Profiling microRNA expression during senescence and aging: mining for a diagnostic tool of senescent-cell burden

In the last decade cellular senescence, a hallmark of aging, has come into focus for pharmacologically targeting aging processes. Senolytics are one of these interventive strategies that have advanced into clinical trials, creating an unmet need for minimally invasive biomarkers of senescent cell load to identify patients at need for senotherapy. We created a landscape of miRNA and mRNA expression in five human cell types induced to senescence in-vitro and provide proof-of-principle evidence that miRNA expression can track senescence burden dynamically in-vivo using transgenic p21 high senescent cell clearance in HFD fed mice. Finally, we profiled miRNA expression in seven different tissues, total plasma, and plasma derived EVs of young and 25 months old mice. In a systematic analysis, we identified 22 candidate senomiRs with potential to serve as circulating biomarkers of senescence not only in rodents, but also in upcoming human clinical senolytic trials.

Immortalization and transformation of primary cells mediated by engineered ecDNAs

Focal gene amplifications are among the most common cancer-associated mutations, but their evolution and contribution to tumorigenesis have proven challenging to recapitulate in primary cells and model organisms. Here we describe a general approach to engineer large (>1 Mbp) focal amplifications mediated by extrachromosomal circular DNAs (ecDNAs, also known as "double minutes") in a spatiotemporally controlled manner in cancer cell lines and in primary cells derived from genetically engineered mice. With this strategy, ecDNA formation can be coupled with expression of fluorescent reporters or other selectable markers to enable the identification and tracking of ecDNA-containing cells. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by engineering MDM2-containing ecDNAs in near-diploid human cells, showing that GFP expression can be used to track ecDNA dynamics under physiological conditions or in the presence of specific selective pressures. We also apply this approach to generate mice harboring inducible Myc - and Mdm2 -containing ecDNAs analogous to those spontaneously occurring in human cancers. We show that the engineered ecDNAs rapidly accumulate in primary cells derived from these animals, promoting proliferation, immortalization, and transformation.

Good health information for people with a migration background

Background

Studies show that people with a migration background are often uncertain concerning the kinds of health services that are offered and where to turn to with which health concerns. Some factors, like fears or obstacles (e.g. deductibles), lead to the health system not being used (on time). This is particularly true for those who are socioeconomically or socially disadvantaged. The aim of the project was to get an insight into the information needs of this population group as a basis for producing and disseminating good health information in the future.

Methods

In this qualitative study co-researchers conducted guided focus groups (separated by sex) or interviews in their first languages. In total, more than 100 people from 16 different countries of origin were involved in the survey.

Results

In general, a substantial need for multilingual health information prepared in easy-to-understand language was expressed. Some health topics (e.g. the Austrian health system, mental health and available support) were mentioned by many participants. Other issues were relevant for few groups only (e.g. TCM). Gender differences can be seen in some groups but not in all. Besides acquaintances/relatives, general practitioners were named as main source of information. Indications can be derived on how health information should be prepared, designed and distributed. Besides multilingual health information, translation services are needed during appointments but also for the medical reports.

Conclusions

When searching for health information, but also when trying to understand it, language barriers are a major obstacle. Multilingual and culture-sensitive explainer videos on selected topics are an appropriate medium for reaching a broad group of people. Low-threshold multilingual regional contact points could provide an important contribution to health equity, as a guide in the health system, providing information and translation services, and setting health promotion offers.

Key messages

• Language barriers represent a major obstacle for vulnerable population groups with migration background in all stages of the health care process.

• There is a substantial need for adequately prepared multilingual health information.

Muscle-Specific Micro-Ribonucleic Acids miR-1-3p, miR-133a-3p, and miR-133b Reflect Muscle Regeneration After Single-Dose Zoledronic Acid Following Rotator Cuff Repair in a Rodent Chronic Defect Model

BACKGROUND

Zoledronic acid improves bone microarchitecture and biomechanical properties after chronic rotator cuff repair (RCR) in rats. Besides the positive effects of zoledronic acid on bone mineral density and bone microarchitecture, bisphosphonates have positive effects on skeletal muscle function.

PURPOSES/HYPOTHESIS

The purposes of this study were to (1) longitudinally evaluate circulating bone- and muscle-specific serum micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) and (2) investigate supraspinatus muscle tissue after tenotomy and delayed RCR in a rat model. It was hypothesized that zoledronic acid would improve muscle regeneration after chronic RCR in rats.

STUDY DESIGN

Controlled laboratory study.

METHODS

A total of 34 male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent unilateral (left) supraspinatus tenotomy (time point 1) with delayed transosseous RCR after 3 weeks (time point 2). All rats were sacrificed 8 weeks after RCR (time point 3). Animals were randomly assigned to 2 groups. One day after RCR, the control group was given 1 mL of subcutaneous saline solution, and the intervention group was treated with a subcutaneous single-dose of 100 µg/kg body weight of zoledronic acid. All 34 study animals underwent miRNA analysis at all 3 time points. In 4 animals of each group, histological analyses as well as gene expression analyses were conducted.

RESULTS

Circulating miRNAs showed significantly different expressions between both study groups. In the control group, a significant downregulation was observed for muscle-specific miR-1-3p (P = .004), miR-133a-3p (P < .001), and miR-133b (P < .001). Histological analyses showed significantly higher rates of regenerating myofibers on the operated side (left) of both study groups compared with the nonoperated side (right; P = .002). On the nonoperated side, significantly higher rates of regenerating myofibers were observed in the intervention group compared with the control group (P = .031). The myofiber cross-sectional area revealed significantly smaller myofibers on both sides within the intervention group compared with both sides of the control group (P < .001). Within the intervention group, significantly higher expression levels of muscle development/regeneration marker genes embryonal Myosin heavy chain (P = .017) and neonatal Myosin heavy chain (P = .016) were observed on the nonoperated side compared with the operated side.

CONCLUSION

An adjuvant single-dose of zoledronic acid after RCR in a chronic defect model in rats led to significant differences in bone- and muscle-specific miRNA levels. Therefore, miR-1-3p, miR-133a-3p, and miR-133b might be used as biomarkers for muscle regeneration after RCR.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Adjuvant treatment with zoledronic acid may improve muscle regeneration after chronic RCR in humans, thus counteracting fatty muscle infiltration and atrophy.

miR-146a-5p modulates cellular senescence and apoptosis in visceral adipose tissue of long-lived Ames dwarf mice and in cultured pre-adipocytes

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are potent regulators of multiple biological processes. Previous studies have demonstrated that miR-146a-5p increases in normal mice during aging, while long-living Ames dwarf (df/df) mice maintain youthful levels of this miRNA. The aim of this study was to elucidate the involvement of miR-146a-5p in modulating cellular senescence and apoptosis in visceral adipose tissue of df/df mice and cultured pre-adipocytes. To test the effects of miR-146a-5p overexpression on visceral adipose tissue, wild-type, and df/df mice, were treated with miRNA-negative control-base and df/df were transfected with 4 or 8 µg/g of a miR-146a-5p mimetic, respectively. Effects of miR-146a-5p overexpression were also evaluated in 3T3-L1 cells cultured under high and normal glucose conditions. Treatment with miR-146a-5p mimetic increased cellular senescence and inflammation and decreased pro-apoptotic factors in visceral adipose tissue of df/df mice. The miR-146a-5p mimetic induced similar effects in 3T3-L1 cells cultivated at normal but not high glucose levels. Importantly, 3T3-L1 HG cells in high glucose conditions showed significantly higher expression of miR-146a-5p than 3T3-L1 grown in normal glucose conditions. These results indicate that miR-146a-5p can be a marker for cellular senescence. This miRNA represents one of the significant SASP factors that if not precisely regulated, can accentuate inflammatory responses and stimulate senescence in surrounding non-senescent cells. The role of miR-146a-5p is different in healthy versus stressed cells, suggesting potential effects of this miRNA depend on overall organismal health, aging, and metabolic state.

HIA on lockdown and social distancing to contain the COVID-19 pandemic in Austria – results and lessons learned

The COVID-19 pandemic and the measures taken created opportunities in various areas of life, but also created new challenges or increased existing ones, which can also have a (direct or indirect) impact on health and well-being of the population or certain population groups. This health impact assessment (HIA) was commissioned to provide an overview of these effects. The foundation of gathering information for the impact assessment was a national literature research and analysis combined with an online survey. In addition, a search of international literature was conducted by the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. The impact assessment and an initial collection of recommendations for action were carried out together with relevant stakeholders in the context of several thematically merged online assessment workshops. Positive and negative - direct as well as indirect - impacts on health in different areas of life could be identified, with the negative impacts predominating in proportion. In addition to identifying the impacts, the HIA also identified groups that were particularly affected by the pandemic. In the course of this HIA, it became clear that the direct in indirect health impacts in many areas of life are interrelated (e. g., job loss, family climate, social inclusion, and psychological well-being) and that a separate discussion often fell short. This HIA provides an overview of various impacts and allows first impressions on actions for future measures in regard to the pandemic in various areas of life, according to the HiAP approach.

Development of the Bone Phenotype and microRNA Profile in Adults With Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 5-High Bone Mass (LRP5-HBM) Disease

Pathogenic variants in the Wnt‐pathway co‐receptor low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor‐related protein 5 (LRP5) cause high bone mass (LRP5‐HBM) due to insensitivity to the endogenous antagonist of Wnt‐signaling. Although indicating incessant progression of BMD and biomarkers reflecting bone formation, this has not been confirmed in individuals with LRP5‐HBM. We investigated how the LRP5‐HBM bone phenotype changes with age in adults and is associated with quantitative changes of bone turnover markers and bone‐related microRNAs (miRNAs) in the circulation. Whole body, lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck areal BMD (aBMD) and radial and tibial bone microarchitecture and geometry were assessed using DXA and HR‐pQCT scans of 15 individuals with LRP5‐HBM_T253I (11 women; median age 51 years; range, 19 to 85 years) with a time interval between scans of 5.8 years (range, 4.9 to 7.6 years). Fasting P1NP and CTX were measured in 14 LRP5‐HBM_T253I individuals and age‐, sex‐, and body mass index (BMI)‐matched controls, and 187 preselected miRNAs were quantified using qPCR in 12 individuals and age‐, sex‐, and BMI‐matched controls. DXA and HR‐pQCT scans were assessed in subjects who had reached peak bone mass (aged >25 years, n = 12). Femoral neck aBMD decreased by 0.8%/year (p = 0.01) and total hip by 0.3%/year, and radial volumetric BMD (vBMD) increased 0.3%/year (p = 0.03). Differences in bone turnover markers at follow‐up were not observed. Compared to controls, 11 of the 178 detectable miRNAs were downregulated and none upregulated in LRP5‐HBM individuals, and five of the downregulated miRNAs are reported to be involved in Wnt‐signaling. Bone loss at the hip in LRP5‐HBM individuals demonstrates that the bone phenotype does not uniformly progress with age. Differentially expressed miRNAs may reflect changes in the regulation of bone turnover and balance in LRP5‐HBM individuals. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Diagnostic Performance of a Panel of miRNAs (OsteomiR) for Osteoporosis in a Cohort of Postmenopausal Women

A specific signature of 19 circulating miRNAs (osteomiRs) has been reported to be associated with fragility fractures due to postmenopausal osteoporosis. However, it is unknown whether osteoporotic fractures or low BMD phenotypes are independently contributing to changes in osteomiR serum levels. The first aim was to characterize the abundance, sensitivity to hemolysis, and correlation of osteomiR serum levels, the second objective to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of osteomiRs for osteoporosis according to the WHO criteria and on basis of major osteoporotic fracture history. Fifty postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (with or without fragility fracture) and 50 non-osteoporotic women were included in this cross-sectional study. The diagnostic performance of osteomiRs for osteoporosis based on the WHO definition or fracture history was evaluated using multiple logistic regression and receiver-operator curve (AUC) analysis. The osteomiR® signature is composed of four clusters of miRNAs providing good performance for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women defined by WHO criteria (AUC = 0.830) and based on history of major osteoporotic fractures (AUC = 0.834). The classification performance for the WHO criteria and for fracture risk is driven by miR-375 and miR-203a, respectively. OsteomiRs, a signature of 19 emerging miRNA bone biomarkers, are measurable in human serum samples. They constitute a panel of independent bone and muscle biomarkers, which in combination could serve as diagnostic biomarkers for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

Longitudinal Changes of Circulating miRNAs During Bisphosphonate and Teriparatide Treatment in an Animal Model of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

MicroRNAs regulate bone homeostasis, and circulating microRNAs have been proposed as novel bone biomarkers. The effect of anti-osteoporotic treatment on circulating microRNAs has not been described in detail. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive analysis of microRNA serum levels in ovariectomized (OVX) and sham-operated (SHAM) rats over 12 weeks of antiresorptive or osteoanabolic treatment. Forty-two Sprague Dawley rats underwent SHAM surgery (n = 10) or ovariectomy (n = 32). After 8 weeks, OVX rats were randomized to antiresorptive treatment with zoledronate (n = 11), osteoanabolic treatment with teriparatide (n = 11), or vehicle treatment (n = 10). Serum samples were collected at weeks 8, 12, 16, and 20 after surgery. A total of 91 microRNAs were analyzed by RT-qPCR in serum samples collected at week 20. Based on the results, 29 microRNAs were selected for longitudinal analysis at all four study time points. Changes in bone mineral density and microstructure were followed up by in vivo micro-CT and ex vivo nano-CT. Ovariectomy resulted in the loss of trabecular bone, which was reversed by osteoanabolic and antiresorptive treatment. Differential expression analysis identified 11 circulating miRNAs that were significantly regulated after treatment. For example, miR-107 and miR-31-5p increased in vehicle-treated OVX animals, whereas they decreased during teriparatide treatment. Additional miRNAs were identified that showed significant correlations to bone microstructure or bone miRNA expression, including miR-203a-3p, which exhibited a significant negative correlation to vertebral and tibial trabecular bone volume fraction (%). Longitudinal analysis confirmed eight microRNAs with significant changes in serum over time that were prevented by teriparatide and zoledronate treatment (miR-34a-5p, miR-31-5p, miR-30d-3p, miR-378a-5p) or teriparatide treatment only (miR-375-3p, miR-183-5p, miR-203a-3p, miR-203b-3p). Gene target network analysis identified WNT and Notch signaling as the main signaling pathways controlled by these miRNAs. Thus, ovariectomy results in time-dependent deregulation of circulating miRNAs compared with SHAM animals. Anti-osteoporotic treatments can rescue this effect, showing that bone-related miRNAs might act as novel biomarkers for treatment monitoring. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

POS1484-HPR THE ASSOCIATION OF STIGMA WITH DISEASE VARIABLES IN PATIENTS WITH FIBROMYALGIA (FM)

Background:

Stigma, defined as social devaluation of an individual, can be an important stressor for chronic pain patients [1]. Not every condition is stigmatized. A relevant factor for illness stigmatization seems to be whether the cause is mental-behavioural or physical. Chronic pain is often regarded as an imaginary illness or caused by psychological problems [2]. Sources of stigma for chronic pain patients are perceived negative attitudes from family members, the general public, and physicians [1]..

Objectives:

To assess perceived stigma and the associations with disease variables in a cohort of patients with FM.

Methods:

We invited 18 FM self-help groups in Germany to participate anonymously in our survey, and we sent the survey battery to 192 potential participants via postal mail. To measure perceived stigma, we used the Chronic Pain Stigma Scale (CPSS) developed by Reed [3], which has 30 items and 3 subscales (public, physicians, family). We also assessed sociodemographic characteristics, disease related variables (e.g., pain, stress, depression, anxiety), and other health-related factors, including health related quality of life [Healthy Days Core Module (CDC HDQOL-4)], disease specific impact (FIQ), fear avoidance belief questionnaire (physical activity subscale) (FABQ-PA), pain catastrophizing scale (PCS) and pain self-efficacy questionnaire (PSEQ).

Results:

In total 162 FM patients participated (=84% response rate). Their mean age was 58 years (SD=10), 84% (N=135) were female. Highest level of education was: Elementary School 29%, Junior High School 35%, High School 15%, College 12%, and other 10%. Duration of chronic pain was 18.2 years (SD=12.0). There was no significant gender difference in the stigma subscales, nor was there an association with duration of chronic pain. Table 1 presents the significant Pearson correlations.

Table 1.

Correlations of CPSS stigma subscales with health variables. *<.05; **<.01; ns=not significant.

CPSS-publicCPSS-physicianCPSS-familyRegional pain scalens.19*.20*VAS pain todaynsnsNsFIQ.20*.16*.22**HADS-anxiety.37*.20*.24*HADS-depression.41**.16*.25**CDC-HDQOL-4 General health.19*.18*.22** Physical health.19*nsns Mental health.20*ns.21* Impairment.24*nsnsPerceived stress scale.44**.24**.37**FABQ-PAns-.17*nsPCS.21*nsnsPSEQ.19*ns.18*

Conclusion:

Perceived stigma in our FM patient cohort has an important impact on a variety of different disease variables including mental and general health, physical functioning, and on pain coping. Stigmatizing attitudes perceived from the general public exhibited the greatest association with most variables in our chronic pain patients. Perceived stigma from physicians and the family were also related to negative disease consequences in our FM patients. To conclude, we assert that assessing and addressing multi-source perceived stigmatization in routine clinical care may improve the management and wellbeing of patients with FM.

References:

[1]Waugh OC, Byrne DG, Nicholas MK. Internalized stigma in people living with chronic pain. J Pain 2014;15(5):550 e1-10.

[2]Werner A, Isaksen LW, Malterud K. ‘I am not the kind of woman who complains of everything’: illness stories on self and shame in women with chronic pain. Soc Sci Med 2004;59(5): 1035-45

[3]Reed P. Chronic pain stigma: developement of the Chronic Pain Stigma Scale. 2005.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

AB0889-HPR PERCEIVED SATISFACTION WITH CHRONIC PAIN CARE IN GERMAN PATIENTS WITH FIBROMYALGIA (FM)

Background:

In chronic pain care a multidimensional perspective with attention to patients’ cognitions, emotions, and their ability to cope is needed (1). Previous studies are also pointing to the role of experiencing meaningfulness in life in the adjustment to disability.Therefore care should additionally focus on the existential domain of patients’ lives to live up to a holistic care approach (2). However, there are only a few studies on how FM patients are satisfied with practitioners’ attention to multiple aspects of life with a chronic pain condition.

Objectives:

To assess perceived satisfaction with chronic pain care and its associations with health variables in a cohort of patients with FM.

Methods:

We invited 18 FM self-help groups in Germany to participate anonymously in our survey and sent them in total 192 paper-and-pencil surveys. Sociodemographics, disease related variables (e.g. pain, general health) and psychological variables [e.g. depression, anxiety, hope, stress] were assessed with standardized instruments, including 5 items (answer format 1=very unsatisfied – 10=very satisfied) assessing subjective satisfaction with medical care in different domains with the following questions: How satisfied are you with the attention of your treatment team/physician at home for physiological aspects of your pain (Physio)/ the consequences of the pain on your physical functioning (Physical)/ on your psychological well-being (Mental)/ on your social life (Social)/ on your meaning in life (Meaning).

Results:

In total 162 FM patients participated (=84% response rate). Their mean age was 58 years (SD=10), 84% (N=135) were female. Highest level of education was: Elementary School 29%, Junior High School 35%, High School 15%, College 12%, and other 10%. Duration of chronic pain was 18.2 years (SD=12.0). The satisfaction with care scale showed good internal consistency and measured one factor. The means of the subscale were: Physio 5.7 (SD=2.5)/ Physical 5.5 (SD=2.5)/ Mental 5.5 (SD=2.6)/ Social 5.0 (SD=2.5)/ Meaning 5.3 (SD=2.6). Correlations of the subscales are depicted in Table 1. There were no associations between pain variables and satisfaction with care, but satisfaction with care was associated with mental health, but not physical health, outcomes.

Table 1.

Correlations of satisfaction of care with different health variables. Subscales physiological and physical aspects and HADS-anxiety were not significantly correlated. *<.05; **<.01; ns=not significant.

PhysioPhysicalMentalSocialMeaningHADS-depression-.10 (ns)-.12 (ns)-.19*-.16*-.14 (ns)General Health .02 (ns) .14 (ns) .13 (ns) .18* .12 (ns)Stress-.15 (ns)-.14 (ns)-.17*-.17*-.13 (ns)Hope .18 (ns) .18 (ns) .26** .26* .22*

Conclusion:

In this cohort of German FM patients the average satisfaction with care overall, as well as the specific aspects of care, was only moderate. Interestingly we found associations between satisfaction with care in mental, social and meaning in life aspects with psychological well-being pointing to the fact that care for chronic pain patients should also include those aspects in addition to just addressing biomedical aspects.

References:

[1]Flor H and Turk D. Chronic pain: an integrated approach. Seattle, WA: IASP Press, 2011.

[2]Dezutter J, Casalin S, Wacholtz A, et al. Meaning in life: An important factor for the psychological well-being of chronically ill patients? Rehabilitat Psychol 2013; 58:334–341.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

microRNA-146a controls age-related bone loss

Bone loss is one of the consequences of aging, leading to diseases such as osteoporosis and increased susceptibility to fragility fractures and therefore considerable morbidity and mortality in humans. Here, we identify microRNA‐146a (miR‐146a) as an essential epigenetic switch controlling bone loss with age. Mice deficient in miR‐146a show regular development of their skeleton. However, while WT mice start to lose bone with age, animals deficient in miR‐146a continue to accrue bone throughout their life span. Increased bone mass is due to increased generation and activity of osteoblasts in miR‐146a‐deficient mice as a result of sustained activation of bone anabolic Wnt signaling during aging. Deregulation of the miR‐146a target genes Wnt1 and Wnt5a parallels bone accrual and osteoblast generation, which is accompanied by reduced development of bone marrow adiposity. Furthermore, miR‐146a‐deficient mice are protected from ovariectomy‐induced bone loss. In humans, the levels of miR‐146a are increased in patients suffering fragility fractures in comparison with those who do not. These data identify miR‐146a as a crucial epigenetic temporal regulator which essentially controls bone homeostasis during aging by regulating bone anabolic Wnt signaling. Therefore, miR‐146a might be a powerful therapeutic target to prevent age‐related bone dysfunctions such as the development of bone marrow adiposity and osteoporosis.

Unique, Gender-Dependent Serum microRNA Profile in PLS3 Gene-Related Osteoporosis

Plastin 3 (PLS3), encoded by PLS3, is a newly recognized regulator of bone metabolism, and mutations in the encoding gene result in severe childhood-onset osteoporosis. Because it is an X chromosomal gene, PLS3 mutation-positive males are typically more severely affected whereas females portray normal to increased skeletal fragility. Despite the severe skeletal pathology, conventional metabolic bone markers tend to be normal and are thus insufficient for diagnosing or monitoring patients. Our study aimed to explore serum microRNA (miRNA) concentrations in subjects with defective PLS3 function to identify novel markers that could differentiate subjects according to mutation status and give insight into the molecular mechanisms by which PLS3 regulates skeletal health. We analyzed fasting serum samples for a custom-designed panel comprising 192 miRNAs in 15 mutation-positive (five males, age range 8-76 years, median 41 years) and 14 mutation-negative (six males, age range 8-69 years, median 40 years) subjects from four Finnish families with different PLS3 mutations. We identified a unique miRNA expression profile in the mutation-positive subjects with seven significantly upregulated or downregulated miRNAs (miR-93-3p, miR-532-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-301b-3p, miR-181c-5p, miR-203a-3p, and miR-590-3p; p values, range .004-.044). Surprisingly, gender subgroup analysis revealed the difference to be even more distinct in female mutation-positive subjects (congruent p values, range .007-.086) than in males (p values, range .127-.843) in comparison to corresponding mutation-negative subjects. Although the seven identified miRNAs have all been linked to bone metabolism and two of them (miR-181c-5p and miR-203a-3p) have bioinformatically predicted targets in the PLS3 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR), none have previously been reported to associate with PLS3. Our results indicate that PLS3 mutations are reflected in altered serum miRNA levels and suggest there is crosstalk between PLS3 and these miRNAs in bone metabolism. These provide new understanding of the pathomechanisms by which mutations in PLS3 lead to skeletal disease and may provide novel avenues for exploring miRNAs as biomarkers in PLS3 osteoporosis or as target molecules in future therapeutic applications. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[Time-allocation study of nurse and physician activities in the emergency department]

Hintergrund

Systematische und vergleichende Analysen der Tätigkeiten des ärztlichen und pflegerischen Personals in der Notaufnahme fehlen für den deutschsprachigen Bereich.

Ziel der Arbeit

Analyse der Aktivitäten des pflegerischen und ärztlichen Personals einer Notaufnahme sowie der Anteile direkten Patientenkontakts und stündlicher Tätigkeitswechsel.

Material und Methoden

Tätigkeitsanalysen auf Basis teilnehmender Beobachtungen (je 90 min) bei Pflegekräften und Ärzt*innen einer interdisziplinären Notaufnahme eines süddeutschen Krankenhauses der Maximalversorgung. Beobachtete Tätigkeiten wurden anhand eines Klassifikationssystems mitsamt Zeitdauern kodiert. Insgesamt wurden 160 Einzelbeobachtungen (mit einer Gesamtzeit von ca. 240 h) durchgeführt; 99 bei Pflegekräften sowie 61 bei Ärzt*innen.

Ergebnisse

Notaufnahmeärzt*innen arbeiten 30 % ihrer Zeit in direktem Patientenkontakt, Pflegekräfte hingegen 44 %. Für die Einzeltätigkeiten entfielen die größten Zeitanteile ärztlicher Tätigkeit auf Dokumentation und Schriftarbeit (29,3 %), interne Kommunikation mit Personal (16,9 %) sowie mit Patient*innen (13,6 %). Pflegekräfte verwenden die meiste Zeit auf therapeutische und Behandlungsaktivitäten (27,6 %) sowie interne Kommunikation (17,9 %). Diese Tätigkeiten waren stark fragmentiert: Im Durchschnitt erfassten wir 41,3 Einzeltätigkeiten pro Stunde mit einer durchschnittlichen Dauer von 1,5 min. Pflegekräfte hatten signifikant kürzere Tätigkeitsdauern als Ärzt*innen (F[df = 1] = 4,5; p = 0,04). Tätigkeitsspezifische Analysen ergaben weitere Professionsunterschiede.

Diskussion

Unsere Ergebnisse liefern erstmalig fundierte Einsichten in die Verteilung und Dauer von ärztlichen sowie pflegerischen Tätigkeiten in der akutmedizinischen Versorgung in der Notaufnahme. Zukünftige Arbeiten sollten sich insbesondere einhergehenden Auswirkungen auf die Leistungsfähigkeit und Beanspruchung des Personals wie auch der Sicherheit und Qualität der Versorgung widmen.

Zusatzmaterial online

Die Online-Version dieses Beitrags (10.1007/s00063-020-00657-4) enthält die Tabelle S1. Beitrag und Zusatzmaterial stehen Ihnen auf www.springermedizin.de zur Verfügung. Bitte geben Sie dort den Beitragstitel in die Suche ein, das Zusatzmaterial finden Sie beim Beitrag unter „Ergänzende Inhalte“.

MicroRNA levels in bone and blood change during bisphosphonate and teriparatide therapy in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis

MicroRNAs control the activity of a variety of genes that are pivotal to bone metabolism. Therefore, the clinical utility of miRNAs as biomarkers and drug targets for bone diseases certainly merits further investigation. This study describes the use of an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis to generate a comprehensive dataset on miRNA regulation in bone tissue and peripheral blood during bone loss and specifically anti-resorptive and osteo-anabolic treatment. Forty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to SHAM surgery (n=10) or ovariectomy (OVX, n=32). Eight weeks after surgery, OVX animals were further randomized to anti-resorptive treatment with zoledronate (n=11), osteo-anabolic treatment with teriparatide (n=11), or vehicle treatment (n=10). After 12 weeks of treatment, bone and serum samples were used for microRNA analysis using next-generation sequencing (NGS), mRNA levels using RT-qPCR, and bone microarchitecture analysis using nanoCT. Ovariectomy resulted in loss of trabecular bone, which was fully rescued using osteo-anabolic treatment, and partially rescued using anti-resorptive treatment. NGS revealed that both, anti-resorptive and anabolic treatment had a significant impact on miRNA levels in bone tissue and serum: out of 426 detected miRNAs, 46 miRNAs were regulated by teriparatide treatment an d 10 by zoledronate treatment (p-adj.<0.1). Interestingly, teriparatide and zoledronate treatment were able to revert miRNA changes in tissue and serum of untreated OVX animals, such as the up-regulation of miR-203a-3p, a known osteo-inhibitory miRNA. We confirmed previously established mechanisms of miR-203a by analyzing its direct target Dlx5 in femoral head. Our data reveal a significant effect of ovariectomy-induced bone loss, as well as the two major types of anti-osteoporotic treatment on miRNA transcription in femoral head tissue. These changes are associated with altered activity of target genes relevant to bone formation, such as Dlx5. The observed effects of bone loss and treatment response on miRNA levels in bone are also reflected in the peripheral blood, suggesting the possibility of minimally-invasive monitoring of bone-derived miRNAs using liquid biopsies.

MicroRNA Profiling Reveals Distinct Signatures in Degenerative Rotator Cuff Pathologies

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators orchestrating a wide range of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. However, the role of miRNAs in degenerative shoulder joint disorders is poorly understood. The aim of this explorative case-control study was to identify pathology-related, circulating miRNAs in patients with chronic rotator cuff tendinopathy and degenerative rotator cuff tears (RCT). In 2017, 15 patients were prospectively enrolled and assigned to three groups based on the diagnosed pathology: (i) no shoulder pathology, (ii) chronic rotator cuff tendinopathy, and (iii) degenerative RCTs. In total, 14 patients were included. Venous blood samples ("liquid biopsies") were collected from each patient and serum levels of 187 miRNAs were determined. Subsequently, the change in expression of nine candidate miRNAs was verified in tendon biopsy samples, collected from patients who underwent arthroscopic shoulder surgery between 2015 and 2018. Overall, we identified several miRNAs to be progressively deregulated in sera from patients with either chronic rotator cuff tendinopathy or degenerative RCTs. Importantly, for the several of these miRNAs candidates repression was also evident in tendon biopsies harvested from patients who were treated for a supraspinatus tendon tear. As similar expression profiles were determined for tendon samples, the newly identified systemic miRNA signature has potential as novel diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for degenerative rotator cuff pathologies. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research^® published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. Inc. J Orthop Res 38:202-211, 2020.

Participatory research in the field of early childhood interventions - how can this be achieved?

Key messages

Participatory research with families in stressful situations needs time and patience as well as specific conditions, but it is possible. Participation of the target group in the planning phase of further research can lead to relevant insights for programme improvements.

[Team training and assessment in mixed reality-based simulated operating room : Current state of research in the field of simulation in spine surgery exemplified by the ATMEOS project]

Surgical simulators are being increasingly used as an attractive alternative to clinical training in addition to conventional animal models and human specimens. Typically, surgical simulation technology is designed for the purpose of teaching technical surgical skills (so-called task trainers). Simulator training in surgery is therefore in general limited to the individual training of the surgeon and disregards the participation of the rest of the surgical team. The objective of the project Assessment and Training of Medical Experts based on Objective Standards (ATMEOS) is to develop an immersive simulated operating room environment that enables the training and assessment of multidisciplinary surgical teams under various conditions. Using a mixed reality approach, a synthetic patient model, real surgical instruments and radiation-free virtual X‑ray imaging are combined into a simulation of spinal surgery. In previous research studies, the concept was evaluated in terms of realism, plausibility and immersiveness. In the current research, assessment measurements for technical and non-technical skills are developed and evaluated. The aim is to observe multidisciplinary surgical teams in the simulated operating room during minimally invasive spinal surgery and objectively assess the performance of the individual team members and the entire team. Moreover, the effectiveness of training methods and surgical techniques or success critical factors, e. g. management of crisis situations, can be captured and objectively assessed in the controlled environment.

Obesity-Induced Cellular Senescence Drives Anxiety and Impairs Neurogenesis

Cellular senescence entails a stable cell-cycle arrest and a pro-inflammatory secretory phenotype, which contributes to aging and age-related diseases. Obesity is associated with increased senescent cell burden and neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. To investigate the role of senescence in obesity-related neuropsychiatric dysfunction, we used the INK-ATTAC mouse model, from which p16Ink4a-expressing senescent cells can be eliminated, and senolytic drugs dasatinib and quercetin. We found that obesity results in the accumulation of senescent glial cells in proximity to the lateral ventricle, a region in which adult neurogenesis occurs. Furthermore, senescent glial cells exhibit excessive fat deposits, a phenotype we termed "accumulation of lipids in senescence." Clearing senescent cells from high fat-fed or leptin receptor-deficient obese mice restored neurogenesis and alleviated anxiety-related behavior. Our study provides proof-of-concept evidence that senescent cells are major contributors to obesity-induced anxiety and that senolytics are a potential new therapeutic avenue for treating neuropsychiatric disorders.

Senolytics improve physical function and increase lifespan in old age

Physical function declines in old age, portending disability, increased health expenditures, and mortality. Cellular senescence, leading to tissue dysfunction, may contribute to these consequences of aging, but whether senescence can directly drive age-related pathology and be therapeutically targeted is still unclear. Here we demonstrate that transplanting relatively small numbers of senescent cells into young mice is sufficient to cause persistent physical dysfunction, as well as to spread cellular senescence to host tissues. Transplanting even fewer senescent cells had the same effect in older recipients and was accompanied by reduced survival, indicating the potency of senescent cells in shortening health- and lifespan. The senolytic cocktail, dasatinib plus quercetin, which causes selective elimination of senescent cells, decreased the number of naturally occurring senescent cells and their secretion of frailty-related proinflammatory cytokines in explants of human adipose tissue. Moreover, intermittent oral administration of senolytics to both senescent cell-transplanted young mice and naturally aged mice alleviated physical dysfunction and increased post-treatment survival by 36% while reducing mortality hazard to 65%. Our study provides proof-of-concept evidence that senescent cells can cause physical dysfunction and decreased survival even in young mice, while senolytics can enhance remaining health- and lifespan in old mice.

Checklist for psychosocial risk evaluation: a prospective evaluation study

BACKGROUND

Although psychosocial risk evaluation (PRE) is legally required, implementation is often suboptimal. Occupational health specialists face various challenges in implementing a systematic PRE process.

AIMS

To evaluate if a checklist strengthens the competencies of occupational physicians in PRE design and implementation.

METHODS

A prospective pilot survey with a baseline and follow-up assessment at 12 months was conducted with occupational physicians who applied the checklist. Three outcome criteria were assessed: (i) physicians' general competence in PRE, (ii) physicians' self-reported skills in PRE and (iii) feasibility of the checklist.

RESULTS

Twenty-four occupational physicians participated. Checklist users reported increased competence in PRE at follow-up, increasing in competence twice as much as physicians who did not use the checklist during the study period although this was not statistically significant. With regard to specific skills over time, checklist users reported increased knowledge of the PRE procedure (P < 0.05), as well as increased strategic planning for PRE (P < 0.01). All feasibility criteria were rated positively.

CONCLUSIONS

Our checklist may help occupational health clinicians to overcome the barriers that are responsible for the gap between official recommendations and occupational health and safety practice in PRE. However, our results are based on a preliminary study with a limited sample size.

[Psychosocial Risk Evaluation in the Workplace: Expert-based Development of a Checklist for Occupational Physicians]

The implementation of psychosocial risk assessment at the workplace often fails in practice. One reason is the lack of competence of those who are in charge of the process. We present a checklist for the effective implementation of psychosocial risk assessment at workplace. This tool shall support occupational physicians in the preparation, planning and implementation of a psychosocial risks assessment process. Based on a stepwise development and validation process, specific steps and factors for the successful implementation were identified qualitatively with 15 occupational physicians and experts. This was conducted in a 2-stage Delphi study. In the following, the identified steps and factors were transferred into a checklist. Subsequently, the checklist was evaluated in a focus group of occupational physicians (user evaluation). Thereafter, the contents were subjected to an expert evaluation. Our checklist for the effective implementation of the process of psychosocial risk management in the workplace aims to strengthen the competence of occupational physicians, especially in the implementation of risk assessments in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).

[Teamwork in the operating theatre: the German Observational Teamwork Assessment for Surgery (OTAS-D) and its first application in Germany]

BACKGROUND

The quality of surgical teamwork contributes to performance of the operating theatre team, service quality and patient safety in surgery. Observational tools are a feasible and reliable way to capture and evaluate teamwork in the operating theatre (OT). We introduce the German version of the Observational Teamwork Assessment for Surgery (OTAS-D) and present the first observational results from German OTs.

METHODS

Quality of surgical teamwork was assessed with observational teamwork assessment for surgery (OTAS-D). It evaluates five dimensions of OT teamwork: communication, coordination, cooperation/backup behaviour, leadership, and team monitoring/situation awareness. Each dimension is evaluated for each profession (surgical, nursing, and anaesthesia team) as well for each phase of the procedure (pre-, intra-, and post-operative). We observed n = 63 procedures, mainly in abdominal/general and orthopaedic surgery. Additionally, all OT team members scored their individual evaluation of the intra-operative teamwork (standardised 1-item questions).

RESULTS

The OTAS-D evaluations showed meaningful results and differences for the OT professions as well as across the different phases of the procedures. Overall, a medium to good level of the OT teamwork was observed. There were no differences in regard to type of surgery (minimally invasive vs. open) or surgical specialties. With an increased coordination of the surgical team we observed a significantly increased cooperation of the nursing team (r = 0.36, p = 0.004). Concerning the OT staffs self-reports, the surgical and nursing teams reported higher scores for quality of surgical teamwork during the procedure than their anaesthesia team members. No significant relationships between observed quality of OT teamwork and self-reports were found.

CONCLUSIONS

The German version of OTAS-D is a psychometrically robust method to capture the quality of teamwork in operating theatres. It enables the analyses of teamwork between the surgical, nursing and anaesthesia professions in acute surgical care. Limitations of the first application results are considered. Finally, potential applications for surgical teaching, research and quality management are discussed.

[Impact of demographic changes - analysis and possible implications for the example of a specialist hospital]

The ongoing demographic development creates distinctive challenges for the management of hospitals. Due to the demographic change hospitals will be more and more dependent on the work ability and performance of an aging workforce. Therefore, age-specific work design and interventions are inevitable to create a work environment that sustainably promotes health and well-being. This study reports the work conditions, health impairments (work ability, musculoskeletal complaints), and turnover intentions (intentions to leave the organisation within the previous year, intentions to leave before official retirement age) of N=210 employees working in a specialist hospital. Age-specific analyses show that correlations between working conditions, health, and turnover intention differ substantially across the age groups. From the results an exemplary approach for the analysis and management of demography-related challenges for hospital employees has been deduced. With it, this study presents a promising strategy to identify age-related work stressors and health complaints and to promote health and well-being of hospital employees in different age groups.

Three-dimensional ultrasound of the pelvic floor 2 days after first delivery: influence of constitutional and obstetric factors

OBJECTIVES

Morphological changes of the pelvic floor during pregnancy and delivery can be visualized by three-dimensional (3D) perineal ultrasound. The aim of this study was to compare biometric measurements of the levator ani muscle according to maternal constitutional factors, delivery mode and size of the baby immediately after the first delivery.

METHODS

In this prospective observational study, 130 primiparae were recruited (all of them Caucasians with singleton pregnancy and cephalic presentation). A 3D perineal ultrasound scan was performed on the second day after delivery with standardized settings. Volumes were obtained at rest and on Valsalva maneuver, and biometric measurements of the levator hiatus were determined in the axial plane. Different obstetric and constitutional parameters were obtained from our clinical files.

RESULTS

All biometric measurements of the levator hiatus were significantly greater in the vaginal delivery group than in the Cesarean section group (P < 0.001), whereas subgroup analysis within the vaginal (spontaneous vs. operative vaginal) and Cesarean (primary vs. secondary) delivery groups did not show statistically significant differences. There was no demonstrable influence of maternal constitutional factors (age, body mass index (BMI)) or different obstetric parameters (length of second stage of labor, episiotomy, maternal injuries) on levator hiatus size postpartum, even in subgroups that delivered vaginally. Women with de novo postpartum stress incontinence showed a significantly higher mean levator hiatus transverse diameter and larger hiatal area on Valsalva maneuver (P < 0.05). There was also a positive but very weak correlation between the newborn's head circumference and hiatal dimensions at Valsalva maneuver (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Pelvic floor imaging by 3D ultrasound is easily accessible even on the first days after delivery and can provide useful information on morphological changes of the levator ani muscle. In our study, women with vaginal or operative vaginal delivery had a significantly larger hiatal area and transverse diameter than women who delivered by Cesarean section. Maternal constitutional factors (BMI, age) and duration of second stage of labor had no influence on the biometric measurements of hiatal area, whereas weight and head circumference of the baby showed a positive correlation with area of the levator hiatus.

Determinants of disability in chronic musculoskeletal health conditions: a literature review

Knowledge of the determinants of disability in musculoskeletal conditions (MSC) is critical for reducing their burden. No epidemiologic studies from a truly comprehensive perspective consider environmental factors (EF) and personal factors (PF) as determinants of disability. However, one can identify candidate EF from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Sets for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoporosis (OP), osteoarthritis (OA), low back pain (LBP) and chronic wide spread pain (CWP). The objective of this literature review was to contribute to the validation of the EF from the ICF Core Sets for MSC and the candidate PF from a (ICF) Delphi exercise, as well as from the report of the Bone and Joint Decade (BJD) Health Strategy Project. The results of the literature search focus on reviews published between January 1991 and March 2006 that contained information on EF and PF that determine disability in LBP, RA and OA. Many PF and EF included in the ICF Core Sets were confirmed as potential determinants of disability. However, regarding some contextual factors, in particular EF referring to the physical environment, there is a lack of reviews and clinical studies that have investigated their relevance to disability. The predominant medical model in studies on disability in MSC may explain this lack of evidence. However, the increasing attention given to the integrative model of functioning, disability and health of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the approval of the ICF by the World Health Assembly in 2001 may stimulate future research on the effect of EF and PF on disability.

The ICF comprehensively covers the spectrum of health problems encountered by health professionals in patients with musculoskeletal conditions

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to investigate, whether the International Classification of Functioning, Disablity and Health (ICF) comprehensively covers the spectrum of health problems encountered by medical doctors and physiotherapists in patients with musculoskeletal conditions.

METHODS

A worldwide e-mail survey with questionnaires that requested lists of relevant areas in the ICF components-body functions, body structures, activities and participation, and environmental factors-in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, low back pain and osteoporosis was conducted. The suitability of linking the named concepts to the ICF as well as the precision of the linking was characterized by assigning the concepts to six groups.

RESULTS

All concepts that were named by the experts could be linked to the ICF, with the exception of personal factors. Between 32% (environmental factors) and 51% (activities and participation) of the named concepts were linked to an ICF category with an identical meaning and the same grade of precision. All other named concepts were linked to ICF categories with a lower level of precision, or encompassed more than one ICF category, or were linked to an ICF category with a related, but not identical meaning.

CONCLUSIONS

The ICF covers comprehensively the spectrum of problems encountered in patients with musculoskeletal conditions by clinical experts throughout the world. This strengthens the validity of the ICF in the view of the users and will encourage the use of ICF-based applications such as the ICF checklist and the now-developed ICF Core Sets.

Predictors for response to rehabilitation in patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis: a comparison of logistic regression models with three different definitions of responder

OBJECTIVE

To identify pre-treatment predictors of who will benefit from a 3-4-week comprehensive rehabilitation intervention in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee or hip.

METHODS

A prospective cohort study with assessments at admission to the clinic and after 6 months was conducted. Two hundred and fifty patients from the rehabilitation clinic Rehaclinic Zurzach, Switzerland, were included. Three different measures of response to a 3-4-week comprehensive rehabilitation intervention were used: one indirect measure (minimal clinically important difference (MCID) in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) global score=18% improvement), one direct measure (transition question) and a combination of both criteria. Responders were predicted by a sequential logistic regression analysis with nine personal variables, five lifestyle risk factors, seven psychological status variables and the WOMAC global baseline score.

RESULTS

The set of statistically significant predictors was dependent on the definition of response. The comparison of predictors that were statistically significant in any of the prediction models showed similar odds ratios (ORs) for the majority of predictors across three regression models with the different response definitions as dependent variable. Female gender, absence of depressive symptoms (dep), history of complementary medicine (cm) and low comorbidity (com) were the most stable predictors and had ORs above 2.0 (female) and above 1.5 (dep, cm, com) across the three regression models with different response definitions.

CONCLUSION

A set of predictors for the outcome of rehabilitation in patients with OA was identified. If these predictors could be confirmed in future research, this knowledge might help to adopt and individualize the treatment of patients who are, at present, less likely to respond.

Magnesium moderately decreases remifentanil dosage required for pain management after cardiac surgery †

BACKGROUND

Magnesium is a calcium and an NMDA-receptor antagonist and can modify important mechanisms of nociception. We evaluated the co-analgesic effect of magnesium in the postoperative setting after on-pump cardiac surgery.

METHODS

Forty patients randomly received either magnesium gluconate as an i.v. bolus of 0.21 mmol kg(-1) (86.5 mg kg(-1)) followed by a continuous infusion of 0.03 mmol(-1) kg(-1) h(-1) (13.8 mg kg(-1) h(-1)) or placebo for 12 h after tracheal extubation. After surgery, remifentanil was decreased to 0.05 microg kg(-1) min(-1) and titrated according to a pain intensity score (PIS, range 1-6) in the intubated, awake patient and a VAS scale (range 1-100) after extubation. If PIS was > or =3 or VAS > or =30, the infusion was increased by 0.01 microg kg(-1) min(-1); if ventilatory frequency was < or =10 min(-1) it was decreased by the same magnitude.

RESULTS

Magnesium lowered the cumulative remifentanil requirement after surgery (P<0.05). PIS > or =3 was more frequent in the placebo group (P<0.05). Despite increased remifentanil demand, VAS scores were also higher in the placebo group at 8 (2 vs 8) and 9 h after extubation (2 vs 7) (P<0.05). Dose reductions attributable to a ventilatory frequency < or =10 min(-1) occurred more often in the magnesium group (17 vs 6; P<0.05). However, time to tracheal extubation was not prolonged.

CONCLUSIONS

Magnesium gluconate moderately reduced the remifentanil consumption without serious side-effects. The opioid-sparing effect of magnesium may be greater at higher pain intensities and with increased dosages.

Identification of relevant ICF categories for indication, intervention planning and evaluation of health resort programs: a Delphi exercise

Health resort programs have a long tradition, mainly in European countries and Japan. They rely on local resources and the physical environment, physical medicine interventions and traditional medicine to optimise functioning and health. Arguably because of the long tradition, there is only a limited number of high-quality studies that examine the effectiveness of health resort programs. Specific challenges to the evaluation of health resort programs are to randomise the holistic approach with a varying number of specific interventions but also the reliance on the effect of the physical environment. Reference standards for the planning and reporting of health resort studies would be highly beneficial. With the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF), we now have such a standard that allows us to describe body functions and structures, activities and participation and interaction with environmental factors. A major challenge when applying the ICF in practice is its length. Therefore, the objective of this project was to identify the ICF categories most relevant for health resort programs. We conducted a consensus-building, three-round, e-mail survey using the Delphi technique. Based on the consensus of the experts, it was possible to come up with an ICF Core Set that can serve as reference standards for the indication, intervention planning and evaluation of health resort programs. This preliminary ICF Core Set should be tested in different regions and in subsets of health resort visitors with varying conditions.