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Guillemin R, Inhester L, Ilchen M, Mazza T, Boll R, Weber T, Eckart S, Grychtol P, Rennhack N, Marchenko T, Velasquez N, Travnikova O, Ismail I, Niskanen J, Kukk E, Trinter F, Gisselbrecht M, Feifel R, Sansone G, Rolles D, Martins M, Meyer M, Simon M, Santra R, Pfeifer T, Jahnke T, Piancastelli MN. Isotope effects in dynamics of water isotopologues induced by core ionization at an x-ray free-electron laser. Struct Dyn 2023; 10:054302. [PMID: 37799711 PMCID: PMC10550338 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical response of water exposed to x-rays is of utmost importance in a wealth of science areas. We exposed isolated water isotopologues to short x-ray pulses from a free-electron laser and detected momenta of all produced ions in coincidence. By combining experimental results and theoretical modeling, we identify significant structural dynamics with characteristic isotope effects in H2O2+, D2O2+, and HDO2+, such as asymmetric bond elongation and bond-angle opening, leading to two-body or three-body fragmentation on a timescale of a few femtoseconds. A method to disentangle the sequences of events taking place upon the consecutive absorption of two x-ray photons is described. The obtained deep look into structural properties and dynamics of dissociating water isotopologues provides essential insights into the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Guillemin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - L. Inhester
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - T. Mazza
- European XFEL, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - R. Boll
- European XFEL, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Th. Weber
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S. Eckart
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - T. Marchenko
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - N. Velasquez
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - O. Travnikova
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - I. Ismail
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - J. Niskanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - E. Kukk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - R. Feifel
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - G. Sansone
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - D. Rolles
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - M. Martins
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Meyer
- European XFEL, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - M. Simon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - T. Pfeifer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T. Jahnke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. N. Piancastelli
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
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2
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Johnson NF, Leahy R, Restrepo NJ, Velasquez N, Zheng M, Manrique P, Devkota P, Wuchty S. Hidden resilience and adaptive dynamics of the global online hate ecology. Nature 2019; 573:261-265. [PMID: 31435010 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Online hate and extremist narratives have been linked to abhorrent real-world events, including a current surge in hate crimes1-6 and an alarming increase in youth suicides that result from social media vitriol7; inciting mass shootings such as the 2019 attack in Christchurch, stabbings and bombings8-11; recruitment of extremists12-16, including entrapment and sex-trafficking of girls as fighter brides17; threats against public figures, including the 2019 verbal attack against an anti-Brexit politician, and hybrid (racist-anti-women-anti-immigrant) hate threats against a US member of the British royal family18; and renewed anti-western hate in the 2019 post-ISIS landscape associated with support for Osama Bin Laden's son and Al Qaeda. Social media platforms seem to be losing the battle against online hate19,20 and urgently need new insights. Here we show that the key to understanding the resilience of online hate lies in its global network-of-network dynamics. Interconnected hate clusters form global 'hate highways' that-assisted by collective online adaptations-cross social media platforms, sometimes using 'back doors' even after being banned, as well as jumping between countries, continents and languages. Our mathematical model predicts that policing within a single platform (such as Facebook) can make matters worse, and will eventually generate global 'dark pools' in which online hate will flourish. We observe the current hate network rapidly rewiring and self-repairing at the micro level when attacked, in a way that mimics the formation of covalent bonds in chemistry. This understanding enables us to propose a policy matrix that can help to defeat online hate, classified by the preferred (or legally allowed) granularity of the intervention and top-down versus bottom-up nature. We provide quantitative assessments for the effects of each intervention. This policy matrix also offers a tool for tackling a broader class of illicit online behaviours21,22 such as financial fraud.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Johnson
- Physics Department, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - R Leahy
- Physics Department, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - N Velasquez
- Elliot School of International Affairs, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M Zheng
- Physics Department, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - P Manrique
- Physics Department, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - P Devkota
- Computer Science Department, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - S Wuchty
- Computer Science Department, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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Johnson NF, Manrique P, Zheng M, Cao Z, Botero J, Huang S, Aden N, Song C, Leady J, Velasquez N, Restrepo EM. Emergent dynamics of extremes in a population driven by common information sources and new social media algorithms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11895. [PMID: 31417176 PMCID: PMC6695450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48412-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We quantify how and when extreme subpopulations emerge in a model society despite everyone having the same information and available resources – and show that counterintuitively these extremes will likely be enhanced over time by new social media algorithms designed to reduce division. We verify our analysis mathematically, and show it reproduces (a) the time-dependent behavior observed in controlled experiments on humans, (b) the findings of a recent study of online behavior by Facebook concerning the impact of ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ news, (c) the observed temporal emergence of extremes in U.S. House of Representatives voting, and (d) the real-time emergence of a division in national opinion during the ongoing peace process in Colombia. We uncover a novel societal tipping point which is a ‘ghost’ of a nearby saddle-node bifurcation from dynamical systems theory, and which provides a novel policy opportunity for preventing extremes from emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Johnson
- Physics Department, George Washington University, Washington D.C., 20052, USA.
| | - P Manrique
- Physics Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33126, USA
| | - M Zheng
- Physics Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33126, USA
| | - Z Cao
- Physics Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33126, USA
| | - J Botero
- Physics Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33126, USA
| | - S Huang
- Physics Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33126, USA
| | - N Aden
- Physics Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33126, USA
| | - C Song
- Physics Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33126, USA
| | - J Leady
- Mendoza College of Business, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - N Velasquez
- Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University, Washington D.C., 20052, USA
| | - E M Restrepo
- Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University, Washington D.C., 20052, USA
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Johnson NF, Zheng M, Vorobyeva Y, Gabriel A, Qi H, Velasquez N, Manrique P, Johnson D, Restrepo E, Song C, Wuchty S. New online ecology of adversarial aggregates: ISIS and beyond. Science 2016; 352:1459-63. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. F. Johnson
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33126, USA
| | - M. Zheng
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33126, USA
| | - Y. Vorobyeva
- Department of International Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33126, USA
| | - A. Gabriel
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33126, USA
| | - H. Qi
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33126, USA
| | - N. Velasquez
- Department of International Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33126, USA
| | - P. Manrique
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33126, USA
| | - D. Johnson
- Department of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - E. Restrepo
- Department of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33126, USA
| | - C. Song
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33126, USA
| | - S. Wuchty
- Department of Computer Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33126, USA
- Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33126, USA
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Dervaux A, Bourdel MC, Krebs M, Laqueille X, Lehert P, Hugon N, Velasquez N, Hugon N, Velasquez N, Lehert P, Egorov A, Kutcher E, Chernikova N, Filatova E. O7 * FREE ORAL COMMUNICATIONS 7: COMORBIDITY AND DETOXIFICATION. Alcohol Alcohol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agt111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Balliano TL, Pereira MA, De Simone CA, Malta VRS, Velasquez N, Cioletti AG, Goulart MOF. Crystal structure of 1-(2-bromoethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole, C6H8BrN3O2. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2006. [DOI: 10.1524/ncrs.2006.221.14.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Balliano TL, Pereira MA, De Simone CA, Malta VRS, Velasquez N, Cioletti AG, Goulart MOF. Crystal structure of 1-(2-bromoethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole, C6H8BrN3O2. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2006. [DOI: 10.1524/ncrs.2006.221.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract C6H8BrN3O2, monoclinic, P121/a1 (no. 14), a = 6.3952(2) Å, b = 11.1267(3) Å, c = 12.0785(4) Å, β = 97.274(2)°, V = 852.6 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.047, wRref(F2) = 0.128, T = 293 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. L. Balliano
- 1Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Departamento de Química, 57072-970 - Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - M. A. Pereira
- 1Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Departamento de Química, 57072-970 - Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - C. A. De Simone
- 1Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Departamento de Química, 57072-970 - Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - V. R. S. Malta
- 1Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Departamento de Química, 57072-970 - Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - N. Velasquez
- 1Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Departamento de Química, 57072-970 - Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - A. G Cioletti
- 1Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Departamento de Química, 57072-970 - Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - M. O. F. Goulart
- 1Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Departamento de Química, 57072-970 - Maceió, AL, Brazil
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Gammon RR, Lake M, Velasquez N, Prichard A. Confirmation of positive antibody screens by solid-phase red cell adherence assay using a tube technique method with polyethylene glycol enhancement. Immunohematology 2001; 17:14-6. [PMID: 15373598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Our blood bank routinely screens donors for antibodies using a solid-phase red cell adherence (SPRCA) assay. Positive results are then confirmed using a tube technique with polyethylene glycol (PEG) enhancement due to reported higher specificity than with SPRCA. Over a 5-month period, 49,084 donor serum or plasma samples were tested using the SPRCA assay. Further identification of positive samples was performed using a PEG enhancement method. Testing was performed with strict adherence to the manufacturers' inserts. Of 49,084 samples, 313 (0.64%) were positive by the SPRCA assay. Of these, 99 (31.6%) samples remained positive when tested with PEG enhancement. The remaining 214 (68.4%) were negative, giving specificity for the SPRCA assay of 99.6 percent (48,985/ 49,199). We report a high specificity for antibody screening using the SPRCA assay. However, it is cost effective to perform a confirmatory tube test with PEG enhancement because 214 SPRCA assay samples were interpreted as having a negative antibody screen, thus allowing the release of valuable blood components for transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Gammon
- South Florida Blood Banks, Inc., 933 45th Street, West Palm Beach, Florida 33407, USA
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9
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Nix DE, Wilton JH, Velasquez N, Budny JL, Lassman HB, Mitchell P, Divan K, Schentag JJ. Cerebrospinal fluid penetration of cefpirome in patients with non-inflamed meninges. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992; 29 Suppl A:51-7. [PMID: 1601757 DOI: 10.1093/jac/29.suppl_a.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty patients (mean age 52 +/- 12 years, mean weight 75 +/- 15 kg) scheduled for elective myelogram or spinal anaesthesia were enrolled to determine the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) penetration of a new expanded spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, cefpirome (HR-810). A single 2 g intravenous dose of cefpirome was administered as a bolus between 1 and 8 h before lumbar puncture. Blood samples were collected at 15 pre-determined times and a single CSF sample was obtained at the time of lumbar puncture. Serum and CSF cefpirome concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The mean maximal serum concentration of cefpirome was 264 +/- 76 mg/L. A mean steady-state volume of distribution of 20 +/- 4 L, clearance of 7.4 +/- 1.3 L/h, and half-life of 2.5 +/- 0.5 h were determined. Mean CSF concentrations were 0.50 +/- 0.11 mg/L at 1-2 h post dose (n = 4), 0.57 +/- 0.13 mg/L at 2-4 h post dose (n = 4), 0.76 +/- 0.34 mg/L at 4-6 h post dose (n = 7), and 0.83 +/- 0.29 mg/L at 6-8.3 h post dose (n = 5). Blood:brain barrier permeability to cefpirome may not be a limiting factor as CSF concentrations were rapidly attained. Further studies are required to determine the mechanism of cefpirome transport between plasma and CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Nix
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Millard Fillmore Hospital, Buffalo, New York 14209
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Watson WA, Jenkins TC, Velasquez N, Schentag JJ. Repeated oral doses of activated charcoal and the clearance of tobramycin, a non-absorbable drug. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1987; 25:171-84. [PMID: 3612896 DOI: 10.3109/15563658708992622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Factors which determine the ability of activated charcoal to increase systemic drug clearance include adsorption characteristics, the extent of back diffusion, and biliary excretion into the gut. Orally absorbed drugs diffuse back into the gut, but it is not known whether non-absorbed agents also diffuse back. Tobramycin was studied with a highly activated charcoal to determine whether this occurs. Five volunteers received a single IV dose of tobramycin on two occasions. Using a randomized, crossover design, subjects received 10 g of activated charcoal (as SuperCharR suspension) 2 hr prior, and at 0, 2, 6, and 8 hr after tobramycin administration during one of the study days. In vitro, tobramycin adsorbed to charcoal at pH 5.6, but not at pH 2.6. A 20:1 charcoal:tobramycin ratio resulted in 34.9% of tobramycin adsorbed to activated charcoal. Blood (0-12 hr) and urine (0-24 hr) were collected and tobramycin concentrations determined. Urinary tobramycin recovery, renal and total drug clearance, half-life, and volume of distribution were calculated. There were no differences in these parameters between the two groups. We conclude that activated charcoal has no effect on tobramycin distribution or elimination in normal volunteers, and that back diffusion does not occur with this drug.
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Gaffud MP, Bansal P, Lawton C, Velasquez N, Watson WA. Surgical analgesia for cesarean delivery with epidural bupivacaine and fentanyl. Anesthesiology 1986; 65:331-4. [PMID: 3752583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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