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Islam T, Islam R, Basak M, Roy AD, Arman MA, Paul S, Shandra O, Ali SR. Performance investigation of epilepsy detection from noisy EEG signals using base-2-meta stacking classifier. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10792. [PMID: 38734752 PMCID: PMC11088643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease, characterized by spontaneous, unprovoked, recurrent seizures that may lead to long-term disability and premature death. Despite significant efforts made to improve epilepsy detection clinically and pre-clinically, the pervasive presence of noise in EEG signals continues to pose substantial challenges to their effective application. In addition, discriminant features for epilepsy detection have not been investigated yet. The objective of this study is to develop a hybrid model for epilepsy detection from noisy and fragmented EEG signals. We hypothesized that a hybrid model could surpass existing single models in epilepsy detection. Our approach involves manual noise rejection and a novel statistical channel selection technique to detect epilepsy even from noisy EEG signals. Our proposed Base-2-Meta stacking classifier achieved notable accuracy (0.98 ± 0.05), precision (0.98 ± 0.07), recall (0.98 ± 0.05), and F1 score (0.98 ± 0.04) even with noisy 5-s segmented EEG signals. Application of our approach to the specific problem like detection of epilepsy from noisy and fragmented EEG data reveals a performance that is not only superior to others, but also is translationally relevant, highlighting its potential application in a clinic setting, where EEG signals are often noisy or scanty. Our proposed metric DF-A (Discriminant feature-accuracy), for the first time, identified the most discriminant feature with models that give A accuracy or above (A = 95 used in this study). This groundbreaking approach allows for detecting discriminant features and can be used as potential electrographic biomarkers in epilepsy detection research. Moreover, our study introduces innovative insights into the understanding of these features, epilepsy detection, and cross-validation, markedly improving epilepsy detection in ways previously unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torikul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9230, Bangladesh.
| | - Redwanul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9230, Bangladesh
| | - Monisha Basak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9230, Bangladesh
| | - Amit Dutta Roy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9230, Bangladesh
| | - Md Adil Arman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Samanta Paul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Oleksii Shandra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sk Rahat Ali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9230, Bangladesh
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Browning JL, Wilson KA, Shandra O, Wei X, Mahmutovic D, Maharathi B, Robel S, VandeVord PJ, Olsen ML. Applying Proteomics and Computational Approaches to Identify Novel Targets in Blast-Associated Post-Traumatic Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2880. [PMID: 38474127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). Blast TBI (bTBI) found in Veterans presents with several complications, including cognitive and behavioral disturbances and PTE; however, the underlying mechanisms that drive the long-term sequelae are not well understood. Using an unbiased proteomics approach in a mouse model of repeated bTBI (rbTBI), this study addresses this gap in the knowledge. After rbTBI, mice were monitored using continuous, uninterrupted video-EEG for up to four months. Following this period, we collected cortex and hippocampus tissues from three groups of mice: those with post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE+), those without epilepsy (PTE-), and the control group (sham). Hundreds of differentially expressed proteins were identified in the cortex and hippocampus of PTE+ and PTE- relative to sham. Focusing on protein pathways unique to PTE+, pathways related to mitochondrial function, post-translational modifications, and transport were disrupted. Computational metabolic modeling using dysregulated protein expression predicted mitochondrial proton pump dysregulation, suggesting electron transport chain dysregulation in the epileptic tissue relative to PTE-. Finally, data mining enabled the identification of several novel and previously validated TBI and epilepsy biomarkers in our data set, many of which were found to already be targeted by drugs in various phases of clinical testing. These findings highlight novel proteins and protein pathways that may drive the chronic PTE sequelae following rbTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack L Browning
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Genetics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Kelsey A Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Oleksii Shandra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Xiaoran Wei
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Dzenis Mahmutovic
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Biswajit Maharathi
- Neurology & Rehabilitation, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Stefanie Robel
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Pamela J VandeVord
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Salem Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Salem, VA 24153, USA
| | - Michelle L Olsen
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Gudenschwager-Basso EK, Shandra O, Volanth T, Patel DC, Kelly C, Browning JL, Wei X, Harris EA, Mahmutovic D, Kaloss AM, Correa FG, Decker J, Maharathi B, Robel S, Sontheimer H, VandeVord PJ, Olsen ML, Theus MH. Atypical Neurogenesis, Astrogliosis, and Excessive Hilar Interneuron Loss Are Associated with the Development of Post-Traumatic Epilepsy. Cells 2023; 12:1248. [PMID: 37174647 PMCID: PMC10177146 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant risk factor for post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the injury-induced epileptogenesis are under investigation. The dentate gyrus-a structure that is highly susceptible to injury-has been implicated in the evolution of seizure development. METHODS Utilizing the murine unilateral focal control cortical impact (CCI) injury, we evaluated seizure onset using 24/7 EEG video analysis at 2-4 months post-injury. Cellular changes in the dentate gyrus and hilus of the hippocampus were quantified by unbiased stereology and Imaris image analysis to evaluate Prox1-positive cell migration, astrocyte branching, and morphology, as well as neuronal loss at four months post-injury. Isolation of region-specific astrocytes and RNA-Seq were performed to determine differential gene expression in animals that developed post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE+) vs. those animals that did not (PTE-), which may be associated with epileptogenesis. RESULTS CCI injury resulted in 37% PTE incidence, which increased with injury severity and hippocampal damage. Histological assessments uncovered a significant loss of hilar interneurons that coincided with aberrant migration of Prox1-positive granule cells and reduced astroglial branching in PTE+ compared to PTE- mice. We uniquely identified Cst3 as a PTE+-specific gene signature in astrocytes across all brain regions, which showed increased astroglial expression in the PTE+ hilus. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that epileptogenesis may emerge following TBI due to distinct aberrant cellular remodeling events and key molecular changes in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oleksii Shandra
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Troy Volanth
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Dipan C. Patel
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Colin Kelly
- Translational Biology Medicine and Health Graduate Program, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jack L. Browning
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xiaoran Wei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E.A.H.)
| | - Elizabeth A. Harris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E.A.H.)
| | - Dzenis Mahmutovic
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Alexandra M. Kaloss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E.A.H.)
| | | | - Jeremy Decker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Biswajit Maharathi
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Stefanie Robel
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | | | - Pamela J. VandeVord
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - Michelle H. Theus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E.A.H.)
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center for Engineered Health, Viginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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George KK, Heithoff BP, Shandra O, Robel S. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury/Concussion Initiates an Atypical Astrocyte Response Caused by Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:211-226. [PMID: 34806422 PMCID: PMC8785769 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury/concussion (mTBI) accounts for 70-90% of all reported TBI cases and causes long-lasting neurological consequences in 10-40% of patients. Recent clinical studies revealed increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in mTBI patients, which correlated with secondary damage after mTBI. However, the cascade of cellular events initiated by exposure to blood-borne factors resulting in sustained damage is not fully understood. We previously reported that astrocytes respond atypically to mTBI, rapidly losing many proteins essential to their homeostatic function, while classic scar formation does not occur. Here, we tested the hypothesis that mTBI-induced BBB damage causes atypical astrocytes through exposure to blood-borne factors. Using an mTBI mouse model, two-photon imaging, an endothelial cell-specific genetic ablation approach, and serum-free primary astrocyte cultures, we demonstrated that areas with atypical astrocytes coincide with BBB damage and that exposure of astrocytes to plasma proteins is sufficient to initiate loss of astrocyte homeostatic proteins. Although mTBI resulted in frequent impairment of both physical and metabolic BBB properties and leakage of small-sized blood-borne factors, deposition of the coagulation factor fibrinogen or vessel rupture were rare. Surprisingly, even months after mTBI, BBB repair did not occur in areas with atypical astrocytes. Together, these findings implicate that even relatively small BBB disturbances are sustained long term, and render nearby astrocytes dysfunctional, likely at the cost of neuronal health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijana K. George
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Benjamin P. Heithoff
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Oleksii Shandra
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Stefanie Robel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Address correspondence to: Stefanie Robel, PhD, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, McCallum Basic Health Sciences Building, 9th floor, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0006, USA
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Shandra O, Winemiller A, Heithoff B, Munoz-Ballester C, George K, Benko MJ, Zuidhoek I, Besser M, Curley D, Edwards GF, Mey A, Harrington A, Kitchen J, Robel S. Repetitive Diffuse Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Causes an Atypical Astrocyte Response and Spontaneous Recurrent Seizures. Neurosurgery 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa447_413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of acquired epilepsy. TBI can result in a focal or diffuse brain injury. Focal injury is a result of direct mechanical forces, sometimes penetrating through the cranium, creating a direct lesion in the brain tissue. These are visible during brain imaging as areas with contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage. Focal lesions induce neuronal death and glial scar formation and are present in 20%-25% of all people who incur a TBI. However, in the majority of TBI cases, injury is caused by acceleration-deceleration forces and subsequent tissue shearing, resulting in nonfocal, diffuse damage. A subpopulation of TBI patients continues to develop post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) after a latency period of months or years. Currently, it is impossible to predict which patients will develop PTE, and seizures in PTE patients are challenging to control, necessitating further research. Until recently, the field was limited to only two animal/rodent models with validated spontaneous post-traumatic seizures, both presenting with large focal lesions with massive tissue loss in the cortex and sometimes subcortical structures. In contrast to these approaches, it was determined that diffuse TBI induced using a modified weight drop model is sufficient to initiate development of spontaneous convulsive and non-convulsive seizures, even in the absence of focal lesions or tissue loss. Similar to human patients with acquired post-traumatic epilepsy, this model presents with a latency period after injury before seizure onset. In this protocol, the community will be provided with a new model of post-traumatic epilepsy, detailing how to induce diffuse non-lesional TBI followed by continuous long-term video-electroencephalographic animal monitoring over the course of several months. This protocol will detail animal handling, the weight drop procedure, the electrode placement for two acquisition systems, and the frequent challenges encountered during each of the steps of surgery, postoperative monitoring, and data acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii Shandra
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion
| | - Stefanie Robel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion; School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech; Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech;
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Galanopoulou AS, Mowrey WB, Liu W, Li Q, Shandra O, Moshé SL. Preclinical Screening for Treatments for Infantile Spasms in the Multiple Hit Rat Model of Infantile Spasms: An Update. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1949-1961. [PMID: 28462453 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infantile spasms are the typical seizures of West syndrome, an infantile epileptic encephalopathy with poor outcomes. There is an increasing need to identify more effective and better tolerated treatments for infantile spasms. We have optimized the rat model of infantile spasms due to structural etiology, the multiple-hit rat model, for therapy discovery. Here, we test three compounds administered after spasms induction in the multiple hit model for efficacy and tolerability. Specifically, postnatal day 3 (PN3) male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by right intracerebral injections of doxorubicin and lipopolysaccharide. On PN5 p-chlorophenylalanine was given intraperitoneally (i.p.). Daily monitoring of weights and developmental milestones was done and rats were intermittently video monitored. A blinded, randomized, vehicle-controlled study design was followed. The caspase 1 inhibitor VX-765 (50-200 mg/kg i.p.) and the GABAB receptor inhibitor CGP35348 (12.5-100 mg/kg i.p.) each was administered in different cohorts as single intraperitoneal injections on PN4, using a dose- and time-response design with intermittent monitoring till PN5. 17β-estradiol (40 ng/g/day subcutaneously) was given daily between PN3-10 and intermittent monitoring was done till PN12. None of the treatments demonstrated acute or delayed effects on spasms, yet all were well tolerated. We discuss the implications for therapy discovery and challenges of replication trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Montefiore/Einstein Epilepsy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Kennedy Center Rm 306, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Wenzhu B Mowrey
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Qianyun Li
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Oleksii Shandra
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Solomon L Moshé
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Montefiore/Einstein Epilepsy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Kennedy Center Rm 306, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Abstract
West syndrome (WS) is an infantile epileptic encephalopathy that manifests with infantile spasms (IS), hypsarrhythmia (in ~60% of infants), and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. The etiologies of WS can be structural-metabolic pathologies (~60%), genetic (12%-15%), or of unknown origin. The current treatment options include hormonal treatment (adrenocorticotropic hormone and high-dose steroids) and the GABA aminotransferase inhibitor vigabatrin, while ketogenic diet can be given as add-on treatment in refractory IS. There is a need to identify new therapeutic targets and more effective treatments for WS. Theories about the role of inflammatory pathways in the pathogenesis and treatment of WS have emerged, being supported by both clinical and preclinical data from animal models of WS. Ongoing advances in genetics have revealed numerous genes involved in the pathogenesis of WS, including genes directly or indirectly involved in inflammation. Inflammatory pathways also interact with other signaling pathways implicated in WS, such as the neuroendocrine pathway. Furthermore, seizures may also activate proinflammatory pathways raising the possibility that inflammation can be a consequence of seizures and epileptogenic processes. With this targeted review, we plan to discuss the evidence pro and against the following key questions. Does activation of inflammatory pathways in the brain cause epilepsy in WS and does it contribute to the associated comorbidities and progression? Can activation of certain inflammatory pathways be a compensatory or protective event? Are there interactions between inflammation and the neuroendocrine system that contribute to the pathogenesis of WS? Does activation of brain inflammatory signaling pathways contribute to the transition of WS to Lennox-Gastaut syndrome? Are there any lead candidates or unexplored targets for future therapy development for WS targeting inflammation?
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii Shandra
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Solomon L Moshé
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Montefiore/Einstein Epilepsy Center, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Montefiore/Einstein Epilepsy Center, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.
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