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Determination of concentration-dependent transport coefficients in nanofiltration: Experimental evaluation of coefficients. J Memb Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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The coupling of an enzymatic reaction to transmembrane flow of electric current in a synthetic "active transport" system. Biophys J 2008; 7:735-57. [PMID: 19210996 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(67)86620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
If a chemical reaction is constrained to occur within an asymmetric structure, e.g. by the presence of bound or otherwise trapped enzyme, coupling of the reaction to the flow of one or more solutes, or to the flow of electric current, becomes possible. Such systems can serve as models in which transport is "driven" by chemical reaction. In this respect the processes involved are analogous to active transport, though the molecular mechanisms may be quite different from those in nature. A simple arrangement of this kind has been studied: a composite membrane consisting of two ion exchange membranes of opposite fixed charge, separated by an intermediate layer of solution containing papain. An uncharged substrate of low molecular weight acts as "fuel" for the system, N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid diamide. This material (not previously described) hydrolyzes in the presence of papain to ammonium N-acetyl-L-glutamine. The composite membrane gives rise to an electromotive force, ultimately reaching a stationary state, when clamped between two identical solutions in which the affinity of the reaction has been fixed. Onsager's reciprocity relation has not hitherto been tested in a case of coupling between chemical reaction and a vectorial flow (here electric current); its validity for this system, in which stationary-state coupling occurs, was established over the experimental range of affinities (up to 3 kcal/mole).
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Erratum to “Determination of concentration-dependent transport coefficients in nanofiltration: Defining and optimal set of coefficients” [J. Membr. Sci. 310 (2008) 586–593]. J Memb Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Definition of volume flow in the Kedem-Katchalsky formulism of electroosmosis. Comments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100640a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hyperfiltration in charged membranes. Prediction of salt rejection from equilibrium measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100668a023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ion Separation by Hyperfiltration Through Charged Membranes. II. Separation Performance of Collodion-Polybase Membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/i260042a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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A chlorine-free anode for electrodialysis1This paper was presented at the IDA Congress in Madrid, Spain, October 6–9, 1997.1. Sep Purif Technol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5866(98)00093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Graded Autocatalysis Replication Domain (GARD): kinetic analysis of self-replication in mutually catalytic sets. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 1998; 28:501-14. [PMID: 11536890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
A Graded Autocatalysis Replication Domain (GARD) model is proposed, which provides a rigorous kinetic analysis of simple chemical sets that manifest mutual catalysis. It is shown that catalytic closure can sustain self replication up to a critical dilution rate, lambda c, related to the graded extent of mutual catalysis. We explore the behavior of vesicles containing GARD species whose mutual catalysis is governed by a previously published statistical distribution. In the population thus generated, some GARD vesicles display a significantly higher replication efficiency than most others. GARD thus represents a simple model for primordial chemical selection of mutually catalytic sets.
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Emulsion polymer technology. J Colloid Interface Sci 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9797(92)90064-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Continuous ethanol production by immobilized yeast reactor coupled with membrane pervaporation unit. Biotechnol Bioeng 1991; 38:869-76. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260380808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Soluble, polymeric condensate of dibenzo-18-crown-6 and formaldehyde; synthesis, characterization and absorption of anionic copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0923-1137(90)90076-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Commentary on 'Thermodynamic Analysis of the Permeability of Biological Membranes to Non-Electrolytes'. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 1000:411-2. [PMID: 2673394 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3002(89)80036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
"Liquid" and "plasticized" solvent membranes are of interest as possible analogues of biological systems. Semipermeable homogeneous films are prepared by plasticizing polyvinylchloride with organic phosphates. Water permeability of such films is relatively high. For a material containing 70% of 1.4-dihydroxyphenyl-bis(dibutylphosphate), the diffusion coefficient of water at room temperature was estimated to be about 1 x 10(-6) cm(2)/sec. Conditioning of a plasticized membrane, under the osmotic gradient of solution of sodium nitrate, leads to profound changes in its morphology and to a drastic increase of its water permeability. The induced changes are reversible to a large extent. Their reversibility in various solutions may be correlated with the respective differences in permselectivity. The structure of expanded membranes and the mechanism of changes taking place under the osmotic gradients are discussed.
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Selective uranyl-nitrate permeation through plasticized poly(vinylchloride) membranes: correlation of fluxes with complexation rates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-1902(69)80604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
In order to analyze the energetics of active transport, a hypothetical carrier model is considered in which the active transport process is reduced to a minimal number of elementary steps. The relation between the following three quantities is examined: The affinity of the reaction driving the active transport, the ratio of isotope fluxes between identical solutions ("short-circuit"), and the maximal chemical potential difference which the active transport system can maintain. The interdependence of isotopeinteraction and the degree of coupling between transport and chemical reaction is shown explicitly: when the transport and chemical reaction are completely coupled, there is marked isotope interaction. In general, the logarithm of the short-circuit flux ratio (multiplied by RT) and the maximal chemical potential are not equal. The two quantities are approximately equal, when coupling between metabolism and transport is very loose, or when the reaction step is much faster than the transfer of the adsorbed solute across the barrier. Without prior knowledge of the kinetic parameters of the carrier, the maximal potential and the dependence of the metabolic reaction on solute flow have to be measured in order to derive the affinity of the driving reaction. Measurement of the flux ratio in the same system will then yield independent information on the carrier mechanism.
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Papain--collodion membranes. II. Analysis of the kinetic behavior of enzymes immobilized in artificial membranes. Biochemistry 1968; 7:4518-32. [PMID: 5700670 DOI: 10.1021/bi00852a048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Papain-collodion membranes. I. Preparation and properties. Biochemistry 1968; 7:486-500. [PMID: 5642388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Effect of vasopressin on toad bladder under conditions of zero net sodium transport. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1966; 211:569-75. [PMID: 5927883 DOI: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1966.211.3.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Studies in irreversible thermodynamics. 3. Models for steady state and active transport across membranes. J Theor Biol 1966; 10:399-441. [PMID: 5964690 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(66)90136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
The reflection coefficient was originally introduced by Staverman to describe the movement of nonelectrolytes through membranes. When this coefficient is extended to salts, one has a choice of defining this term for the whole salt moving as a single electrically neutral component or for the individual ions of the salt. The latter definition is meaningful only in the absence of an electric field across the permeability barrier. This condition may be achieved with the voltage clamp or short-circuit technique and is especially useful in dealing with biological systems in which one rarely has only a single salt or even equal concentrations of the major anion and cation. The relations between the transport coefficients for the salt and its individual ions are derived. The special conditions which may result in negative osmosis through a charged membrane in the presence of a salt are discussed.
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[Etiology of uric acid lithiasis. I. Solubility of uric acid and sodium urate in buffer solution]. REVUE FRANCAISE D'ETUDES CLINIQUES ET BIOLOGIQUES 1966; 11:40-8. [PMID: 5907274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
A stable papain membrane has been prepared on a collodion matrix by absorbing papain in a collodion membrane and then cross-linking the papain with bisdiazobenzidine 3,3'-disulfonic acid. The pH-dependence of the activity of the enzyme membrane on the low-molecular-weight substrate, benzoylarginine ethyl ester, was found to differ from that of crystalline papain; the activity was low in the neutral pH range where the native enzyme has its optimum and high at alkaline pH. This anomalous behavior is due to a lowering of the local pH within the membrane as a result of the release of acid by the enzymic hydrolysis of the ester substrate.
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Studies on the etiology of uric acid lithiasis. IV. Urinary non-dialyzable substances in idiopathic uric acid lithiasis. J Urol 1965; 94:286-92. [PMID: 5828318 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)63617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
Precise evaluation of permeability of biological tissues is often prevented by imprecise knowledge of operative forces. This problem has been approached by analysis of fluxes of isotopic species applied to opposite surfaces of a membrane. A simple and rather general flux ratio equation has been derived which may permit evaluation of membrane permeability, even without knowledge of forces, or of the nature of active transport processes. Permeability as thus defined should be insensitive to coupled flows, either of other species or of metabolism. In appropriate circumstances application of the equation may permit evaluation of the contributions of the various processes to the transport of the examined species. Composite series membranes would be expected to obey the unmodified general equation. Heterogeneous parallel pathways would alter the relation in a predictable manner. The effect of isotope interaction is specifically incorporated. The formulation is applied to consideration of energetics of active transport.
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Water flow in the presence of active transport. SYMPOSIA OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 1965; 19:61-73. [PMID: 5849053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Description of the transport of solvent and ions through membranes in terms of differential coefficients. Part 1.—Phenomenological characterization of flows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1961. [DOI: 10.1039/tf9615701185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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