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Guégan M, Martin E, Tran Van V, Fel B, Hay AE, Simon L, Butin N, Bellvert F, Haichar FEZ, Valiente Moro C. Mosquito sex and mycobiota contribute to fructose metabolism in the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus. Microbiome 2022; 10:138. [PMID: 36038937 PMCID: PMC9425969 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant floral nectars contain natural sugars such as fructose, which are a primary energy resource for adult mosquitoes. Despite the importance of carbohydrates for mosquito metabolism, a limited knowledge is available about the pathways involved in sugar assimilation by mosquitoes and their associated microbiota. To this end, we used 13C-metabolomic and stable isotope probing approaches coupled to high-throughput sequencing to reveal fructose-related mosquito metabolic pathways and the dynamics of the active gut microbiota following fructose ingestion. RESULTS Our results revealed significant differences in metabolic pathways between males and females, highlighting different modes of central carbon metabolism regulation. Competitive and synergistic interactions of diverse fungal taxa were identified within the active mycobiota following fructose ingestion. In addition, we identified potential cross-feeding interactions between this. Interestingly, there is a strong correlation between several active fungal taxa and the presence of fructose-derived metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results provide novel insights into mosquito carbohydrate metabolism and demonstrate that dietary fructose as it relates to mosquito sex is an important determinant of mosquito metabolism; our results also further highlight the key role of active mycobiota interactions in regulating the process of fructose assimilation in mosquitoes. This study opens new avenues for future research on mosquito-microbiota trophic interactions related to plant nectar-derived sugars. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Guégan
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Edwige Martin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Van Tran Van
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Benjamin Fel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne-Emmanuelle Hay
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Simon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Noémie Butin
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Floriant Bellvert
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Feth El Zahar Haichar
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
- INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation, Pathogénie, Université Lyon, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claire Valiente Moro
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stable isotope tracer studies are increasingly applied to explore metabolism from the detailed analysis of tracer incorporation into metabolites. Untargeted LC/MS approaches have recently emerged and provide potent methods for expanding the dimension and complexity of the metabolic networks that can be investigated. A number of software tools have been developed to process the highly complex MS data collected in such studies; however, a method to optimize the extraction of valuable isotopic data is lacking. OBJECTIVES To develop and validate a method to optimize automated data processing for untargeted MS-based isotopic tracing investigations of metabolism. METHODS The method is based on the application of a suitable reference material to rationally perform parameter optimization throughout the complete data processing workflow. It was applied in the context of 13C-labelling experiments and with two different software, namely geoRge and X13CMS. It was illustrated with the study of a E. coli mutant impaired for central metabolism. RESULTS The optimization methodology provided significant gain in the number and quality of extracted isotopic data, independently of the software considered. Pascal triangle samples are well suited for such purpose since they allow both the identification of analytical issues and optimization of data processing at the same time. CONCLUSION The proposed method maximizes the biological value of untargeted MS-based isotopic tracing investigations by revealing the full metabolic information that is encoded in the labelling patterns of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Butin
- RESTORE, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, ENVT, Inserm U1031, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI-INSA de Toulouse INSA/ CNRS 5504-UMR INSA/INRA 792, 5504, Toulouse, France
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Cécilia Bergès
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI-INSA de Toulouse INSA/ CNRS 5504-UMR INSA/INRA 792, 5504, Toulouse, France
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Charles Portais
- RESTORE, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, ENVT, Inserm U1031, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI-INSA de Toulouse INSA/ CNRS 5504-UMR INSA/INRA 792, 5504, Toulouse, France
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Floriant Bellvert
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI-INSA de Toulouse INSA/ CNRS 5504-UMR INSA/INRA 792, 5504, Toulouse, France.
- MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, 31077, Toulouse, France.
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Bergès C, Cahoreau E, Millard P, Enjalbert B, Dinclaux M, Heuillet M, Kulyk H, Gales L, Butin N, Chazalviel M, Palama T, Guionnet M, Sokol S, Peyriga L, Bellvert F, Heux S, Portais JC. Exploring the Glucose Fluxotype of the E. coli y-ome Using High-Resolution Fluxomics. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050271. [PMID: 33926117 PMCID: PMC8145925 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a robust workflow to measure high-resolution fluxotypes (metabolic flux phenotypes) for large strain libraries under fully controlled growth conditions. This was achieved by optimizing and automating the whole high-throughput fluxomics process and integrating all relevant software tools. This workflow allowed us to obtain highly detailed maps of carbon fluxes in the central carbon metabolism in a fully automated manner. It was applied to investigate the glucose fluxotypes of 180 Escherichia coli strains deleted for y-genes. Since the products of these y-genes potentially play a role in a variety of metabolic processes, the experiments were designed to be agnostic as to their potential metabolic impact. The obtained data highlight the robustness of E. coli’s central metabolism to y-gene deletion. For two y-genes, deletion resulted in significant changes in carbon and energy fluxes, demonstrating the involvement of the corresponding y-gene products in metabolic function or regulation. This work also introduces novel metrics to measure the actual scope and quality of high-throughput fluxomics investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Bergès
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.B.); (E.C.); (P.M.); (B.E.); (M.D.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (L.G.); (N.B.); (T.P.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (L.P.); (F.B.); (S.H.)
- MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics & Fluxomics (ANR-11-INBS-0010), 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Edern Cahoreau
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.B.); (E.C.); (P.M.); (B.E.); (M.D.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (L.G.); (N.B.); (T.P.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (L.P.); (F.B.); (S.H.)
- MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics & Fluxomics (ANR-11-INBS-0010), 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Millard
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.B.); (E.C.); (P.M.); (B.E.); (M.D.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (L.G.); (N.B.); (T.P.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (L.P.); (F.B.); (S.H.)
| | - Brice Enjalbert
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.B.); (E.C.); (P.M.); (B.E.); (M.D.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (L.G.); (N.B.); (T.P.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (L.P.); (F.B.); (S.H.)
| | - Mickael Dinclaux
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.B.); (E.C.); (P.M.); (B.E.); (M.D.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (L.G.); (N.B.); (T.P.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (L.P.); (F.B.); (S.H.)
| | - Maud Heuillet
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.B.); (E.C.); (P.M.); (B.E.); (M.D.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (L.G.); (N.B.); (T.P.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (L.P.); (F.B.); (S.H.)
- MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics & Fluxomics (ANR-11-INBS-0010), 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Hanna Kulyk
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.B.); (E.C.); (P.M.); (B.E.); (M.D.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (L.G.); (N.B.); (T.P.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (L.P.); (F.B.); (S.H.)
- MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics & Fluxomics (ANR-11-INBS-0010), 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Lara Gales
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.B.); (E.C.); (P.M.); (B.E.); (M.D.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (L.G.); (N.B.); (T.P.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (L.P.); (F.B.); (S.H.)
- MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics & Fluxomics (ANR-11-INBS-0010), 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Noémie Butin
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.B.); (E.C.); (P.M.); (B.E.); (M.D.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (L.G.); (N.B.); (T.P.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (L.P.); (F.B.); (S.H.)
- MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics & Fluxomics (ANR-11-INBS-0010), 31077 Toulouse, France
- RESTORE, Université de Toulouse, Inserm U1031, CNRS 5070, UPS, EFS, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Maxime Chazalviel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), UMR1331, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France;
| | - Tony Palama
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.B.); (E.C.); (P.M.); (B.E.); (M.D.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (L.G.); (N.B.); (T.P.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (L.P.); (F.B.); (S.H.)
- MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics & Fluxomics (ANR-11-INBS-0010), 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Matthieu Guionnet
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.B.); (E.C.); (P.M.); (B.E.); (M.D.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (L.G.); (N.B.); (T.P.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (L.P.); (F.B.); (S.H.)
- MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics & Fluxomics (ANR-11-INBS-0010), 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Sergueï Sokol
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.B.); (E.C.); (P.M.); (B.E.); (M.D.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (L.G.); (N.B.); (T.P.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (L.P.); (F.B.); (S.H.)
| | - Lindsay Peyriga
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.B.); (E.C.); (P.M.); (B.E.); (M.D.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (L.G.); (N.B.); (T.P.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (L.P.); (F.B.); (S.H.)
- MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics & Fluxomics (ANR-11-INBS-0010), 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Floriant Bellvert
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.B.); (E.C.); (P.M.); (B.E.); (M.D.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (L.G.); (N.B.); (T.P.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (L.P.); (F.B.); (S.H.)
- MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics & Fluxomics (ANR-11-INBS-0010), 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Heux
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.B.); (E.C.); (P.M.); (B.E.); (M.D.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (L.G.); (N.B.); (T.P.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (L.P.); (F.B.); (S.H.)
| | - Jean-Charles Portais
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.B.); (E.C.); (P.M.); (B.E.); (M.D.); (M.H.); (H.K.); (L.G.); (N.B.); (T.P.); (M.G.); (S.S.); (L.P.); (F.B.); (S.H.)
- MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics & Fluxomics (ANR-11-INBS-0010), 31077 Toulouse, France
- RESTORE, Université de Toulouse, Inserm U1031, CNRS 5070, UPS, EFS, 31100 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence:
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Moreau R, Clària J, Aguilar F, Fenaille F, Lozano JJ, Junot C, Colsch B, Caraceni P, Trebicka J, Pavesi M, Alessandria C, Nevens F, Saliba F, Welzel TM, Albillos A, Gustot T, Fernández J, Moreno C, Baldassarre M, Zaccherini G, Piano S, Montagnese S, Vargas V, Genescà J, Solà E, Bernal W, Butin N, Hautbergue T, Cholet S, Castelli F, Jansen C, Steib C, Campion D, Mookerjee R, Rodríguez-Gandía M, Soriano G, Durand F, Benten D, Bañares R, Stauber RE, Gronbaek H, Coenraad MJ, Ginès P, Gerbes A, Jalan R, Bernardi M, Arroyo V, Angeli P. Correction to 'Blood metabolomics uncovers inflammation-associated mitochondrial dysfunction as a potential mechanism underlying ACLF' [J Hepatol 2020 (72) 688-701]. J Hepatol 2020; 72:1218-1220. [PMID: 32192825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Moreau
- EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain; Inserm, U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), UMRS1149, Université de Paris, Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France.
| | - Joan Clària
- EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Aguilar
- EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
| | - François Fenaille
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immuno-Analyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Christophe Junot
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immuno-Analyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benoit Colsch
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immuno-Analyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Paolo Caraceni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain; J.W. Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marco Pavesi
- EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlo Alessandria
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Faouzi Saliba
- Hôpital Paul Brousse, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Thierry Gustot
- CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Javier Fernández
- EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christophe Moreno
- CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maurizio Baldassarre
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Zaccherini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Piano
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Dept. of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Montagnese
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Dept. of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Victor Vargas
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Genescà
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elsa Solà
- Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - William Bernal
- Liver Intensive Therapy Unit, Institute of Liver Studies, Division of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Noémie Butin
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immuno-Analyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thaïs Hautbergue
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immuno-Analyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sophie Cholet
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immuno-Analyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Florence Castelli
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immuno-Analyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Christian Steib
- Department of Medicine II, Liver Center Munich, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Campion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Raj Mookerjee
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver Disease Health, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - German Soriano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - François Durand
- Inserm, U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), UMRS1149, Université de Paris, Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France
| | | | - Rafael Bañares
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Henning Gronbaek
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Minneke J Coenraad
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pere Ginès
- Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Gerbes
- Department of Medicine II, Liver Center Munich, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver Disease Health, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mauro Bernardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vicente Arroyo
- EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Angeli
- EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain; Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Dept. of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Italy
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5
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Moreau R, Clària J, Aguilar F, Fenaille F, Lozano JJ, Junot C, Colsch B, Caraceni P, Trebicka J, Pavesi M, Alessandria C, Nevens F, Saliba F, Welzel TM, Albillos A, Gustot T, Fernández J, Moreno C, Baldassarre M, Zaccherini G, Piano S, Montagnese S, Vargas V, Genescà J, Solà E, Bernal W, Butin N, Hautbergue T, Cholet S, Castelli F, Jansen C, Steib C, Campion D, Mookerjee R, Rodríguez-Gandía M, Soriano G, Durand F, Benten D, Bañares R, Stauber RE, Gronbaek H, Coenraad MJ, Ginès P, Gerbes A, Jalan R, Bernardi M, Arroyo V, Angeli P. Blood metabolomics uncovers inflammation-associated mitochondrial dysfunction as a potential mechanism underlying ACLF. J Hepatol 2020; 72:688-701. [PMID: 31778751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), which develops in patients with cirrhosis, is characterized by intense systemic inflammation and organ failure(s). Because systemic inflammation is energetically expensive, its metabolic costs may result in organ dysfunction/failure. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the blood metabolome in patients with cirrhosis, with and without ACLF. METHODS We performed untargeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry in serum from 650 patients with AD (acute decompensation of cirrhosis, without ACLF), 181 with ACLF, 43 with compensated cirrhosis, and 29 healthy individuals. RESULTS Of the 137 annotated metabolites identified, 100 were increased in patients with ACLF of any grade, relative to those with AD, and 38 comprised a distinctive blood metabolite fingerprint for ACLF. Among patients with ACLF, the intensity of the fingerprint increased across ACLF grades, and was similar in patients with kidney failure and in those without, indicating that the fingerprint reflected not only decreased kidney excretion but also altered cell metabolism. The higher the ACLF-associated fingerprint intensity, the higher the plasma levels of inflammatory markers, tumor necrosis factor α, soluble CD206, and soluble CD163. ACLF was characterized by intense proteolysis and lipolysis; amino acid catabolism; extra-mitochondrial glucose metabolism through glycolysis, pentose phosphate, and D-glucuronate pathways; depressed mitochondrial ATP-producing fatty acid β-oxidation; and extra-mitochondrial amino acid metabolism giving rise to metabotoxins. CONCLUSIONS In ACLF, intense systemic inflammation is associated with blood metabolite accumulation and profound alterations in major metabolic pathways, in particular inhibition of mitochondrial energy production, which may contribute to the development of organ failures. LAY SUMMARY Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), which develops in patients with cirrhosis, is characterized by intense systemic inflammation and organ failure(s). Because systemic inflammation is energetically expensive, its metabolic costs may result in organ dysfunction/failure. We identified a 38-metabolite blood fingerprint specific for ACLF that revealed mitochondrial dysfunction in peripheral organs. This may contribute to organ failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Moreau
- EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain; Inserm, U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI) UMRS1149, Université de Paris, Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France.
| | - Joan Clària
- EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Aguilar
- EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
| | - François Fenaille
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immuno-Analyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Christophe Junot
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immuno-Analyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benoit Colsch
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immuno-Analyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Paolo Caraceni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain; J.W. Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marco Pavesi
- EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlo Alessandria
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Faouzi Saliba
- Hôpital Paul Brousse, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Agustin Albillos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, University of Alcalá, CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thierry Gustot
- CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Javier Fernández
- EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christophe Moreno
- CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maurizio Baldassarre
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Zaccherini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Piano
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Dept. of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Montagnese
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Dept. of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Victor Vargas
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Genescà
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elsa Solà
- Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - William Bernal
- Liver Intensive Therapy Unit, Institute of Liver Studies, Division of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Noémie Butin
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immuno-Analyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thaïs Hautbergue
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immuno-Analyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sophie Cholet
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immuno-Analyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Florence Castelli
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immuno-Analyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Christian Steib
- Department of Medicine II, Liver Center Munich, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Campion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Raj Mookerjee
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver Disease Health, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Gandía
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, University of Alcalá, CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - German Soriano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - François Durand
- Inserm, U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI) UMRS1149, Université de Paris, Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France
| | | | - Rafael Bañares
- Digestive Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid; and CIBERehd
| | | | - Henning Gronbaek
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Minneke J Coenraad
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Pere Ginès
- Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Gerbes
- Department of Medicine II, Liver Center Munich, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver Disease Health, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mauro Bernardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vicente Arroyo
- EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Angeli
- EF Clif, EASL-CLIF Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain; Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Dept. of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Italy
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6
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Clària J, Moreau R, Fenaille F, Amorós A, Junot C, Gronbaek H, Coenraad MJ, Pruvost A, Ghettas A, Chu-Van E, López-Vicario C, Oettl K, Caraceni P, Alessandria C, Trebicka J, Pavesi M, Deulofeu C, Albillos A, Gustot T, Welzel TM, Fernández J, Stauber RE, Saliba F, Butin N, Colsch B, Moreno C, Durand F, Nevens F, Bañares R, Benten D, Ginès P, Gerbes A, Jalan R, Angeli P, Bernardi M, Arroyo V. Orchestration of Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway, Acute Decompensation, and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure in Cirrhosis. Hepatology 2019; 69:1686-1701. [PMID: 30521097 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation (SI) is involved in the pathogenesis of acute decompensation (AD) and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in cirrhosis. In other diseases, SI activates tryptophan (Trp) degradation through the kynurenine pathway (KP), giving rise to metabolites that contribute to multiorgan/system damage and immunosuppression. In the current study, we aimed to characterize the KP in patients with cirrhosis, in whom this pathway is poorly known. The serum levels of Trp, key KP metabolites (kynurenine and kynurenic and quinolinic acids), and cytokines (SI markers) were measured at enrollment in 40 healthy subjects, 39 patients with compensated cirrhosis, 342 with AD (no ACLF) and 180 with ACLF, and repeated in 258 patients during the 28-day follow-up. Urine KP metabolites were measured in 50 patients with ACLF. Serum KP activity was normal in compensated cirrhosis, increased in AD and further increased in ACLF, in parallel with SI; it was remarkably higher in ACLF with kidney failure than in ACLF without kidney failure in the absence of differences in urine KP activity and fractional excretion of KP metabolites. The short-term course of AD and ACLF (worsening, improvement, stable) correlated closely with follow-up changes in serum KP activity. Among patients with AD at enrollment, those with the highest baseline KP activity developed ACLF during follow-up. Among patients who had ACLF at enrollment, those with immune suppression and the highest KP activity, both at baseline, developed nosocomial infections during follow-up. Finally, higher baseline KP activity independently predicted mortality in patients with AD and ACLF. Conclusion: Features of KP activation appear in patients with AD, culminate in patients with ACLF, and may be involved in the pathogenesis of ACLF, clinical course, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Clària
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard Moreau
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain.,Inserm, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot-Paris, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire UNITY; Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, ComUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - François Fenaille
- CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, MetaboHUB-Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alex Amorós
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christophe Junot
- CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, MetaboHUB-Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Henning Gronbaek
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Minneke J Coenraad
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alain Pruvost
- CEA, INRA Université Paris Saclay, Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse, Plateforme SMArt-MS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aurélie Ghettas
- CEA, INRA Université Paris Saclay, Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse, Plateforme SMArt-MS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emeline Chu-Van
- CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, MetaboHUB-Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Karl Oettl
- Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Paolo Caraceni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Alessandria
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,J.W. Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marco Pavesi
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Deulofeu
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Thierry Gustot
- CUB Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Javier Fernández
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Faouzi Saliba
- Hôpital Paul Brousse, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Noémie Butin
- CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, MetaboHUB-Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benoit Colsch
- CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, MetaboHUB-Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Moreno
- CUB Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Durand
- Inserm, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot-Paris, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire UNITY; Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, ComUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Rafael Bañares
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pere Ginès
- Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS and CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Gerbes
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital LMU Munich, Liver Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver Disease Health, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Angeli
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain.,Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, DIMED, University of Padova, Padoa, Italy
| | - Mauro Bernardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vicente Arroyo
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure Consortium and Grifols Chair, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Laperrousaz E, Moullé VS, Denis RG, Kassis N, Berland C, Colsch B, Fioramonti X, Philippe E, Lacombe A, Vanacker C, Butin N, Bruce KD, Wang H, Wang Y, Gao Y, Garcia-Caceres C, Prévot V, Tschöp MH, Eckel RH, Le Stunff H, Luquet S, Magnan C, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C. Lipoprotein lipase in hypothalamus is a key regulator of body weight gain and glucose homeostasis in mice. Diabetologia 2017; 60:1314-1324. [PMID: 28456865 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Regulation of energy balance involves the participation of many factors, including nutrients, among which are circulating lipids, acting as peripheral signals informing the central nervous system of the energy status of the organism. It has been shown that neuronal lipoprotein lipase (LPL) participates in the control of energy balance by hydrolysing lipid particles enriched in triacylglycerols. Here, we tested the hypothesis that LPL in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), a well-known nucleus implicated in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis, could also contribute to the regulation of body weight and glucose homeostasis. METHODS We injected an adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing Cre-green fluorescent protein into the MBH of Lpl-floxed mice (and wild-type mice) to specifically decrease LPL activity in the MBH. In parallel, we injected an AAV overexpressing Lpl into the MBH of wild-type mice. We then studied energy homeostasis and hypothalamic ceramide content. RESULTS The partial deletion of Lpl in the MBH in mice led to an increase in body weight compared with controls (37.72 ± 0.7 g vs 28.46 ± 0.12, p < 0.001) associated with a decrease in locomotor activity. These mice developed hyperinsulinaemia and glucose intolerance. This phenotype also displayed reduced expression of Cers1 in the hypothalamus as well as decreased concentration of several C18 species of ceramides and a 3-fold decrease in total ceramide intensity. Conversely, overexpression of Lpl specifically in the MBH induced a decrease in body weight. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study shows that LPL in the MBH is an important regulator of body weight and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Laperrousaz
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Bâtiment Buffon, P. O. box 7126, 4, rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Halle, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Valentine S Moullé
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Bâtiment Buffon, P. O. box 7126, 4, rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Halle, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Raphaël G Denis
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Bâtiment Buffon, P. O. box 7126, 4, rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Halle, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Nadim Kassis
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Bâtiment Buffon, P. O. box 7126, 4, rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Halle, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Chloé Berland
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Bâtiment Buffon, P. O. box 7126, 4, rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Halle, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benoit Colsch
- CEA-Centre d'Etude de Saclay, Laboratoire d'étude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Xavier Fioramonti
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Erwann Philippe
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Bâtiment Buffon, P. O. box 7126, 4, rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Halle, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Amélie Lacombe
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Bâtiment Buffon, P. O. box 7126, 4, rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Halle, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Charlotte Vanacker
- Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Neurobese International Associated Laboratory, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Inserm U1172, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Noémie Butin
- CEA-Centre d'Etude de Saclay, Laboratoire d'étude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kimberley D Bruce
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yongping Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yuanqing Gao
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cristina Garcia-Caceres
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vincent Prévot
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert H Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hervé Le Stunff
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Bâtiment Buffon, P. O. box 7126, 4, rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Halle, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Serge Luquet
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Bâtiment Buffon, P. O. box 7126, 4, rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Halle, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Bâtiment Buffon, P. O. box 7126, 4, rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Halle, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France.
| | - Céline Cruciani-Guglielmacci
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Bâtiment Buffon, P. O. box 7126, 4, rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Halle, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France.
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