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Significant response to amantadine in a patient with malignant catatonia: A case report. Eur Psychiatry 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeCatatonia is a complication of bipolar disorder, which is a constellation of symptoms such as catalepsy, mutism, and stupor. Standard therapy for catatonia contains benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy. An uncomplicated catatonia is usually a benign condition. On the other hand, malignant catatonia is a life-threatening condition that is complicated with fever, autonomic instability, delirium, and rigidity. The syndrome is typically fulminant and progresses rapidly within a few days without appropriate intervention. Several previous reports suggested that some catatonia are associated with the overstimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and that amantadine may have an effectiveness for catatonia, as a NMDA receptor antagonist. We report a case of successful treatment for malignant catatonia refractory to benzodiazepines, by using amantadine.Materials and methods/caseA 64-year-old Japanese woman with bipolar disorder was referred to our hospital because of 8-week prolonged fever. On admission, she was in febrile and stuporous states. Severe rigidity was observed in her extremities. Blood tests, lumbar puncture, and blood cultures were all negative. Brain MRI was normal. Consequently, we reached a diagnosis of malignant catatonia, and thus we gave additional benzodiazepines for her catatonic symptoms. However, there was no improvement, and we finally add a 50 mg/day amantadine for her malignant catatonic state.ResultHer fever resolved in a few days. Gradual dose-titration of amantadine led her clinical manifestation to completely disappeared.ConclusionAmantadine can be a potential option as one of the pharmacological therapies for refractory malignant catatonia.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Current status of in-hospital donation coordinators in Japan: nationwide survey. Transplant Proc 2013; 45:1295-300. [PMID: 23726554 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES When the Japanese Organ Transplantation Act was issued, the Japanese Organ Transplantation Network (JOT) was established in 1997. JOT lists recipients, assesses and manages organ donors, and educates publics and headquarters for organ donations. JOT procurement transplant coordinators (PTC) play roles in obtaining consent from relatives for organ donation, donor evaluation and management, organ recovery management, organ transport, and care of donor families during and after donation. Every prefecture has at least one PTC who is mainly working in public education and hospital development. They also help the JOT PTC at the time of organ procurement. Most prefectures commission hospital staff in the procurement hospital to be an in-hospital PTC (In-Hp PTC), who make their hospital staff aware of organ donation and support organ procurement. Although the Act was revised in 2010 with brain-dead organ donation increased from 13 to 44 cases yearly, the number was still extremely smaller than other developed countries. In these circumstances, In-Hp PTC may play greater roles to increase donation and smooth procurement procedures Our primary aim was to describe the current status of In-Hp PTC in Japan. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between December 15, 2011, and January 31, 2012, we invited 1889 In-Hp PTC to complete a letter survey using a self-designed questionnaire. In all, 56 In-Hp PTC (40%) completed and returned it. RESULTS The occupation of the respondents was nurse (66%), physician (18%), or other (16%). Although 52% of respondents belonged to the hospital, which was designated for brain-death organ donation by the government, only 46% had any experience with a cadaveric donor. Only 2% were full-time In-Hp PTC. They mainly played a role in preparing their own manual for organ procurement (57%), providing in-hospital lectures (44%) or their own simulation exercise (29%), as well as coordinating donation cases. Although 77% had attended seminar about organ donation provided by JOT or the prefecture PTC, 93% wanted more professional education. However, it was difficult for them to attend these activities, to manage a rare and sudden donation case, and to find time to learn about organ donation because they had another post. The topics that they wanted to learn were donor family care (72%), overall organ/tissue donation procedures (65%), the role of In-Hp PTC (67%), simulations of donation (65%), legislation and social system of organ donation (61%), medical indications for donation (61%), current status of donation and transplantation in Japan (57%), donor management (56%), and case studies (49%). There were significant variations in the topics of interest among the occupations. As they had another post, they could find only a short period (1 or 2 days) to take professional education, such as lectures. Therefore, it was difficult for them to attend practical on-the-job training. CONCLUSIONS To establish an organ procurement system and increase organ donation, In-Hp PTC have important roles in Japan. However, none is a full-time In-Hp PTC. Most In-Hp PTC require more professional education. A systematic education program for each occupation must be established soon.
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Neonatal outcome and birth defects in 2,821 singletons born following minimal ovarian stimulation and fresh cleavage versus vitrified blastocyst single embryo transfer. Fertil Steril 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.07.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The restorative effects of adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (A-MSCs) on damaged ovaries. Fertil Steril 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.07.1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cumulative pregnancy rates after minimal ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.07.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Stem cells. Hum Reprod 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Oophorectomy for Fertility Preservation Via Reduced Port Surgery. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2012.08.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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hCG administration for oocyte maturation impair endometrial differentiation and post-implantation embryo development. Fertil Steril 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.07.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Uterine autotransplantation in cynomolgus macaques: the first case of pregnancy and delivery. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:2332-40. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Modification of the Education System for Organ Procurement Coordinators in Japan After the Revision of the Japanese Organ Transplantation Act. Transplant Proc 2012; 44:851-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Development of mouse and human embryos in a low humidity incubator. Fertil Steril 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.07.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Cytodiagnosis through use of a z-axis video by volunteer observers: a promising tool for external quality assessment. Cytopathology 2011; 22:88-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2303.2010.00774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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POSTER VIEWING SESSION - MALE AND FEMALE FERTILITY PRESERVATION. Hum Reprod 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/26.s1.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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SELECTED ORAL COMMUNICATION SESSION, SESSION 69: ENDOCRINOLOGY AND POF Wednesday 6 July 2011 14:00 - 15:45. Hum Reprod 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/26.s1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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59 THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF MANAGING ECTOPIC PREGNANCIES WITH TRANSVAGINAL ULTRASOUND-GUIDED LOCAL INJECTIONS OF ABSOLUTE. Reprod Biomed Online 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)62477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Increased longevity of old infertile mice after allo-transplantation of young mice ovaries. Fertil Steril 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.07.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Clinical analysis of pregnancy rate and multiple-pregnancy rate in case of single embryo transfer by vitrification method. Fertil Steril 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.07.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cytogenetic study in early spontaneous abortion after IVF and ICSI. Fertil Steril 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.07.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Posters * Reproductive Genetics (PGD/PGS). Hum Reprod 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/de.25.s1.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Posters * Fertility Preservation. Hum Reprod 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/de.25.s1.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25. Highly efficient vitrification for clinical cryopreservation of human oocytes. Cryobiology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2009.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Near-infrared (NIR) analysis of day 2 embryo culture media from the cohort of patients morphologically good grade embryos. Fertil Steril 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.07.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Natural cycle IVF is an excellent treatment option for women with advanced age. Fertil Steril 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.07.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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In vitro and in vivo developmental ability of the embryo derived from pronuclear microinjection using Piezo-micromanipulator in cattle. Fertil Steril 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.07.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The application of GnRH antagonist in the natural cycle IVF. Fertil Steril 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.07.1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Development of the safety cytoplasmic exchange method in pronuclear stage oocyte; prevention of mitochondria coexistence in cytoplasmic that used the pronuclear microinjection. Fertil Steril 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.07.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Large scale results for in-vitro fertilization (IVF) using mild stimulation. Outcome from over 19,000 cycles. Fertil Steril 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.07.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Osada procedure for massive adenomyosis. Fertil Steril 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.07.916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Evaluation of minimal stimulation IVF with clomiphene citrate and hMG. Fertil Steril 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Natural IVF cycles showed high pregnancy rate. Fertil Steril 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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P-728. Fertil Steril 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.07.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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P-772. Fertil Steril 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.07.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Effects of Aromatase Inhibitor Letrozole in PCO Infertile Patients for Moderate Ovulation. Fertil Steril 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
A case of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in stomach was presented. Serial barium meal x-ray examinations revealed an enlarging elevated lesion on the fornix of the stomach. Tumor volume doubling time was found to be 299 days. Microscopic and immunohistochemical studies of the resected tumor disclosed GIST, uncommitted type, low grade malignant/potentially malignant. A radiographic feature of this rare type of gastric submucosal tumor was demonstrated in this report.
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Developmental Ability and Normality of Mouse Oocytes Reconstructed by Pronuclear Transfer. Fertil Steril 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(00)00825-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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A crossover study of oral administration of UFT in chronic liver disease: comparison of continuous and intermittent schedules. Anticancer Drugs 1998; 9:399-404. [PMID: 9660536 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-199806000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at evaluating the tolerance to an intermittently administered oral UFT for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with chronic liver disease (CLD). Ten patients who had received curative therapy for HCC with CLD (Child's classification A or B) were randomly assigned either an intermittent schedule (IS), oral administration of UFT (130 mg/m2/b.i.d.) with 2 days rest a week, or a continuous schedule (CS), consecutive administration of UFT with the same dose. On day 12, the serum concentration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was measured. After 2 weeks rest, the patients were switched to the other schedule for 10 weeks and the concentration of 5-FU was measured on day 12. The median values of the area under the curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax) of 5-FU in IS and CS were 187.7 and 263.2 ng/ml/h, 57.1 and 93.0 ng/ml, respectively. Both the AUC and Cmax for IS were significantly lower than those for CS. One IS patient had tolerable diarrhea, while three of the CS patients had intolerable nausea and one had hemorrhagic gastritis. IS seemed to be a suitable measure for CLD.
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Serum DNA polymerase beta as an indicator for fatal liver injury of rat induced by D-galactosamine hydrochloride and lipopolysaccharide. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1380:369-76. [PMID: 9555097 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(98)00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) is a nuclear enzyme that is tightly bound to chromatin. Release of the pol beta activity into serum, therefore, may indicate the occurrence of massive destruction of cell nuclei in organs or tissues. In the present study, we made a liver injury model rat by the intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine hydrochloride (GalN, 500 mg/kg) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 microg/kg). Serum from the GalN/LPS-treated rats showed a high level of pol beta activity up to 118 pmol/0.5 microl serum (4700 cpm) at 12 h after the treatment, while the control rat serum showed the back ground level (3.8 pmol/0. 5 microl, 150+/-70 cpm). The serum pol beta activity was sensitive to inhibition by 2',3'-dideoxyTTP and by an anti-rat pol beta antibody. Among 30 rats treated with GalN/LPS, 10 rats died within 120 h (dead group). Serum pol beta activity in the dead group was as high as 23.0+/-19.5 pmol/0.5 microl (925+/-778 cpm) at 10 h after the treatment, while in alive group (n=20), it was 3.7+/-3.2 pmol. Levels of the serum pol beta activity correlated well with the prognosis of GalN/LPS-treated rats based on an analysis of the receiver-operator characteristic curves.
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Carboplatin as an anticancer agent for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology 1997; 54:28-33. [PMID: 8978589 DOI: 10.1159/000227657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a conservative treatment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, 30 patients with unresectable HCC underwent TACE using carboplatin (300 mg), and their clinical results were evaluated. After TACE, 18 (60.0%) of 30 patients demonstrated tumor size reduction rates > or = 50%. Of 23 patients with pretreatment serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels >20 ng/ml (cutoff), 14 (60.9%) showed AFP reduction > or = 75%. The 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-year survival rates were 82.9, 68.1, 45.1 and 37.6%, respectively. The median survival was 2.3 years. The only notable adverse reaction accompanying TACE was a transient myelosuppression. Carboplatin is thought to be a useful anticancer agent in patients with HCC treated with TACE.
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[Early detection of primary liver cancer--diagnosis of small liver cancer by needle aspiration biopsy]. RINSHO BYORI. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 1994; 42:1029-1035. [PMID: 7996711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Small liver cancer is defined as a solitary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with a diameter less than 2cm. To detect liver cancer as early as possible, patients with liver cirrhosis are screened by ultrasound scanning. Pathological diagnosis in needle aspiration biopsy materials is needed because of low positivity of imaging other than ultrasound scanning. Pathological features are different from those of classical hepatocellular carcinoma. Most of the small HCCs are characterized by the following features: (1) increased cellularity, (2) increased nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, (3) irregular thin trabecular pattern, (4) pseudoglandular or acinar structures, (5) increased staining affinity (eosinophilic/basophilic), (6) frequent fatty change, and (7) residue of the portal tract. Capsules of HCCs, 1-1.5 cm in diameter, are formed. Before the formation of capsules, cancerous cells show a replacing growth pattern. Two cases of small HCC are presented, and these characteristic features are explained.
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[Isolation of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Saga Medical School Hospital]. KANSENSHOGAKU ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1993; 67:718-23. [PMID: 8409579 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.67.718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A recent nationwide increase in beta-lactams-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae has attracted a great deal of attention. We studied the drug sensitivity of S. pneumoniae isolated from various clinical specimens in Saga Medical School Hospital between April 1988 and December 1991. To determine the drug sensitivity of the strains, we used a micro-dilution method and determined the MIC. Drug resistance was evaluated using MIC of ampicillin (ABPC) as a reference MIC, and the results were roughly classified into the following three groups: sensitive (< or = 0.1 microgram/ml), moderately resistant (0.2-3.13 micrograms/ml) and highly resistant (> or = 6.25 micrograms/ml). The isolation frequency was calculated on the basis of one strain from one patient. No strain of S. pneumoniae with high resistance against ABPC was found in 1988 (94 strains of S. pneumoniae were isolated) and 1990 (115 strains isolated), but one such strain (0.8%) was found among 129 strains isolated in 1989, and 2 such strains (2.4%) among 84 strains isolated in 1991. Moderately resistant strains were isolated at the frequencies of 12.8%, 15.5%, 22.6%, and 21.4% respectively, in 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1991. A sum of the frequencies of "moderately resistant" and "highly resistant" (2.4%) strains was 23.8% in 1991. The frequency of resistant strains is increasing and the intensity of resistance is also being elevated.
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