis. Immunohistochemistry staining revealed that a high F11R protein level was associated with poor overall survival (p < 0.001; Taipei Medical University [TMU] cohort, p < 0.001; Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital [KVGH] cohort) or disease-free survival (p < 0.001 [TMU cohort], p = 0.034 [KVGH cohort]) in patients with BCa. Comparison of F11R levels in different subtypes revealed the association of poor prognosis with high levels of F11R among luminal (p < 0.001 [TMU cohort], p = 0.027 [KVGH cohort]), HER2 positive (p = 0.018 [TMU cohort], p = 0.037 [KVGH cohort]), and triple-negative (p = 0.013 [TMU cohort], p = 0.037 [KVGH cohort]) BCa. F11R-based RNA microarray analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis were successful in profiling the detailed gene ontology of triple-negative BCa cells regulated by F11R. The EP300 transcription factor was highly correlated with F11R in BCa (R = 0.51, p < 0.001). By analysing these F11R-affected molecules with the L1000CDs datasets, we were able to predict some repurposing drugs for potential application in F11R-positive BCa treatment.

Gold Nanoparticles as a Biosensor for Cancer Biomarker Determination

Molecular biology applications based on gold nanotechnology have revolutionary impacts, especially in diagnosing and treating molecular and cellular levels. The combination of plasmonic resonance, biochemistry, and optoelectronic engineering has increased the detection of molecules and the possibility of atoms. These advantages have brought medical research to the cellular level for application potential. Many research groups are working towards this. The superior analytical properties of gold nanoparticles can not only be used as an effective drug screening instrument for gene sequencing in new drug development but also as an essential tool for detecting physiological functions, such as blood glucose, antigen-antibody analysis, etc. The review introduces the principles of biomedical sensing systems, the principles of nanomaterial analysis applied to biomedicine at home and abroad, and the chemical surface modification of various gold nanoparticles.

The CHST11 gene is linked to lung cancer and pulmonary fibrosis

BACKGROUND

The abnormal modification of chondroitin sulfate is one of the leading causes of disease, including cancer progression. During chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis, the CHST11 enzyme plays a vital role in its modification, but its role in cancer is not fully understood. Therefore, understanding the relationship between CHST11 and pulmonary-related diseases through clinically relevant information may be useful for diagnosis or treatment.

METHODS

A variety of pulmonary fibrosis clinical gene expression omnibus (GEO) datasets were used to assess the association between CHST11-related manifestations and fibrosis. Multiple lung cancer-related databases, including The Cancer Genome Atlas, GEO datasets, UCSC Xena, GEPIA2, Cbioportal and ingenuity pathway analysis were used to evaluate the clinical correlation between CHST11 and lung cancer and potential molecular mechanisms. For drug repurposing prediction, the molecules that correlated with CHST11 were subjected to the LINCS L1000 algorithm. A variety of in vitro assays were performed to evaluate the in-silico models, including RNA and protein expression, proliferation, migration and invasion.

RESULTS

Clinical analyses indicate that the levels of CHST11 are significantly elevated in cases of pulmonary-related diseases, including fibrosis and lung cancer. According to multiple lung cancer cohorts, CHST11 is the only member of the carbohydrate sulfotransferase family associated with overall survival for lung adenocarcinomas, and it is highly related to smoking-induced lung cancer patients. Based on the results of in vitro experiments, CHST11 expression contributes to tumor malignancy and promotes multiple fibrotic activators. Correlation-based ingenuity pathway analysis indicated that CHST11-related molecules contributed to pulmonary fibrosis or lung adenocarcinomas via similar upstream stimulators. Based on known molecular regulatory relationships, CHST11 has been associated with the regulation of TGF-β and INFγ as important molecules contributing to fibrosis and cancer progression. Interestingly, WordCloud analysis revealed that CHST11-related molecules are involved in regulation primarily by integrin signaling, and these relationships were consistently reflected in the analysis of cell lines and the clinical correlation. A CHST11 signature-based drug repurposing analysis demonstrated that the CHST11/integrin axis could be targeted by AG-1478 (Tyrphostin AG 1478), brefeldin A, geldanamycin and importazole.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides the first demonstration that CHST11 may be used as a biomarker for pulmonary fibrosis or lung cancer, and the levels of CHST11 were increased by TGF-β and INFγ. The molecular simulation analyses demonstrate that the CHST11/integrin axis is a potential therapeutic target for treating lung cancer.

Iron-Based Ceramic Composite Nanomaterials for Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia and Drug Delivery

Because of the unique physicochemical properties of magnetic iron-based nanoparticles, such as superparamagnetism, high saturation magnetization, and high effective surface area, they have been applied in biomedical fields such as diagnostic imaging, disease treatment, and biochemical separation. Iron-based nanoparticles have been used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to produce clearer and more detailed images, and they have therapeutic applications in magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH). In recent years, researchers have used clay minerals, such as ceramic materials with iron-based nanoparticles, to construct nanocomposite materials with enhanced saturation, magnetization, and thermal effects. Owing to their unique structure and large specific surface area, iron-based nanoparticles can be homogenized by adding different proportions of ceramic minerals before and after modification to enhance saturation magnetization. In this review, we assess the potential to improve the magnetic properties of iron-based nanoparticles and in the preparation of multifunctional composite materials through their combination with ceramic materials. We demonstrate the potential of ferromagnetic enhancement and multifunctional composite materials for MRI diagnosis, drug delivery, MFH therapy, and cellular imaging applications.

Ultrasound and Nanomedicine for Cancer-Targeted Drug Delivery: Screening, Cellular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities

Cancer is a disease characterized by abnormal cell growth. According to a report published by the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, responsible for an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018. It should be noted that ultrasound is already widely used as a diagnostic procedure for detecting tumorigenesis. In addition, ultrasound energy can also be utilized effectively for treating cancer. By filling the interior of lipospheres with gas molecules, these particles can serve both as contrast agents for ultrasonic imaging and as delivery systems for drugs such as microbubbles and nanobubbles. Therefore, this review aims to describe the nanoparticle-assisted drug delivery system and how it can enhance image analysis and biomedicine. The formation characteristics of nanoparticles indicate that they will accumulate at the tumor site upon ultrasonic imaging, in accordance with their modification characteristics. As a result of changing the accumulation of materials, it is possible to examine the results by comparing images of other tumor cell lines. It is also possible to investigate ultrasound images for evidence of cellular effects. In combination with a precision ultrasound imaging system, drug-carrying lipospheres can precisely track tumor tissue and deliver drugs to tumor cells to enhance the ability of this nanocomposite to treat cancer.

The optical research progress of nanophosphors composed of transition elements in the fourth period of near-infrared windows I and II for deep-tissue theranostics

Research in the field of nano-optics is advancing by leaps and bounds, among which near-infrared (NIR) light optics have attracted much attention. NIR light has a longer wavelength than visible light, such that it can avoid shielding caused by biological tissues. This advantage has driven its importance and practicality in human treatment applications and has attracted significant attention from researchers in academia and industry. In the broad spectrum of infrared light wavelengths, the most noticeable ones are the NIR biological window I of 700-900 nm and window II of 1000-1700 nm. Luminescent materials can effectively cover the NIR biological window with different doping strategies. These doped elements are mostly transition elements with multielectron orbitals. Several nanomaterials based on narrow-spectrum lanthanides have been developed to correspond to biological applications of different wavelengths. However, this review explicitly introduces the absorption and reflection/luminescence interactions between NIR light and biological tissues independently. Unlike the adjustment of the wavelength of the lanthanide series, this review analyzes the NIR optical properties of the fourth-period element ions in transition elements (such as Cr³⁺ and Ni²⁺). These elements have a broadband wavelength of NIR light emission and higher quantum efficiency, corresponding to the absorption and emission spectrum and photobiological absorption of different NIR windows for therapeutic diagnosis. Finally, this review lists and explores other broadband NIR phosphors and has tried to discover the possibility of non-invasive precision medicine in the future.

The role of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate-mediated glycolysis/gluconeogenesis genes in cancer prognosis

Metabolic reprogramming and elevated glycolysis levels are associated with tumor progression. However, despite cancer cells selectively inhibiting or expressing certain metabolic enzymes, it is unclear whether differences in gene profiles influence patient outcomes. Therefore, identifying the differences in enzyme action may facilitate discovery of gene ontology variations to characterize tumors. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F-1,6-BP) is an important intermediate in glucose metabolism, particularly in cancer. Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis require fructose-1,6-bisphosphonates 1 (FBP1) and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A (ALDOA), which participate in F-1,6-BP conversion. Increased expression of ALDOA and decreased expression of FBP1 are associated with the progression of various forms of cancer in humans. However, the exact molecular mechanism by which ALDOA and FBP1 are involved in the switching of F-1,6-BP is not yet known. As a result of their pancancer pattern, the relationship between ALDOA and FBP1 in patient prognosis is reversed, particularly in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). Using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we observed that FBP1 expression was low in patients with LUAD and LIHC tumors, which was distinct from ALDOA. A similar trend was observed in the analysis of Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) datasets. By dissecting downstream networks and possible upstream regulators, using ALDOA and FBP1 as the core, we identified common signatures and interaction events regulated by ALDOA and FBP1. Notably, the identified effectors dominated by ALDOA or FBP1 were distributed in opposite patterns and can be considered independent prognostic indicators for patients with LUAD and LIHC. Therefore, uncovering the effectors between ALDOA and FBP1 will lead to novel therapeutic strategies for cancer patients.

Regorafenib inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppresses cholangiocarcinoma metastasis via YAP1-AREG axis

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a subtype of bile duct cancer usually diagnosed late with a low survival rate and no satisfactorily systemic treatment. Recently, regorafenib has been accepted as a second-line treatment for CCA patients. In this study, we investigated the potential signal transduction pathways mediated by regorafenib. We established a transcriptomic database for regorafenib-treated CCA cells using expression microarray chips. Our data indicate that regorafenib inhibits yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) activity in various CCA cells. In addition, we demonstrated that YAP1 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes, including E-cadherin and SNAI2. We further examined YAP1 activity, phosphorylation status, and expression levels of YAP1 downstream target genes in the regorafenib model. We found that regorafenib dramatically suppressed these events in CCA cells. Moreover, in vivo results revealed that regorafenib could significantly inhibit lung foci formation and tumorigenicity. Most importantly, regorafenib and amphiregulin (AREG) neutralize antibody exhibited synergistic effects against CCA cells. In a clinical setting, patients with high YAP1 and EMT expression had a worse survival rate than patients with low YAP1, and EMT expression did. In addition, we found that YAP1 upregulated the downstream target amphiregulin in CCA. Our findings suggest that AREG neutralizing antibody antibodies combined with regorafenib can reverse the CCA metastatic phenotype and EMT in vitro and in vivo. These findings provide novel therapeutic strategies to combat the metastasis of CCA.

Integrated therapy platform of exosomal system: hybrid inorganic/organic nanoparticles with exosomes for cancer treatment

Recent studies have found that exosomes or extracellular vehicles (EVs) are associated with cancer metastasis, disease progression, diagnosis, and treatment, leading to a rapidly emerging area of exocrine vesicle research. Relying on the superior targeting function and bio-compatibility of exosomes, researchers have been able to deliver drugs to cancer stem cells deep within tumors in mouse models. Despite significant efforts made in this relatively new field of exosome research, progress has been held back by challenges such as inefficient separation methods, difficulties in characterization/tracking, and a lack of specific biomarkers. Therefore, current researches are devoted to combining nanomaterials with exosomes to improve these shortcomings. Adding inorganic/organic nanoparticles such as artificial liposomes and iron oxide can bring more drug options and various fluorescent or magnetic diagnostic possibilities to the exosome system. Moreover, the applications of exosomes need to be further evaluated under actual physiological conditions. This review article highlights the potential of exosome-biomimetic nanoparticles for their use as drug carriers to improve the efficacy of anticancer therapy.

Perceived Social Support and Depression Among Occupational Therapists in Hong Kong During COVID-19 Pandemic

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression and the level of perceived social support among occupational therapists during the pandemic, and to identify any associations between depression and perceived social support.

METHODS

Using convenience and snowball sampling, occupational therapists aged ≥18 years who were working in Hong Kong and able to read and understand Chinese were invited to participate in a survey between January 2021 and April 2021 (during the fourth wave of COVID-19 pandemic). Data collected included age, sex, education level, employment status, marital status, living status, level of perceived social support (measured by the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support [MSPSS-C]) and level of depression (measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9]).

RESULTS

87 occupational therapists completed the survey. The mean MSPSS-C score was 67.87; 88.5% of participants had a high level of perceived social support. The mean PHQ-9 score was 4.67; 59.8% of participants had no or minimal depression and 11.5% of participants had clinical depression. The MSPSS-C score negatively correlated with the PHQ-9 score (r_s = -0.401, p < 0.001). In regression analysis, the MSPSS-C score was associated with the PHQ-9 score (F(1, 85) = 44.846, r = 0.588, p < 0.001). About 34.5% of the variance of the PHQ-9 score was accounted for by the MSPSS-C score.

CONCLUSION

Higher level of perceived social support is associated with lower level of depression. Social support might serve as a protective factor for depression among occupational therapists in Hong Kong during the pandemic.

Progress and Viewpoints of Multifunctional Composite Nanomaterials for Glioblastoma Theranostics

The most common malignant tumor of the brain is glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) in adults. Many patients die shortly after diagnosis, and only 6% of patients survive more than 5 years. Moreover, the current average survival of malignant brain tumors is only about 15 months, and the recurrence rate within 2 years is almost 100%. Brain diseases are complicated to treat. The reason for this is that drugs are challenging to deliver to the brain because there is a blood–brain barrier (BBB) protection mechanism in the brain, which only allows water, oxygen, and blood sugar to enter the brain through blood vessels. Other chemicals cannot enter the brain due to their large size or are considered harmful substances. As a result, the efficacy of drugs for treating brain diseases is only about 30%, which cannot satisfy treatment expectations. Therefore, researchers have designed many types of nanoparticles and nanocomposites to fight against the most common malignant tumors in the brain, and they have been successful in animal experiments. This review will discuss the application of various nanocomposites in diagnosing and treating GBM. The topics include (1) the efficient and long-term tracking of brain images (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, and near-infrared light (NIR)); (2) breaking through BBB for drug delivery; and (3) natural and chemical drugs equipped with nanomaterials. These multifunctional nanoparticles can overcome current difficulties and achieve progressive GBM treatment and diagnosis results.

Aldolase A and Phospholipase D1 Synergistically Resist Alkylating Agents and Radiation in Lung Cancer

Exposure to alkylating agents and radiation may cause damage and apoptosis in cancer cells. Meanwhile, this exposure involves resistance and leads to metabolic reprogramming to benefit cancer cells. At present, the detailed mechanism is still unclear. Based on the profiles of several transcriptomes, we found that the activity of phospholipase D (PLD) and the production of specific metabolites are related to these events. Comparing several particular inhibitors, we determined that phospholipase D1 (PLD1) plays a dominant role over other PLD members. Using the existing metabolomics platform, we demonstrated that lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) are the most critical metabolites, and are highly dependent on aldolase A (ALDOA). We further demonstrated that ALDOA could modulate total PLD enzyme activity and phosphatidic acid products. Particularly after exposure to alkylating agents and radiation, the proliferation of lung cancer cells, autophagy, and DNA repair capabilities are enhanced. The above phenotypes are closely related to the performance of the ALDOA/PLD1 axis. Moreover, we found that ALDOA inhibited PLD2 activity and enzyme function through direct protein–protein interaction (PPI) with PLD2 to enhance PLD1 and additional carcinogenic features. Most importantly, the combination of ALDOA and PLD1 can be used as an independent prognostic factor and is correlated with several clinical parameters in lung cancer. These findings indicate that, based on the PPI status between ALDOA and PLD2, a combination of radiation and/or alkylating agents with regulating ALDOA-PLD1 may be considered as a new lung cancer treatment option.

Novel monodisperse FePt nanocomposites for T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: biomedical theranostics applications

Given the high incidence and mortality of cancer, current research is focused on designing efficient diagnostic methods. At present, clinical diagnoses are made based on X-ray, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and fiber optic endoscopy. MRI is a powerful diagnostic tool because it is non-invasive, has a high spatial resolution, uses non-ionizing radiation, and has good soft-tissue contrast. However, the long relaxation time of water protons may result in the inability to distinguish different tissues. To overcome this drawback of MRI, magnetic resonance contrast agents can enhance the contrast, improve the sensitivity of MRI-based diagnoses, increase the success rate of surgery, and reduce tumor recurrence. This review focuses on using iron-platinum (FePt) nanoparticles (NPs) in T2-weighted MRI to detect tumor location based on dark-field changes. In addition, existing methods for optimizing and improving FePt NPs are reviewed, and the MRI applications of FePt NPs are discussed. FePT NPs are expected to strengthen MRI resolution, thereby helping to inhibit tumor development.

Fascin-1: Updated biological functions and therapeutic implications in cancer biology

Filopodia are cellular protrusions that respond to a variety of stimuli. Filopodia are formed when actin is bound to the protein Fascin, which may play a crucial role in cellular interactions and motility during cancer metastasis. Significantly, the noncanonical features of Fascin-1 are gradually being clarified, including the related molecular network contributing to metabolic reprogramming, chemotherapy resistance, stemness ac-tivity, and tumor microenvironment events. However, the relationship between biological characteristics and pathological features to identify effective therapeutic strategies needs to be studied further. The pur-pose of this review article is to provide a broad overview of the latest molecular networks and multiomics research regarding fascins and cancer. It also highlights their direct and indirect effects on available cancer treatments. With this multidisciplinary approach, researchers and clinicians can gain the most relevant in-formation on the function of fascins in cancer progression, which may facilitate clinical applications in the future.

Natural Carbon Nanodots: Toxicity Assessment and Theranostic Biological Application

This review outlines the methods for preparing carbon dots (CDs) from various natural resources to select the process to produce CDs with the best biological application efficacy. The oxidative activity of CDs mainly involves photo-induced cell damage and the destruction of biofilm matrices through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby causing cell auto-apoptosis. Recent research has found that CDs derived from organic carbon sources can treat cancer cells as effectively as conventional drugs without causing damage to normal cells. CDs obtained by heating a natural carbon source inherit properties similar to the carbon source from which they are derived. Importantly, these characteristics can be exploited to perform non-invasive targeted therapy on human cancers, avoiding the harm caused to the human body by conventional treatments. CDs are attractive for large-scale clinical applications. Water, herbs, plants, and probiotics are ideal carbon-containing sources that can be used to synthesize therapeutic and diagnostic CDs that have become the focus of attention due to their excellent light stability, fluorescence, good biocompatibility, and low toxicity. They can be applied as biosensors, bioimaging, diagnosis, and treatment applications. These advantages make CDs attractive for large-scale clinical application, providing new technologies and methods for disease occurrence, diagnosis, and treatment research.

Magnetically guided theranostics: montmorillonite-based iron/platinum nanoparticles for enhancing in situ MRI contrast and hepatocellular carcinoma treatment

In Asia, including Taiwan, malignant tumors such as Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) one of the liver cancer is the most diagnosed subtype. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been a typical diagnostic method for accurately diagnosing HCC. When it is difficult to demonstrate non-enhanced MRI of tumors, radiologists can use contrast agents (such as Gd3+, Fe3O4, or FePt) for T1-weighted and T2-weighted imaging remain in the liver for a long time to facilitate diagnosis via MRI. However, it is sometimes difficult for T2-weighted imaging to detect small tumor lesions because the liver tissue may absorb iron ions. This makes early cancer detection a challenging goal. This challenge has prompted current research to create novel nanocomposites for enhancing the noise-to-signal ratio of MRI. To develop a method that can more efficiently diagnose and simultaneously treat HCC during MRI examination, we designed a functionalized montmorillonite (MMT) material with a porous structure to benefit related drugs, such as mitoxantrone (MIT) delivery or as a carrier for the FePt nanoparticles (FePt NPs) to introduce cancer therapy. Multifunctional FePt@MMT can simultaneously visualize HCC by enhancing MRI signals, treating various diseases, and being used as an inducer of magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH). After loading the drug MIT, FePt@MMT-MIT provides both MFH treatment and chemotherapy in one nanosystem. These results ultimately prove that functionalized FePt@MMT-MIT could be integrated as a versatile drugs delivery system by combining with MRI, chemotheraeutic drugs, and magnetic guide targeting.

Betaine supplementation to rats alleviates disturbances induced by high-fat diet: pleiotropic effects in model of type 2 diabetes

Betaine is a biologically active compound exerting beneficial effects in the organism, however, the exact mechanisms underlying its action are not fully elucidated. The present study aimed to explore, whether betaine alleviates disorders induced by feeding rats a high-fat diet (HFD). Rats were divided into 3 groups: control, fed an HFD and fed an HFD and receiving betaine (2% water solution for 8 weeks). Betaine improved glucose tolerance, decreased blood levels of non-esterified fatty acids and prevented lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle of rats on an HFD. Betaine reduced activities of blood alanine aminotransferase, blood levels of bilirubin and hepatic lipid content. Expression of fatty acid synthase in the liver and the skeletal muscle was decreased in response to feeding an HFD, and this effect was deepened by betaine in the muscle tissue. Hepatic and muscular expression of genes related to insulin signaling were unchanged in HFD-fed rats. Lipolysis stimulated by epinephrine (an adrenergic receptor agonist), forskolin (an activator of adenylate cyclase), dibutyryl-cAMP (an activator of protein kinase A) and DPCPX (an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist) was diminished in the adipocytes of rats fed an HFD, however, this effect was alleviated by betaine. Moreover, blood leptin levels in HFD-fed rats were elevated, whereas leptinemia have normalized by betaine supplementation. Betaine prevented the increase in expression of N-methyl D-aspartate receptors in the hippocampus and in the cerebral cortex. These results indicate that betaine positively affects the insulin-sensitive tissues: liver (hepatoprotective effects), skeletal muscle (reduced lipid accumulation) and adipose tissue (a rise in lipolysis), which is associated with improved insulin sensitivity. Betaine-induced prevention of hyperleptinemia indicates restoration of leptin action, and changes in the brain reveal neuroprotective properties. Our results show that betaine induces positive changes in HFD-fed rats, its action is pleiotropic and involves different tissues.

Stationed or Relocating: The Seesawing EMT/MET Determinants from Embryonic Development to Cancer Metastasis

Epithelial and mesenchymal transition mechanisms continue to occur during the cell cycle and throughout human development from the embryo stage to death. In embryo development, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) can be divided into three essential steps. First, endoderm, mesoderm, and neural crest cells form, then the cells are subdivided, and finally, cardiac valve formation occurs. After the embryonic period, the human body will be subjected to ongoing mechanical stress or injury. The formation of a wound requires EMT to recruit fibroblasts to generate granulation tissues, repair the wound and re-create an intact skin barrier. However, once cells transform into a malignant tumor, the tumor cells acquire the characteristic of immortality. Local cell growth with no growth inhibition creates a solid tumor. If the tumor cannot obtain enough nutrition in situ, the tumor cells will undergo EMT and invade the basal membrane of nearby blood vessels. The tumor cells are transported through the bloodstream to secondary sites and then begin to form colonies and undergo reverse EMT, the so-called "mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET)." This dynamic change involves cell morphology, environmental conditions, and external stimuli. Therefore, in this manuscript, the similarities and differences between EMT and MET will be dissected from embryonic development to the stage of cancer metastasis.

Exosomal Components and Modulators in Colorectal Cancer: Novel Diagnosis and Prognosis Biomarkers

The relatively high incidence and mortality rates for colorectal carcinoma (CRC) make it a formidable malignant tumor. Comprehensive strategies have been applied to predict patient survival and diagnosis. Various clinical regimens have also been developed to improve the therapeutic outcome. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are recently proposed cellular structures that can be produced by natural or artificial methods and have been extensively studied. In addition to their innate functions, EVs can be manipulated to be drug carriers and exert many biological functions. The composition of EVs, their intravesicular components, and the surrounding tumor microenvironment are closely related to the development of colorectal cancer. Determining the expression profiles of exocytosis samples and using them as indicators for selecting effective combination therapy is an indispensable direction for EV study and should be regarded as a novel prediction platform in addition to cancer stage, prognosis, and other clinical assessments. In this review, we summarize the function, regulation, and application of EVs in the colon cancer research field. We provide an update on and discuss potential values for clinical applications of EVs. Moreover, we illustrate the specific markers, mediators, and genetic alterations of EVs in colorectal carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we outline the vital markers present in the EVs and discuss their plausible uses in colon cancer patient therapy in combination with the currently used clinical strategies. The development and application of these EVs will significantly improve the accuracy of diagnosis, lead to more precise prognoses, and may lead to the improved treatment of colorectal cancer.

Abstract 2883: Theranostics nanoparticles targeting to metastatic non small cell lung cancer

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for one of the most deadly cancers due to metastasis after therapy. Cancer metastasis usually results from epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and metabolic disorder is a key mediator of lung cancer EMT. The linkage between metabolic disorder and NSCLC EMT is still unclear. Using in silico analysis, C4ST1, a key enzyme of glycosaminoglycan synthesis pathway was up-regulation in mesenchymal type NSCLC cells. C4ST1 catalyzes chondroitin sulfate A (CsA) formation. We found both C4ST1 and CsA were up-regulation in mesenchymal type NSCLC cells. Not only C4ST1 overexpression but also CsA treatments changed NSCLC EMT balance and decreased the transcriptional activity on CDH1 promoter region. Furthermore, both treatments could promote in vitro NSCLC migration and invasion abilities in the epithelial type NSCLC cells. Up-regulation of C4ST1 cells also promoted lung cancer metastasis. Moreover, we used CsA binding peptide as a targeting ligands of metastatic NSCLC cells on theranostics nanoparticles. In summary, this study finds key gene in NSCLC EMT. Up-regulation of C4ST1 promotes NSCLC EMT and cell surface CsA content which may provide a novel theranostics niche on metastatic NSCLC cells.

Citation Format: LI-JIE LI, Ming-Hsien Chan, Wei-Min Chang, Michael Hsiao. Theranostics nanoparticles targeting to metastatic non small cell lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2883.

An Advanced In Situ Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasonic Theranostics Nanocomposite Platform: Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier and Improving the Suppression of Glioblastoma Using Iron-Platinum Nanoparticles in Nanobubbles

Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the deadliest and most invasive brain cancers/gliomas, and there is currently no established way to treat this disease. The treatment of GBM typically involves intracranial surgery followed by chemotherapy. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) impedes the delivery of the chemotherapeutic drug, making the treatment challenging. In this study, we embedded a chemotherapeutic drug and other nanomaterials into a nanobubble (NB), utilized active tracking and other guidance mechanisms to guide the nanocomposite to the tumor site, and then used high-intensity focused ultrasound oscillation to burst the nanobubbles, generating a transient cavitation impact on the BBB and allowing the drug to bypass it and reach the brain. FePt enhances the resolution of T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging images and has magnetic properties that help guide the nanocomposite to the tumor location. FePt nanoparticles were loaded into the hydrophobic core of the NBs along with doxorubicin to form a bubble-based drug delivery system (Dox-FePt@NB). The surface of the NBs is modified with a targeting ligand, transferrin (Dox-FePt@NB-Tf), giving the nanocomposite active tracking abilities. The Dox-FePt@NB-Tf developed in the present study represents a potential breakthrough in GBM treatment through improved drug delivery and biological imaging.

Long-Term Near-Infrared Signal Tracking of the Therapeutic Changes of Glioblastoma Cells in Brain Tissue with Ultrasound-Guided Persistent Luminescent Nanocomposites

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a physical barrier that selectively prevents certain substances from entering the brain through the blood. The BBB protects the brain from germs and causes difficulty in intracranial treatment. The chemotherapy drug temozolomide (TMZ), embedded in nanobubbles (NBs) and combined with persistent luminescent nanoparticles (PLNs), has been used to treat glioblastoma (GBM) effectively through image tracking. Through ultrasound induction, NBs produce cavitation that temporarily opens the BBB. Additionally, the PLNs release near-infrared emission and afterglow, which can penetrate deep tissues and improve the signal-to-noise ratio of bioimages. In this work, the nanosystem crossed the BBB for drug delivery and image tracking over time, allowing the enhancement of the drug's therapeutic effect on GBM. We hope that this nanosystem can be applied to the treatment of different brain diseases by embedding different drugs in NBs.

A selective drug delivery system based on phospholipid-type nanobubbles for lung cancer therapy

Aim: To develop a micelle-type nanobubble decorated with fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate-conjugated transferrin, with encapsulation of paclitaxel (PTX@FT-NB) for lung cancer treatment. Materials & methods: PTX@FT-NBs were characterized to determine their physicochemical properties, structural stability and cytotoxicity. Lung cancer cell and mouse xenograft tumor models were used to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of PTX@FT-NB. Results: The PTX@FT-NBs not only showed selective targeting to lung cancer cells but also inhibited tumor growth significantly via paclitaxel release. Furthermore, paclitaxel-induced microtubule stabilization demonstrated the release of the drug from PTX@FT-NB in the targeted tumor cell both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: PTX@FT-NB has the potential as an anticancer nanocarrier against lung cancer cells because of its specific targeting and better drug delivery capacity.

Theranostic nanobubble encapsulating a plasmon-enhanced upconversion hybrid nanosystem for cancer therapy

Nanobubble (NB), which simultaneously enhances ultrasound (US) images and access therapeutic platforms, is required for future cancer treatment. Methods: We designed a theranostic agent for novel cancer treatment by using an NB-encapsulated hybrid nanosystem that can be monitored by US and fluorescent imaging and activated by near-infrared (NIR) light. The nanosystem was transported to the tumor through the enhanced permeability and retention effect. The hybrid nanosystem comprised upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP) and mesoporous silica-coated gold nanorod (AuNR@mS) with the photosensitizer merocyanine 540 to realize dual phototherapy. Results: With the NIR light-triggered, the luminous intensity of the UCNP was enhanced by doping holmium ion and emitted visible green and red lights at 540 and 660 nm. The high optical density state between the UCNP and AuNR@mS can induce plasmonic enhancement to improve the photothermal and photodynamic effects, resulting in cell death by apoptosis. The nanosystem showed excellent stability to avoid the aggregation of nanoparticles during the treatment. JC-1 dye was used as an indicator of mitochondrial membrane potential to identify the mechanism of cell death. The results of in vitro and in vivo analyses confirmed the curative effect of improved dual phototherapy. Conclusion: We developed and showed the therapeutic functions of a novel nanosystem with the combination of multiple theranostic nanoplatforms that can be triggered and activated by 808 nm NIR laser and US.

Graphitic carbon nitride-based nanocomposites and their biological applications: a review

Quantum dots (QDs) have extensive application prospects in the fields of optics, magnetism, catalysis, and biomedicine. New carbon-doped QDs are currently being used in these research fields. Graphitic carbon nitride QDs (g-CNs) composed of only carbon and nitrogen have attracted attention because of their unique optical and catalytic properties. g-CNs have numerous electronic properties and can be used as photocatalytic modifiers in a wide range of applications in electrochemistry. Additionally, g-CNs also have biological potential and due to their chemical composition have extremely low toxicity; their blue light emission can be applied to biological imaging, and their appropriate energy level (2.7 eV) allows electrons to be deposited on their surface, which allows g-CNs to be used as photosensitizers in optical therapy. Finally, g-CNs can be combined with other nanomaterials to form composite materials, which can result in new advantages not seen in either of the materials alone. In this manuscript, we thoroughly report the most recent findings regarding the synthesis of g-CNs and their respective properties. We report the advantages of g-CNs conferred by their unique properties and their advantages for application in current biology and medicines.

Development of upconversion nanoparticle-conjugated indium phosphide quantum dot for matrix metalloproteinase-2 cancer transformation sensing

Aim: Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) plays an important role in extracellular matrix remodeling, that is, it increases significantly during cancer progression. In this regard, MMP2 monitoring is important. Experiment: A well-designed MMP2-sensitive polypeptide chain was used to link indium phosphide quantum dots (InP QDs) with upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) to form a nanocomposite that was utilized as biosensor. Results: We produced a biosensor that can be recognized by MMP2 and determined the presence or absence of MMP2 in cells by identifying difference in fluorescence wavelength. The InP QDs modified the arginylglycylaspartic acid molecules as targeting ligand based on chitosan. Conclusion: The MMP2-based biosensor, named UCNP-p@InP-cRGD, is sensitive and can be applied for biosensing probes.

Nano-lipospheres as acoustically active ultrasound contrast agents: evolving tumor imaging and therapy technique

Applying nanobubbles (NBs) for contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging has received increased attention. NBs are biocompatible, multifunctional, theranostic agents. Their properties of high echogenicity and stability create an agent suitable for ultrasonography diagnosis. Their favorable properties of size, in vivo stability, and ease of modification are being exploited to implement a theranostic platform for cancer treatment. The considerable development offers the potential to overcome drug resistance and adverse side effects that are associated with traditional chemotherapy. This review outlines the principles of ultrasonography and angiogenesis. Microbubbles and micelles are also discussed to underline the superior capabilities of NBs for the application. NBs could passively accumulate to tumor tissue by enhanced permeability and retention effect. In addition, it can also achieve the active transportation by surface modification. Active targeting modalities and stimuli-responsive drug delivery modifications generate a therapeutic vehicle. The cytotoxicity of NBs formulations, multimodal imaging capability, active targeting mechanisms, and drug delivery methods are highlighted to confirm the NB as a vehicle for targeted treatment and enhanced ultrasound imaging.

Erratum: Near-Infrared-Activated Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Nanocomposite to Sense MMP2-Overexpressing Oral Cancer Cells

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01494.].

Near-Infrared-Activated Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Nanocomposite to Sense MMP2-Overexpressing Oral Cancer Cells

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are well-known mediators that are activated in tumor progression. MMP2 is a kind of gelatinase in extracellular matrix remodeling and cancer metastasis processes. MMP2 secretion increased in many types of cancer diseases, and its abnormal expression is associated with a poor prognosis. We fabricated a nanocomposite that sensed MMP2 expression by a red and blue light change. This nanocomposite consisted of an upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP), MMP2-sensitive peptide, and CuInS2/ZnS quantum dot (CIS/ZnS QD). An UCNP is composed of NaYF4:Tm/Yb@NaYF4:Nd/Yb, which has multiple emissions at UV/blue-visible wavelengths under 808 nm laser excitation. The conjugated CIS/ZnS QD showed the red-visible fluorescence though the FRET process. The two fluorophores were connected by a MMP2-sensitive peptide to form a novel MMP2 biosensor, named UCNP@p-QD. UCNP@p-QD was highly biocompatible according to cell viability assay. The FRET-based biosensor was employed in the MMP2 determination in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, it was administrated into the tumor-bearing mouse to check MMP2 expression. UCNP@p-QD could be a promising tool for biological study and biomedical application. In this study, we demonstrated that the CIS/ZnS QD improved the upconversion intensity through a near-infrared-induced FRET process. This nanocomposite has the advantage of light penetration, excellent biocompatibility, and high sensitivity to sense MMP2. The near-infrared-induced composites are a potential inspiration for use in biomedical applications.

Nanobubble-embedded inorganic 808 nm excited upconversion nanocomposites for tumor multiple imaging and treatment

Contrast reagents for ultrasound imaging are widely used in clinical medical diagnosis because ultrasound resolution is limited. Contrast agents must be utilized to enhance the image resolution. At present, microbubbles (MBs) and nanobubbles (NBs) are the main contrast reagent candidates for improving the signal resolution. Fluorescence upconversion nanoparticles provide high sensitivity and also function as nanocarriers. This can label tumor cells in a specific organ under irradiation of near-infrared (NIR) light. However, despite the use of NIR light, the penetration depth of NIR is only approximately 15 mm. Thus, we combine fluorescence with ultrasonic imaging to achieve the effect of multiple imaging and solve the low penetration depth of fluorescence imaging and the poor resolution of ultrasound imaging. The dual imaging modalities achieved higher resolution or signal to noise ratios. In this study, Nd³⁺-sensitized upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are combined with graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (CNs) and embedded in NBs (UCNP-CN@NBs). The UCNPs are excited by 808 nm light and emit visible and ultraviolet light. Then, the energy of the ultraviolet light is transferred to the CNs to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) for photodynamic therapy. Ultrasonic waves are also used to promote NB bursting and the release of ROS molecules in photodynamic therapy, leading to cancer cell apoptosis.

Advanced sensing, imaging, and therapy nanoplatforms based on Nd3+-doped nanoparticle composites exhibiting upconversion induced by 808 nm near-infrared light

Malignant tumors are currently the leading cause of death worldwide, followed by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Although various methods, such as blood examination, tissue biopsy, and radiography, for tumor detection, exist, these techniques still require further refinement. Researchers have recently explored the use of novel adjuvant methods, specifically luminescence imaging detection, for the detection of tumors. The light-triggered approach is less invasive and induces fewer side effects than traditional detection methods. This paper highlights recent advances in the design, property tuning, and applications of nanoparticles that exhibit upconversion under 808 nm excitation. When doped with neodymium ions, upconverted nanoparticles gain the ability to absorb 808 nm light. The advantageous unique features of 808 nm light include deep tissue penetration and limited thermal side effects. The 808 nm-excited upconverted nanoparticles exhibit superior potential for use in biosensing, bioimaging, therapy, and three-dimensional display. Thus, innovative theranostic nanoplatforms can be developed by incorporating 808 nm-excited upconverted nanoparticles with phototherapy agents. Such a composite technique is expected to possess the individual advantages of each material.

Minimizing the Heat Effect of Photodynamic Therapy Based on Inorganic Nanocomposites Mediated by 808 nm Near-Infrared Light

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) based on photosensitizers (PSs) constructed with nanomaterials has become popular in cancer treatment, especially oral carcinoma cell. This therapy is characterized by improved PS accumulation in tumor regions and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for PDT under specific excitation. In the selection of near-infrared (NIR) window, 808 nm NIR light because it can avoid the absorption of water is particularly suitable for the application in PDT. Hence, multiband emissions under a single 808 nm near-infrared excitation of Nd³⁺ -sensitized upconversion nanoparticles (808 nm UCNPs) have been applied for the PDT effect. 808 nm UCNPs serve as light converter to emit UV light to excite inorganic PS, graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (CNQDs), thereby generating ROS. In this study, a nanocomposite consisting UCNPs conjugated with poly-l-lysine (PLL) to improve binding with CNQDs is fabricated. According to the research results, NIR-triggered nanocomposites of 808 nm UCNP-PLL@CNs have been verified by significant improvement in ROS generation. Consequently, 808 nm UCNP-PLL@CNs exhibit high capability for ROS production and efficient PDT in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the mechanism of PDT treatment by 808 nm UCNP-PLL@CNs is evaluated using the cell apoptosis pathway.

Near-Infrared Light-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Nanoplatform by the Electrostatic Assembly of Upconversion Nanoparticles with Graphitic Carbon Nitride Quantum Dots

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising antitumor treatment that is based on photosensitizers. This therapy kills cancer cells by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) after irradiation with specific laser wavelengths. Being a potential photosensitizer, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) quantum dots (QDs) are noncytotoxic. Although the use of g-C₃N₄ QDs is challenged by the limited tissue penetration of UV light, g-C₃N₄ QDs display excellent ultraviolet (UV) light-triggered cytotoxicity. The g-C₃N₄ QDs were synthesized using a solid-phase hydrothermal method. The well-distributed hydrophilic g-C₃N₄ can be combined with NaYF₄:Yb³⁺/Tm³⁺ upconversion nanoparticles via the positive ligand poly(l-lysine) to produce the final nanocomposite, NaYF₄:Yb/Tm-PLL@g-C₃N₄. Upconversion nanoparticles can transfer IR light into UV light and promote g-C₃N₄ to release blue-to-green visible light to generate different images. Moreover, g-C₃N₄ is a promising photosensitizer in PDT because g-C₃N₄ can transfer oxygen into toxic ROS. The singlet oxygen formed by g-C₃N₄ displays great potential for use in the treatment of cancer.