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Shafi Abdurahman O, Last A, Macleod D, Habtamu E, Versteeg B, Dumessa G, Guye M, Nure R, Adugna D, Miecha H, Greenland K, Burton MJ. Trachoma risk factors in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011679. [PMID: 37934731 PMCID: PMC10629622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trachoma, the leading infectious cause of blindness, is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct). Despite enormous disease control efforts and encouraging progress, trachoma remains a significant public health problem in 44 countries. Ethiopia has the greatest burden of trachoma worldwide, however, robust data exploring transmission risk factors and the association between socio-economic status is lacking from some regions. This is the first study to investigate these factors in this South-Eastern region of Oromia, Ethiopia. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 1211 individuals were enrolled from 247 households in Shashemene Rural district in Oromia Region between 11th April and 25th June 2018, of whom 628 (51.9%) were female and 526 (43.4%) were children aged 1-9 years. Three standardised ophthalmic nurses examined each participant for the presence of active trachoma using the WHO simplified trachoma grading system. Conjunctival swab samples were collected from the upper tarsal conjunctiva of the left eye of each participant. Ct was detected using quantitative PCR. Risk factor data were collected through structured interviews and direct observations. Clinical signs of trachomatous inflammation-follicular among children aged 1-9 (TF1-9) were observed in at least one eye of 106/526 (20.2%) and trachomatous inflammation-intense among children aged 1-9 (TI1-9) were observed in at least one eye of 10/526 (1.9%). We detected Ct by PCR in 23 individuals, of whom 18 (78.3%) were in children aged 1-9 years. Among the 106 children aged 1-9 years with TF, 12 (11.3%) were Ct PCR positive and among 20 children aged 1-9 years with TI, 4 (20.0%) were Ct PCR positive. In a multivariable model, adjusting for household clustering, active trachoma was associated with younger age, the poorest households (aOR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.21-5.51), presence of flies on the face (aOR = 2.87, 95% CI 1.69-6.46), and ocular discharge (aOR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.03-3.24). Pre-school children face washing more than once a day had lower odds of having active trachoma (aOR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.19-0.84). The same was true for washing children's clothing at least once per week (aOR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.33-1.02). CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Younger age, personal hygiene in this age group (presence of ocular and nasal discharges, infrequent washing of faces and clothing) and fly-eye contacts are potential risk factors for trachoma in this setting, suggesting that hygiene interventions and environmental improvements are required to suppress transmission to ensure sustained reduction in disease burden Further studies are needed to evaluate these interventions for trachoma control and elimination. Trachoma remains a disease associated with lower socio-economic status, emphasising the need for continued implementation of control measures in addition to poverty reduction interventions in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumer Shafi Abdurahman
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anna Last
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Macleod
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Esmael Habtamu
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Versteeg
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Meseret Guye
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rufia Nure
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Adugna
- Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hirpha Miecha
- Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Katie Greenland
- Environmental Health Group, Department for Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical. Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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Robinson A, Gomes LRDO, Abdurahman OS, Alemayehu W, Shuka G, Melese E, Guye M, Legesse D, Elias E, Temam K, Koro KH, Adugna D, Seife F, Aga MA, Sarah V, Lambert SM, Walker SL, Habtamu E, Solomon AW, Last A, Macleod D, Burton MJ, Logan JG. Evaluation of the efficacy of insecticide-treated scarves to protect children from the trachoma vector Musca sorbens (Diptera: Muscidae): A phase II randomised controlled trial in Oromia, Ethiopia. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 49:101487. [PMID: 35747196 PMCID: PMC9189873 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The eye-seeking fly Musca sorbens can act as a vector for ocular Chlamydia trachomatis, causing trachoma, yet there has been very little research on control measures. We investigated whether insect repellent products, specifically insecticide-treated clothing, could provide personal protection to the user from eye-seeking flies. Methods We first conducted a series of phase I laboratory studies to inform our choice of field intervention. We then conducted a phase II randomised controlled trial testing the efficacy of permethrin-treated scarves (PTS) in reducing fly-face contact in Oromia, Ethiopia. Children aged 4-10 years in full health and with no known adverse reactions to permethrin or other insecticides were allocated to either arm using restricted randomisation. Intervention arm children wore Insect Shield® versatile wraps (as PTS) for 28 days. The primary outcomes, fly-eye, -nose and -mouth contact, were assessed on the first day (0/30/60/180 minutes), on day 7 and on day 28. All participants present per timepoint were included in analyses. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03813069). Findings Participants were recruited to the field trial between 29/10/2019 and 01/11/2019, 58 were randomised to test or control arm. More fly (-eye, -nose and -mouth) contacts were observed in the PTS arm at baseline. After adjusting for baseline contact rates, across all timepoints there was a 35% decrease in fly-eye contacts in the PTS relative to control arm (rate ratio [RR] 0.65, 95% CI 0.52-0.83). Similar cross-timepoint reductions were seen for fly-nose and fly-mouth contacts (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.51-0.92 and RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.62-1.01, respectively). All children were included on day 0. Two in the control arm were absent on day 7, one left the study and four were excluded from analysis at day 28. No adverse events occurred in the trial. Interpretation Musca sorbens flies are sufficiently repelled by PTS to reduce fly-eye contacts for the wearer, thus possibly reducing the risk of trachoma transmission. Permethrin-treated scarves may therefore an alternative to insecticide space spraying for protection from these flies. Funding Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailie Robinson
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Laura Reis de Oliveira Gomes
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Oumer Shafi Abdurahman
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, P.O. Box 6307, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Wondu Alemayehu
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, P.O. Box 6307, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gemeda Shuka
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, P.O. Box 6307, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ewunetu Melese
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, P.O. Box 6307, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Guye
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, P.O. Box 6307, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Demitu Legesse
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, P.O. Box 6307, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eden Elias
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, P.O. Box 6307, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kedir Temam
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, P.O. Box 6307, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Korso Hirpo Koro
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, P.O. Box 6307, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Adugna
- Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fikre Seife
- The Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health, Disease Prevention and Control Directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Virginia Sarah
- Global Partnerships Executive, The Fred Hollows Foundation, 12-15 Crawford Mews, York Street, London W1H1LX
| | - Saba M. Lambert
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Stephen L. Walker
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Esmael Habtamu
- International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1202 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Anna Last
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - David Macleod
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Matthew J. Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - James G. Logan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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Greenland K, Czerniewska A, Guye M, Legesse D, Ahmed Mume A, Shafi Abdurahman O, Abraham Aga M, Miecha H, Shumi Bejiga G, Sarah V, Burton M, Last A. Seasonal variation in water use for hygiene in Oromia, Ethiopia, and its implications for trachoma control: An intensive observational study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010424. [PMID: 35560031 PMCID: PMC9173637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
If facial hygiene practices vary seasonally this could have important implications for the design of interventions for trachoma control. This observational study was conducted to explore seasonal variation in hygiene behaviours in 9 households with at least one child aged 1-9 years-of-age in the West Arsi zone in rural Oromia, Ethiopia. Sixty-one household members were observed intensively over two days in the dry season (January), the rainy season (July) and during the harvest period (October) in 2018. Structured record forms were used to document household water availability and use. Daily water use per capita was very low in all seasons (3.1-4.2 litres). Around one third of water consumed in households in all seasons was associated with body washing. Soap was used during 44 of 677 (6%) of these observed occasions and half of all body washes (n = 340; 50%) included face washing. Overall, 95% of 58 individuals washed their faces at least once between 06:30h and 21:30h in the dry season (21% with soap), compared with 79% in the rainy season (2% with soap) (p = 0.013). Sixty-five percent of householders washed their faces during the harvest observation period (06:30h to 17:30h), none of whom used soap. Twenty-eight percent of 204 children aged 11 and under still had ocular or nasal discharge on their faces after washing. Seventy-three percent of those who washed their faces did so more than once in the dry season, compared with 33% in the rainy season (p<0.001). Face washing occurred throughout the day during the dry season, with a clear peak in the early morning and extra washes in the early evening. Face washing mainly took place in the early morning in the other two seasons. Genuine water scarcity in this area is likely to limit the impact of face washing interventions for trachoma control in the absence of water supply interventions. However, face washing was most common at the time of year when water is the hardest to come by, and seasonal differences in behaviour should be considered in any resulting intervention design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Greenland
- Environmental Health Group, Department for Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Czerniewska
- Environmental Health Group, Department for Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meseret Guye
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Oumer Shafi Abdurahman
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hirpha Miecha
- Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Matthew Burton
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Last
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Versteeg B, Vasileva H, Houghton J, Last A, Shafi Abdurahman O, Sarah V, Macleod D, Solomon AW, Holland MJ, Thomson N, Burton MJ. Viability PCR shows that non-ocular surfaces could contribute to transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in trachoma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008449. [PMID: 32667914 PMCID: PMC7384675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) DNA at non-ocular sites suggests that these sites may represent plausible routes of Ct transmission in trachoma. However, qPCR cannot discriminate between DNA from viable and non-viable bacteria. Here we use a propodium monoazide based viability PCR to investigate how long Ct remains viable at non-ocular sites under laboratory-controlled conditions. Methods Cultured Ct stocks (strain A2497) were diluted to final concentrations of 1000, 100, 10 and 1 omcB copies/μL and applied to plastic, woven mat, cotton cloth and pig skin. Swabs were then systemically collected from each surface and tested for the presence Ct DNA using qPCR. If Ct DNA was recovered, Ct viability was assessed over time by spiking multiple areas of the same surface type with the same final concentrations. Swabs were collected from each surface at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hours after spiking. Viability PCR was used to determine Ct viability at each timepoint. Results We were able to detect Ct DNA on all surfaces except the woven mat. Total Ct DNA remained detectable and stable over 24 hours for all concentrations applied to plastic, pig skin and cotton cloth. The amount of viable Ct decreased over time. For plastic and skin surfaces, only those where concentrations of 100 or 1000 omcB copies/μL were applied still had viable loads detectable after 24 hours. Cotton cloth showed a more rapid decrease and only those where concentrations of 1000 omcB copies/μL were applied still had viable DNA detectable after 24 hours. Conclusion Plastic, cotton cloth and skin may contribute to transmission of the Ct strains that cause trachoma, by acting as sites where reservoirs of bacteria are deposited and later collected and transferred mechanically into previously uninfected eyes. Trachoma elimination efforts are hampered by limited understanding of Ct transmission routes. We have recently demonstrated the presence of Ct DNA at non-ocular sites in individuals living in households in Ethiopia where at least one resident had an ocular Ct infection detectable by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Ct DNA was most frequently detected on faces, hands and clothing, being found in such locations in 10–16% of samples tested. However, qPCR cannot discriminate between DNA from viable and non-viable organisms, and potentially misinform our understanding of Ct transmission routes. In this study, we used a propidium monoazide based viability PCR to investigate how long Ct remains viable on non-ocular sites by spiking different surfaces including pig skin, plastic and cotton cloth. These surfaces mimic non-ocular sites previously found to be positive for Ct DNA using standard qPCR. The results of our study show that viable Ct DNA could be recovered from plastic, cotton cloth and skin surfaces for up to 24 hours suggesting that these surfaces a role in ocular Ct transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Versteeg
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Hristina Vasileva
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Houghton
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Last
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oumer Shafi Abdurahman
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - David Macleod
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Holland
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Thomson
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Burton
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Last A, Versteeg B, Shafi Abdurahman O, Robinson A, Dumessa G, Abraham Aga M, Shumi Bejiga G, Negussu N, Greenland K, Czerniewska A, Thomson N, Cairncross S, Sarah V, Macleod D, Solomon AW, Logan J, Burton MJ. Detecting extra-ocular Chlamydia trachomatis in a trachoma-endemic community in Ethiopia: Identifying potential routes of transmission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008120. [PMID: 32130213 PMCID: PMC7075638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trachoma elimination efforts are hampered by limited understanding of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) transmission routes. Here we aimed to detect Ct DNA at non-ocular sites and on eye-seeking flies. METHODS A population-based household survey was conducted in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Ocular and non-ocular (faces, hands, clothing, water containers and sleeping surfaces) swabs were collected from all individuals. Flies were caught from faces of children. Flies, ocular swabs and non-ocular swabs were tested for Ct by quantitative PCR. RESULTS In total, 1220 individuals in 247 households were assessed. Active trachoma (trachomatous inflammation-follicular) and ocular Ct were detected in 10% and 2% of all-ages, and 21% and 3% of 1-9-year-olds, respectively. Ct was detected in 12% (95% CI:8-15%) of tested non-ocular swabs from ocular-positive households, but in none of the non-ocular swabs from ocular-negative households. Ct was detected on 24% (95% CI:18-32%) of flies from ocular-positive households and 3% (95% CI:1-6%) of flies from ocular-negative households. CONCLUSION Ct DNA was detected on hands, faces and clothing of individuals living in ocular-positive households suggesting that this might be a route of transmission within Ct infected households. In addition, we detected Ct on flies from ocular-positive households and occasionally in ocular-negative households suggesting that flies might be a vector for transmission within and between Ct infected and uninfected households. These potential transmission routes may need to be simultaneously addressed to suppress transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Last
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Versteeg
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oumer Shafi Abdurahman
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- The Fred Hollows Foundation, Ethiopia
| | - Ailie Robinson
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Katie Greenland
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Czerniewska
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Thomson
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Parasites and microbes, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Sandy Cairncross
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Macleod
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Logan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Burton
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Abdurahman OS, Cooray R, Bornstein S. The ultrastructure of cells and cell fragments in mammary secretions of Camelus bactrianus. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1992; 39:648-55. [PMID: 1455933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1992.tb00230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The fine structure of leucocytes from the udders of 7 lactating and 3 non-lactating bactrian camels and from peripheral blood were studied. The most important finding was the presence of large numbers of cell fragments in milk. The cell fragments were bounded by a plasma membrane, had no nuclei and contained mitochondria and abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Macrophages were the dominant cells recovered from milk and udder washings during the dry period. Neutrophils and lymphocytes were also present. The dominating leucocytes in blood were neutrophils, followed by lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and basophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Abdurahman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hansen HJ, Jama FM, Nilsson C, Norrgren L, Abdurahman OS. Silicate pneumoconiosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius L.). Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1989; 36:789-96. [PMID: 2515689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1989.tb00793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In a random screening of camel diseases in Somalia dust-laden macrophages in lungs and/or bronchial lymph nodes were discovered in 94 of 134 animals. In 44 cases the dust-laden macrophages occurred in a number of small or large aggregates. There was a significant positive correlation between dust-laden macrophage aggregates in the lungs and pulmonary fibrosis not related to other chronic lung diseases, such as echinococcosis and chronic pneumonia. Six cases showed a cellular reaction and hyalinized nodules of the classic silicotic type. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of the dust particles revealed presence of silica, aluminium, potassium and iron in that order. The possible clinical significance as well as the comparative pathology of the observations is discussed.
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Abdurahman OS, Hilali M, Järplid B. A light and electron microscopic study on abomasal globidiosis in Somali goats. Acta Vet Scand 1987; 28:181-7. [PMID: 3128942 PMCID: PMC8185801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abomasum from apparently healthy Somali goats with globidiosis showed pin-head sized nodules embedded in the mucosa. The nodules consisted of encapsulated cysts, containing mature or immature schizonts. Glandular atrophy and lymphohistiocytic cell reaction were often found in the vicinity of these cysts. The fine structure of immature and mature cysts is described in details. The mature cysts contained elongated, spindle shaped merozoites (type I) or shorter, ovoidal merozoites (type II). Some mature cysts also had basophilic granular bodies among the merozoites. Type I and type II merozoites were morphologically different from those earlier described in goats.
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