1
|
Ratcliffe H, Tiley KS, Andrews N, Amirthalingam G, Vichos I, Morey E, Douglas NL, Marinou S, Plested E, Aley P, Galiza EP, Faust SN, Hughes S, Murray CS, Roderick M, Shackley F, Oddie SJ, Lees T, Turner DPJ, Raman M, Owens S, Turner P, Cockerill H, Lopez Bernal J, Linley E, Borrow R, Brown K, Ramsay ME, Voysey M, Snape MD. Community seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in children and adolescents in England, 2019-2021. Arch Dis Child 2022; 108:archdischild-2022-324375. [PMID: 35858775 PMCID: PMC9887370 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-324375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand community seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in children and adolescents. This is vital to understanding the susceptibility of this cohort to COVID-19 and to inform public health policy for disease control such as immunisation. DESIGN We conducted a community-based cross-sectional seroprevalence study in participants aged 0-18 years old recruiting from seven regions in England between October 2019 and June 2021 and collecting extensive demographic and symptom data. Serum samples were tested for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins using Roche assays processed at UK Health Security Agency laboratories. Prevalence estimates were calculated for six time periods and were standardised by age group, ethnicity and National Health Service region. RESULTS Post-first wave (June-August 2020), the (anti-spike IgG) adjusted seroprevalence was 5.2%, varying from 0.9% (participants 10-14 years old) to 9.5% (participants 5-9 years old). By April-June 2021, this had increased to 19.9%, varying from 13.9% (participants 0-4 years old) to 32.7% (participants 15-18 years old). Minority ethnic groups had higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity than white participants (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.0), after adjusting for sex, age, region, time period, deprivation and urban/rural geography. In children <10 years, there were no symptoms or symptom clusters that reliably predicted seropositivity. Overall, 48% of seropositive participants with complete questionnaire data recalled no symptoms between February 2020 and their study visit. CONCLUSIONS Approximately one-third of participants aged 15-18 years old had evidence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 prior to the introduction of widespread vaccination. These data demonstrate that ethnic background is independently associated with risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04061382.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - K S Tiley
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nick Andrews
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, Health Protection Agency, London, UK
| | - Gayatri Amirthalingam
- Immunisation, Hepatitis and Blood Safety Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - I Vichos
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Morey
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N L Douglas
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Marinou
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Plested
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Parvinder Aley
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eva P Galiza
- St George's Vaccine Institute, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Saul N Faust
- Academic Unit of Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - S Hughes
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Clare S Murray
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
- Respiratory Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marion Roderick
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Fiona Shackley
- Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sam J Oddie
- Bradford Neonatology, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Tim Lees
- Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - D P J Turner
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - M Raman
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
| | - Stephen Owens
- Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul Turner
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - H Cockerill
- Department of Paediatrics, West Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Bury Saint Edmunds, UK
| | - J Lopez Bernal
- Immunisation, Hepatitis and Blood Safety Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - E Linley
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Ray Borrow
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Kevin Brown
- Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, Colindale, UK
| | - Mary Elizabeth Ramsay
- Immunisation, Hepatitis and Blood Safety Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - M Voysey
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Strain is eliminated as a factor in hydrolysis of the scissile peptide bond by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), based on the first eight complexes of products of hydrolysis with the enzymes. The carboxyl group generated at the scissile bond interacts with both catalytic aspartic acids. The structures directly suggest the interactions of the gemdiol intermediate with the active site. Based on the structures, the nucleophilic water is displaced stereospecifically by substrate binding toward one catalytic aspartic acid, while the scissile carbonyl becomes hydrogen bonded to the other catalytic aspartic acid in position for hydrolysis. Crystal structures for two N-terminal (P) products and two C-terminal (Q) products provide unambiguous density for the ligands at 2.2-2.6 A resolution and 17-21% R factors. The N-terminal product, Ac-S-L-N-F/, overlaps closely with the N-terminal sequences of peptidomimetic inhibitors bound to the protease. Comparison of the two C-terminal products, /F-L-E-K and /F(NO2)-E-A-Nle-S, indicates that the P2' residue is highly constrained, while the positioning of the P1' and P3' residues are sequence dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0448, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|