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An Observational Study on the Pharmacokinetics of Oseltamivir in Lactating Influenza Patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:318-323. [PMID: 37975276 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Influenza infection may lead to serious complications in the postpartum period, therefore, oseltamivir treatment in these patients and their breastfed infants is of great importance. However, the pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir in postpartum lactating women with acute influenza infection, and the consequent infant exposure to oseltamivir are still unknown, and these data would help in assessing risk and the need for dose adjustment in breastfed infants. Six lactating women with influenza-like symptoms, at a standard dose of 75 mg oral oseltamivir twice daily for 5 days, were recruited in this phase IV clinical study during the 2011/2012 H1N1 pandemic seasons. Breast milk/colostrum and venous blood samples were taken at multiple timepoints, maternal urine samples were obtained from total output within the 12-hour observational period following the seventh dose of oseltamivir. Oseltamivir phosphate (OP) reached a maximum 69.5 ± 29.4 ng/mL concentration in breast milk, higher than that found in the plasma, and showed elimination within ~ 8 hours. Oseltamivir carboxylate (active metabolite of OP) showed a lower, nearly steady-state concentration in breast milk during the observational period (maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) = 38.4 ± 12.9 ng/mL). Based on estimated daily milk consumption of exclusively breastfed infants, their calculated daily exposure is < 0.1% of the infant dose of oseltamivir for treatment of influenza as per marketing authorization. Here, we provide the first maternal breast milk pharmacokinetic data for oral multiple-dose oseltamivir in lactating patients with influenza and showed that its concentration in the breast milk is not sufficient to reach a therapeutic dose for breastfed infants.
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Sex Difference in Cardioprotection against Acute Myocardial Infarction in MAO-B Knockout Mice In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076443. [PMID: 37047416 PMCID: PMC10094730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiomyocyte-specific knockout (KO) of monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B, an enzyme involved in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in vitro. Because sex hormones have a strong impact on MAO metabolic pathways, we analyzed the myocardial infarct size (IS) following I/R in female and male MAO-B KO mice in vivo. Method and Results: To induce the deletion of MAO-B, MAO-B KO mice (Myh6 Cre+/MAO-Bfl/fl) and wild-type (WT, Cre-negative MAO-Bfl/fl littermates) were fed with tamoxifen for 2 weeks followed by 10 weeks of normal mice chow. Myocardial infarction (assessed by TTC staining and expressed as a percentage of the area at risk as determined by Evans blue staining)) was induced by 45 min coronary occlusion followed by 120 min of reperfusion. Results: The mortality following I/R was higher in male compared to female mice, with the lowest mortality found in MAO-B KO female mice. IS was significantly higher in male WT mice compared to female WT mice. MAO-B KO reduced IS in male mice but had no further impact on IS in female MAO-B KO mice. Interestingly, there was no difference in the plasma estradiol levels among the groups. Conclusion: The cardiomyocyte-specific knockout of MAO-B protects male mice against acute myocardial infarction but had no effect on the infarct size in female mice.
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Cardioprotective efficacy of limb remote ischemic preconditioning in rats: discrepancy between meta-analysis and a three-centre in vivo study. Cardiovasc Res 2023:7010767. [PMID: 36718529 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a robust cardioprotective intervention in preclinical studies. To establish a working and efficacious RIPC protocol in our laboratories, we performed randomized, blinded in vivo studies in three study centres in rats, with various RIPC protocols. To verify that our experimental settings are in good alignment with in vivo rat studies showing cardioprotection by limb RIPC, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. In addition, we investigated the importance of different study parameters. METHODS AND RESULTS Male Wistar rats were subjected to 20 to 45 min cardiac ischemia followed by 120 min reperfusion with or without preceding RIPC by 3 or 4×5-5 min occlusion/reperfusion of one or two femoral vessels by clamping, tourniquet, or pressure cuff. RIPC did not reduce IS, microvascular obstruction, or arrhythmias at any study centres. Systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on in vivo rat models of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury with limb RIPC showed that RIPC reduces IS by 21.28% on average. In addition, the systematic review showed methodological heterogeneity and insufficient reporting of study parameters in a high proportion of studies. CONCLUSION We report for the first time the lack of cardioprotection by RIPC in rats, assessed in individually randomized, blinded in vivo studies, involving three study centres, using different RIPC protocols. These results are in discrepancy with the meta-analysis of similar in vivo rat studies, however, no specific methodological reason could be identified by systematic review, probably due to the overall insufficient reporting of several study parameters that did not improve over the past two decades. These results urge for publication of more well-designed and well-reported studies, irrespective of the outcome, which are required for preclinical reproducibility, and the development of clinically translatable cardioprotective interventions.
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Endurance training-induced cardiac remodeling in a guinea pig athlete's heart model. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:993-1004. [PMID: 35834825 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Besides the health benefits of regular exercise, high-level training-above an optimal level-may have adverse effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of long-term vigorous training and its potentially detrimental structural-functional changes in a small animal athlete's heart model. Thirty-eight 4-month-old male guinea pigs were randomized into sedentary and exercised groups. The latter underwent a 15-week-long endurance-training program. To investigate the effects of the intense long-term exercise, in vivo (echocardiography, electrocardiography), ex vivo, and in vitro (histopathology, patch-clamp) measurements were performed. Following the training protocol, the exercised animals exhibited structural left ventricular enlargement and a significantly higher degree of myocardial fibrosis. Furthermore, resting bradycardia accompanied by elevated heart rate variability occurred, representing increased parasympathetic activity in the exercised hearts. The observed prolonged QTc intervals and increased repolarization variability parameters may raise the risk of electrical instability in exercised animals. Complex arrhythmias did not occur in either group, and there were no differences between the groups in ex vivo or cellular electrophysiological experiments. Accordingly, the high parasympathetic activity may promote impaired repolarization in conscious exercised animals. The detected structural-functional changes share similarities with the human athlete's heart; therefore, this model might be useful for investigations on cardiac remodeling.
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Ischemic postconditioning activates cardiac MMP-2 and decreases biglycan level as well as miR-34a-5p and miR-195-5p expression in early reperfusion in a porcine infarction model. Cardiovasc Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac066.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Kooperatív Doktori Program Doktori Hallgatói Ösztöndíj (KDP-2020)
Hungarian Scientific Research Fund-OTKA-138223
Background
Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) has been shown to be activated during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury leading to degradation of cardiac contractile proteins. In previous investigation, ischemic postconditioning (IPoC) failed to decrease myocardial necrosis in porcine model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, IPoC significantly reduced the severity of myocardial microvascular obstruction (MVO) compared to ischemic control. Therefore, our aim was to reveal if two major extracellular players of cardiac pathophysiology, MMP-2 and biglycan (BGN) are involved in the MVO reducing effect of IPoC in a porcine AMI model.
Methods
AMI was induced in female domestic pigs (25-35 kg) with balloon catheter occlusion of the left descending coronary artery for 90 min in ischemic control group. IPoC group underwent 6×30 s I/R after 90-min occlusion. At the end of the 3-hour or 3-day reperfusion, infarcted left ventricular tissue samples were taken to determine MMP-2 activity and BGN levels as well as cardiac microRNA (miRNA) expression.
Results
Cardiac MMP-2 activity showed significant increase in IPoC group as compared to ischemic control after 3h reperfusion but after 3d reperfusion no significant change was observed between the two groups. Cardiac BGN level in IPoC was significantly decreased as compared to ischemic control after 3h reperfusion, which difference was also abolished after 3d reperfusion due to the decrease of BGN level of ischemic control group. Ischemic postconditioning altered the expression of three miRNAs: miR-34a-5p, and miR-195-5p were downregulated, and miR-15b-5p was upregulated as compared to ischemic control.
Conclusions
IPoC decreased MVO and BGN level and increased MMP-2 activity in the infarcted left ventricle during early reperfusion, and altered the expression on 3 cardiac miRNAs. Further increase was found in MMP activities after 3 days in both groups, which affected BGN level only in ischemic control group. Altered expression of miRNAs and early decrease in cardiac BGN level may contribute to the beneficial effect of IPoC on MVO.
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The hidden cardiotoxic effect of rofecoxib on rabbit ventricular preparations. Cardiovasc Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac066.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary
Introduction
Unexpected ischaemia-induced cardiac adverse events are major contributors to clinical trial discontinuation and drug attrition, and these effects remain undetected by routine preclinical cardiotoxicity assessment. On the other hand, the proarrhythmic effect of drug candidates is studied in healthy cells, tissues, or exclusively in healthy experimental animals. However, a number of experimental and clinical reports demonstrate that the proarrhythmic effects of most drugs are manifested only in pathological conditions. Thus, the aim is to develop a sensitized animal model that can reliably screen for the arrhythmogenic effects of a compound. Here we show that the selective COX- 2 inhibitor rofecoxib, which has been withdrawn over cardiovascular safety concerns, possesses cardiac electrophysiological adverse effects only revealed during ischaemia/reperfusion, a phenomenon we termed "hidden cardiotoxicity".
Purpose
Our group has previously reported the hidden cardiotoxic effect of rofecoxib on rat ventricular preparations. Given the significant differences in cardiac electrophysiological properties between rats and humans, the human extrapolation of arrhythmological results obtained from rats is limited, so our aim was to investigate the proarrhythmic effect of rofecoxib in a sensitized rabbit model.
Methods
Action potentials were registered from rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles using the conventional microelectrode technique. The following parameters were measured under normoxic and ischaemic conditions in the presence or absence of 10 μM rofecoxib: conduction time, action potential amplitude, action potential duration at 25%, 50%, 75% and 90% repolarization (APD25-90). The effects of rofecoxib upon test ischaemia and reperfusion were investigated.
Results
Rofecoxib (10 μM) did not alter electrophysiological parameters in normoxic conditions. However, following 30 minute ischaemia the APD90 was significantly decreased during reperfusion compared to APD90 in the vehicle-treated group: 161.96 ± 19.55 ms vs. 180.04 ± 23.21 ms (p<0.05, n=5), respectively. Following sI/R, a decrease in Vmax and AMPL parameters indicating impulse conduction velocity was also measured in the 10 μM rofecoxib- treated group, but the differences were not statistically significant.
Conclusions
Under pathological conditions, rofecoxib may increase the incidence of reperfusion arrhythmias due to the mechanism of delayed afterdepolarization (DAD) and reentrant arrhythmias. Consequently, the sensitized rabbit model detailed above may be suitable for investigating the "hidden cardiotoxic" effect of a drug candidate compound. Significant differences were observed in the effect of rofecoxib on repolarization between the rat and rabbit models. However, due to the well- known electrophysiological differences between the two species, the human relevance of the results obtained in rabbits is more reliable.
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Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Deletion but Not Inhibition of Extracellular PCSK9 Reduces Infarct Sizes Ex Vivo but Not In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126512. [PMID: 35742954 PMCID: PMC9223354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia upregulates PCSK9 expression in the heart, and PCSK9 affects the function of myocytes. This study aimed to investigate the impact of PCSK9 on reperfusion injury in rats and mice fed normal or high-fat diets. Either the genetic knockout of PCSK9 (mice) or the antagonism of circulating PCSK9 via Pep2-8 (mice and rats) was used. Isolated perfused hearts were exposed to 45 min of ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion. In vivo, mice were fed normal or high-fat diets (2% cholesterol) for eight weeks prior to coronary artery occlusion (45 min of ischemia) and reperfusion (120 min). Ischemia/reperfusion upregulates PCSK9 expression (rats and mice) and releases it into the perfusate. The inhibition of extracellular PCSK9 does not affect infarct sizes or functional recovery. However, genetic deletion largely reduces infarct size and improves post-ischemic recovery in mice ex vivo but not in vivo. A high-fat diet reduced the survival rate during ischemia and reperfusion, but in a PCSK9-independent manner that was associated with increased plasma matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 activity. PCSK9 deletion, but not the inhibition of extracellular PCSK9, reduces infarct sizes in ex vivo hearts, but this effect is overridden in vivo by factors such as MMP9.
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Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and protein kinase G oxidation contributes to impaired sarcomeric proteins in hypertrophy model. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9:2585-2600. [PMID: 35584900 PMCID: PMC9288768 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Volume overload (VO) induced hypertrophy is one of the hallmarks to the development of heart diseases. Understanding the compensatory mechanisms involved in this process might help preventing the disease progression. Methods and results Therefore, the present study used 2 months old Wistar rats, which underwent an aortocaval fistula to develop VO‐induced hypertrophy. The animals were subdivided into four different groups, two sham operated animals served as age‐matched controls and two groups with aortocaval fistula. Echocardiography was performed prior termination after 4‐ and 8‐month. Functional and molecular changes of several sarcomeric proteins and their signalling pathways involved in the regulation and modulation of cardiomyocyte function were investigated. Results The model was characterized with preserved ejection fraction in all groups and with elevated heart/body weight ratio, left/right ventricular and atrial weight at 4‐ and 8‐month, which indicates VO‐induced hypertrophy. In addition, 8‐months groups showed increased left ventricular internal diameter during diastole, RV internal diameter, stroke volume and velocity‐time index compared with their age‐matched controls. These changes were accompanied by increased Ca2+ sensitivity and titin‐based cardiomyocyte stiffness in 8‐month VO rats compared with other groups. The altered cardiomyocyte mechanics was associated with phosphorylation deficit of sarcomeric proteins cardiac troponin I, myosin binding protein C and titin, also accompanied with impaired signalling pathways involved in phosphorylation of these sarcomeric proteins in 8‐month VO rats compared with age‐matched control group. Impaired protein phosphorylation status and dysregulated signalling pathways were associated with significant alterations in the oxidative status of both kinases CaMKII and PKG explaining by this the elevated Ca2+ sensitivity and titin‐based cardiomyocyte stiffness and perhaps the development of hypertrophy. Conclusions Our findings showed VO‐induced cardiomyocyte dysfunction via deranged phosphorylation of myofilament proteins and signalling pathways due to increased oxidative state of CaMKII and PKG and this might contribute to the development of hypertrophy.
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Distally Tilted Implants According to the All-on-Four ® Treatment Concept for the Rehabilitation of Complete Edentulism: A 3.5-Year Retrospective Radiographic Study of Clinical Outcomes and Marginal Bone Level Changes. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10050082. [PMID: 35621535 PMCID: PMC9140184 DOI: 10.3390/dj10050082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone grafting procedures during the use of dental implants may be avoided by the use of tilted implants in the maxilla and the mandible; advantages of angled implants are associated with the extension of the distal cantilever, leading to better implant survival rates. However, the bending effect on the single tilting implants may increase the marginal bone stress. The purpose of the present study was to retrospectively assess the clinical success and proximal bone loss rate following the implantation of distally tilted implants according to the All-on-Four™ prosthetic concept—based on radiographic findings—in a single-center experience, in addition to the assessment of the outcomes in the context of various clinico-epidemiological correlates. During the study period, n = 36 patients (24 males and 12 females) with complete records of periapical radiographs, received a full-arch fixed bridge supported by two axial and two distal tilted implants; overall n = 144 and n = 144 implants (Nobel B) were place in the maxilla and mandibles of patients, respectively. Mean age of patients at the time of fixture installation was 58.75 ± 13.71 years; n =11 patients presented with relevant underlying conditions/habits. To assess peri-implant bone-level changes, matched and calibrated orthopantomogram (OPT) images were taken at follow-ups after 1.5 years, 2.5 years, and 3.5 years post-restoration, and marginal bone levels were assessed on the mesio- (MA) and disto-approximal (DA) aspects. All implants were successful, resulting in a 100% overall survival rate. The radiographic mean bone loss levels at baseline (mean ± SEM) were 0.181 ± 0.011 mm and 0.178 ± 0.017 mm in the maxilla and mandible, respectively, while by the 3.5-year mark, bone loss was 0.770 ± 0.029 mm and 0.713 ± 0.026 mm in the maxilla and mandible (p > 0.05), respectively; bone-level changes were significant over time (p = 0.035 and p = 0.033). Peri-implant bone loss was more aggressive around titled distal implants versus mesial actual position implants. The effect of smoking and other underlying conditions showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) bone resorption levels when assessed on an individual implant-level, while during patient-level analysis, only a tendency was shown for higher bone loss rates for both MA and DA implants (p > 0.05). Within its limitations, our study has concluded that the use of All-on-Four™ prosthetic concept for total arch rehabilitation yields higher bone loss in association with tilted implants and, in some cases, on the MA surfaces at vertically positioned implants after >40 months in function.
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Validation of the revised Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ-R) in the primary care setting. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2022. [PMCID: PMC8753895 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-021-01615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Available tools measuring self-management in diabetes are often improperly validated or do not correlate with glucose metabolism. The Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ-R) is a valid tool, that showed strong relationship with glucose metabolism in tertiary care among people with mostly type 1 diabetes. Aim of the study To validate the translated DSMQ-R questionnaire in a Hungarian sample of people with predominantly type 2 diabetes in primary care. Methods We enrolled 492 adults from 38 practices in this cross-sectional cohort study, who filled out the self-administered questionnaire, consisting of DSMQ-R and the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) questionnaires. Family doctors provided clinical data. The translation process was performed in six steps, reaching the expert committee appraisal. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by assessing reliability and construct validity. Results Cronbach’s alpha showed the questionnaire to reach good reliability (α = 0.845), although subscales had lower alphas. Contrary to the SDSCA questionnaire, the DSMQ-R sum scale differed significantly between persons on target vs not on target (median (interquartile range): 7.23 (6.17–8.44) vs 6.91 (5.91–8.02), and the DSMQ-R sum scale correlated significantly with BMI, HbA1c and SDSCA sum scale. In multivariate analysis higher DSMQ-R scores were significant predictor of achieving glycemic target goal. Conclusion The Hungarian translation of the DSMQ-R is a comprehensible tool to assess self-management of persons with diabetes. The questionnaire is valid and reliable in family practice, although its association with achievement of diabetes HbA1c target is weaker in primary than in tertiary care.
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Abstract
Purpose Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are identified as modulators of the extracellular matrix in heart failure progression. However, evidence for intracellular effects of MMPs is emerging. Pro- and anti-hypertrophic cardiac effects are described. This may be due to the various sources of different MMPs in the heart tissue. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the role of MMPs in hypertrophic growth of isolated rat ventricular cardiac myocytes. Methods Cardiomyocytes were isolated form ventricular tissues of the rat hearts by collagenase perfusion. RT-qPCR, western blots, and zymography were used for expression and MMP activity analysis. Cross-sectional area and the rate of protein synthesis were determined as parameters for hypertrophic growth. Results MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9 and MMP-14 mRNAs were detected in cardiomyocytes, and protein expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14 was identified. Hypertrophic stimulation of cardiomyocytes did not enhance, but interestingly decreased expression of MMPs, indicating that downregulation of MMPs may promote hypertrophic growth. Indeed, the nonselective MMP inhibitors TAPI-0 or TIMP2 and the MMP-2-selective ARP-100 enhanced hypertrophic growth. Furthermore, TAPI-0 increased phosphorylation and thus activation of extracellular signaling kinase (ERK) and Akt (protein kinase B), as well as inhibition of glycogen synthase 3β (GSK3β). Abrogation of MEK/ERK- or phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)/Akt/GSK3β-signaling with PD98059 or LY290042, respectively, inhibited hypertrophic growth under TAPI-0. Conclusion MMPs’ inhibition promotes hypertrophic growth in cardiomyocytes in vitro. Therefore, MMPs in the healthy heart may be important players to repress cardiac hypertrophy.
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Cardioprotective Effect of Novel Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21196990. [PMID: 32977437 PMCID: PMC7582346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21196990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We recently developed novel matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) inhibitor small molecules for cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury and validated their efficacy in ischemia/reperfusion injury in cardiac myocytes. The aim of the present study was to test our lead compounds for cardioprotection in vivo in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the presence or absence of hypercholesterolemia, one of the major comorbidities affecting cardioprotection. Methods: Normocholesterolemic adult male Wistar rats were subjected to 30 min of coronary occlusion followed by 120 min of reperfusion to induce AMI. MMP inhibitors (MMPI)-1154 and -1260 at 0.3, 1, and 3 µmol/kg, MMPI-1248 at 1, 3, and 10 µmol/kg were administered at the 25th min of ischemia intravenously. In separate groups, hypercholesterolemia was induced by a 12-week diet (2% cholesterol, 0.25% cholic acid), then the rats were subjected to the same AMI protocol and single doses of the MMPIs that showed the most efficacy in normocholesterolemic animals were tested in the hypercholesterolemic animals. Infarct size/area at risk was assessed at the end of reperfusion in all groups by standard Evans blue and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and myocardial microvascular obstruction (MVO) was determined by thioflavine-S staining. Results: MMPI-1154 at 1 µmol/kg, MMPI-1260 at 3 µmol/kg and ischemic preconditioning (IPC) as the positive control reduced infarct size significantly; however, this effect was not seen in hypercholesterolemic animals. MVO in hypercholesterolemic animals decreased by IPC only. Conclusions: This is the first demonstration that MMPI-1154 and MMPI-1260 showed a dose-dependent infarct size reduction in an in vivo rat AMI model; however, single doses that showed the most efficacy in normocholesterolemic animals were abolished by hypercholesterolemia. The further development of these promising cardioprotective MMPIs should be continued with different dose ranges in the study of hypercholesterolemia and other comorbidities.
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Ischaemic post-conditioning in rats: Responder and non-responder differ in transcriptome of mitochondrial proteins. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5528-5541. [PMID: 32297702 PMCID: PMC7214154 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic post‐conditioning (IPoC) is a clinical applicable procedure to reduce reperfusion injury. Non‐responsiveness to IPoC possibly caused by co‐morbidities limits its clinical attractiveness. We analysed differences in the expression of mitochondrial proteins between IPoC responder (IPoC‐R) and non‐responder (IPoC‐NR). Eighty rats were randomly grouped to sham, ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R), IPoC or ischaemic pre‐conditioning (IPC, as positive cardioprotective intervention) in vivo. Infarct sizes were quantified by plasma troponin I levels 60 minutes after reperfusion. After 7 days, rats were sacrificed and left ventricular tissue was taken for post hoc analysis. The transcriptome was analysed by qRT‐PCR and small RNA sequencing. Key findings were verified by immunoblots. I/R increased plasma troponin I levels compared to Sham. IPC reduced troponin I compared to I/R, whereas IPoC produced either excellent protection (IPoC‐R) or no protection (IPoC‐NR). Twenty‐one miRs were up‐regulated by I/R and modified by IPoC. qRT‐PCR analysis revealed that IPoC‐R differed from other groups by reduced expression of arginase‐2 and bax, whereas the mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP)‐2 was induced in IPC and IPoC‐R. IPoC‐R and IPoC‐NR synergistically increased the expression of non‐mitochondrial proteins like VEGF and SERCA2a independent of the infarct size. Cardiac function was more closely linked to differences in mitochondrial proteins than on regulation of calcium‐handling proteins. In conclusion, healthy rats could not always be protected by IPoC. IPoC‐NR displayed an incomplete responsiveness which is reflected by different changes in the mitochondrial transcriptome compared to IPoC‐R. This study underlines the importance of mitochondrial proteins for successful long‐term outcome.
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Myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury and cardioprotection in the presence of sensory neuropathy: Therapeutic options. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:5336-5356. [PMID: 32059259 PMCID: PMC7680004 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, mortality from acute myocardial infarction has been dramatically reduced. However, the incidence of post‐infarction heart failure is still increasing. Cardioprotection by ischaemic conditioning had been discovered more than three decades ago. Its clinical translation, however, is still an unmet need. This is mainly due to the disrupted cardioprotective signalling pathways in the presence of different cardiovascular risk factors, co‐morbidities and the medication being taken. Sensory neuropathy is one of the co‐morbidities that has been shown to interfere with cardioprotection. In the present review, we summarize the diverse aetiology of sensory neuropathies and the mechanisms by which these neuropathies may interfere with ischaemic heart disease and cardioprotective signalling. Finally, we suggest future therapeutic options targeting both ischaemic heart and sensory neuropathy simultaneously. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications in cardioprotection. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.23/issuetoc
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Subantimicrobial Dose Doxycycline Worsens Chronic Arthritis-Induced Bone Microarchitectural Alterations in a Mouse Model: Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases? Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:233. [PMID: 30949048 PMCID: PMC6435543 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease hallmarked by irreversible damage of cartilage and bone. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) involved in connective tissue remodeling play an important role in this process. Numerous MMPs have been examined in humans and animals, but their functions are still not fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the role of MMPs in the K/BxN serum-transfer model of RA with the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD) using complex in vivo and in vitro methodolgy. Methods: Chronic arthritis was induced by repetitive i.p. injections of K/BxN serum in C57BL/6J mice. SDD was administered daily in acidified drinking water (0.5 mg/mL, 80 mg/kg) during the 30 days experimental period. Mechanonociceptive threshold of the paw was evaluated by aesthesiometry, grasping ability by grid test, arthritis severity by scoring, neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity by luminescence, vascular hyperpermeability and MMP activity by fluorescence in vivo imaging and the latter also by gelatin zymography, bone structure by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Plasma concentrations of doxycycline were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Results: K/BxN serum induced significant inflammatory signs, mechanical hyperalgesia, joint function impairment, increased myeloperoxidase activity and vascular hyperpermeability. Significant increase of MMP activity was also observed both in vivo and ex vivo with elevation of the 57–60, 75, and 92 kDa gelatinolytic isoforms in the arthritic ankle joints, but neither MMP activity nor any above described functional parameters were influenced by SDD. Most importantly, SDD significantly reduced bone mineral density in the distal tibia and enhanced the Euler number in the ankle. Arthritis-induced microarchitectural alterations demonstrating increased irregularity and cancellous bone remodeling, such as increased Euler number was significantly elevated by SDD in both regions. Conclusion: We showed increase of various MMP activities in the joints by in vivo fluorescence imaging together with ex vivo zymography, and investigated their functional significance using the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor SDD in the translational RA model. This is the first demonstration that SDD worsens arthritis-induced bone microarchitectural alterations, but it appears to be independent of MMP inhibition.
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Sensory Neuropathy Affects Cardiac miRNA Expression Network Targeting IGF-1, SLC2a-12, EIF-4e, and ULK-2 mRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040991. [PMID: 30823517 PMCID: PMC6412859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Here we examined myocardial microRNA (miRNA) expression profile in a sensory neuropathy model with cardiac diastolic dysfunction and aimed to identify key mRNA molecular targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs that may contribute to cardiac dysfunction. Methods: Male Wistar rats were treated with vehicle or capsaicin for 3 days to induce systemic sensory neuropathy. Seven days later, diastolic dysfunction was detected by echocardiography, and miRNAs were isolated from the whole ventricles. Results: Out of 711 known miRNAs measured by miRNA microarray, the expression of 257 miRNAs was detected in the heart. As compared to vehicle-treated hearts, miR-344b, miR-466b, miR-98, let-7a, miR-1, miR-206, and miR-34b were downregulated, while miR-181a was upregulated as validated also by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). By an in silico network analysis, we identified common mRNA targets (insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), solute carrier family 2 facilitated glucose transporter member 12 (SLC2a-12), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4e (EIF-4e), and Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 2 (ULK-2)) targeted by at least three altered miRNAs. Predicted upregulation of these mRNA targets were validated by qRT-PCR. Conclusion: This is the first demonstration that sensory neuropathy affects cardiac miRNA expression network targeting IGF-1, SLC2a-12, EIF-4e, and ULK-2, which may contribute to cardiac diastolic dysfunction. These results further support the need for unbiased omics approach followed by in silico prediction and validation of molecular targets to reveal novel pathomechanisms.
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The impact of age on cardiac function and extracellular matrix component expression in adverse post-infarction remodeling in mice. Exp Gerontol 2019; 119:193-202. [PMID: 30763602 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the potential associations of the expression of matricellular components in adverse post-infarction remodeling of the geriatric heart. In male geriatric (OM, age: 18 months) and young (YM, age: 11 weeks) OF1 mice myocardial infarction (MI) was induced by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Cardiac function was evaluated by MRI. Plasma and myocardial tissue samples were collected 3d, 7d, and 32d post-MI. Age and MI were associated with impaired cardiac function accompanied by left-ventricular (LV) dilatation. mRNA expression of MMP-2 (7d: p < 0.05), TIMP-1 (7d: p < 0.05), TIMP-2 (7d: p < 0.05), Collagen-1 (3d and 7d: p < 0.05) and Collagen-3 (7d: p < 0.05) in LV non-infarcted myocardium was significantly higher in YM than in OM after MI. MMP-9 activity in plasma was increased in OM after MI (3d: p < 0.01). Tenascin-C protein levels assessed by ELISA were decreased in OM as compared to YM after MI in plasma (3d: p < 0.001, 7d: p < 0.05) and LV non-infarcted myocardium (7d: p < 0.01). Dysregulation in ECM components in non-infarcted LV might be associated and contribute to adverse LV remodeling and impaired cardiac function. Thus, targeting ECM might be a potential therapeutic approach to enhance cardiac function in geriatric patients following MI.
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Chronic kidney disease induces left ventricular overexpression of the pro-hypertrophic microRNA-212. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1302. [PMID: 30718600 PMCID: PMC6362219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health problem that increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and diastolic dysfunction is a common cardiovascular complication of CKD. MicroRNA-212 (miR-212) has been demonstrated previously to be a crucial regulator of pathologic LVH in pressure-overload-induced heart failure via regulating the forkhead box O3 (FOXO3)/calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) pathway. Here we aimed to investigate whether miR-212 and its hypertrophy-associated targets including FOXO3, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) play a role in the development of HFpEF in CKD. CKD was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy in male Wistar rats. Echocardiography and histology revealed LVH, fibrosis, preserved systolic function, and diastolic dysfunction in the CKD group as compared to sham-operated animals eight and/or nine weeks later. Left ventricular miR-212 was significantly overexpressed in CKD. However, expressions of FOXO3, AMPK, and ERK2 failed to change significantly at the mRNA or protein level. The protein kinase B (AKT)/FOXO3 and AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways are also proposed regulators of LVH induced by pressure-overload. Interestingly, phospho-AKT/total-AKT ratio was increased in CKD without significantly affecting phosphorylation of FOXO3 or mTOR. In summary, cardiac overexpression of miR-212 in CKD failed to affect its previously implicated hypertrophy-associated downstream targets. Thus, the molecular mechanism of the development of LVH in CKD seems to be independent of the FOXO3, ERK1/2, AMPK, and AKT/mTOR-mediated pathways indicating unique features in this form of LVH.
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Definition of hidden drug cardiotoxicity: paradigm change in cardiac safety testing and its clinical implications. Eur Heart J 2018; 40:1771-1777. [PMID: 29982507 PMCID: PMC6554653 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unexpected cardiac adverse effects are the leading causes of discontinuation of clinical trials and withdrawal of drugs from the market. Since the original observations in the mid-90s, it has been well established that cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities (such as ageing, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes) and their medications (e.g. nitrate tolerance, adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium inhibitor antidiabetic drugs, statins, etc.) may interfere with cardiac ischaemic tolerance and endogenous cardioprotective signalling pathways. Indeed drugs may exert unwanted effects on the diseased and treated heart that is hidden in the healthy myocardium. Hidden cardiotoxic effects may be due to (i) drug-induced enhancement of deleterious signalling due to ischaemia/reperfusion injury and/or the presence of risk factors and/or (ii) inhibition of cardioprotective survival signalling pathways, both of which may lead to ischaemia-related cell death and/or pro-arrhythmic effects. This led to a novel concept of ‘hidden cardiotoxicity’, defined as cardiotoxity of a drug that manifests only in the diseased heart with e.g. ischaemia/reperfusion injury and/or in the presence of its major comorbidities. Little is known on the mechanism of hidden cardiotoxocity, moreover, hidden cardiotoxicity cannot be revealed by the routinely used non-clinical cardiac safety testing methods on healthy animals or tissues. Therefore, here, we emphasize the need for development of novel cardiac safety testing platform involving combined experimental models of cardiac diseases (especially myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion and ischaemic conditioning) in the presence and absence of major cardiovascular comorbidities and/or cotreatments.
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Abstract
The transcriptional regulator JDP2 (Jun dimerization protein 2) has been identified as a prognostic marker for patients to develop heart failure after myocardial infarction. We now performed in vivo studies on JDP2-overexpressing mice, to clarify the impact of JDP2 on heart failure progression. Therefore, during birth up to the age of 4 weeks cardiac-specific JDP2 overexpression was prevented by doxycycline feeding in transgenic mice. Then, JDP2 overexpression was started. Already after 1 week, cardiac function, determined by echocardiography, decreased which was also resembled on the cardiomyocyte level. After 5 weeks blood pressure declined, ejection fraction and cardiac output was reduced and left ventricular dilatation developed. Heart weight/body weight, and mRNA expression of ANP, inflammatory marker genes, collagen and fibronectin increased. Collagen 1 protein expression increased, and fibrosis developed. As an additional sign of elevated extracellular matrix remodeling, matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity increased in JDP2 mice. Thus, JDP2 overexpression is deleterious to heart function in vivo. It can be concluded that JDP2 overexpression provokes cardiac dysfunction in adult mice that is accompanied by hypertrophy and fibrosis. Thus, induction of JDP2 is a maladaptive response contributing to heart failure development.
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Development of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Inhibitors for Cardioprotection. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:296. [PMID: 29674965 PMCID: PMC5896266 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of our present study is to develop novel inhibitors for MMP-2 for acute cardioprotection. In a series of pilot studies, novel substituted carboxylic acid derivatives were synthesized based on imidazole and thiazole scaffolds and then tested in a screeening cascade for MMP inhibition. We found that the MMP-inhibiting effects of imidazole and thiazole carboxylic acid-based compounds are superior in efficacy in comparison to the conventional hydroxamic acid derivatives of the same molecules. Based on these results, a 568-membered focused library of imidazole and thiazole compounds was generated in silico and then the library members were docked to the 3D model of MMP-2 followed by an in vitro medium throughput screening (MTS) based on a fluorescent assay employing MMP-2 catalytic domain. Altogether 45 compounds showed a docking score of >70, from which 30 compounds were successfully synthesized. Based on the MMP-2 inhibitory tests using gelatin zymography, 7 compounds were then selected and tested in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes subjected to simulated I/R injury. Six compounds showed significant cardio-cytoprotecion and the most effective compound (MMPI-1154) significantly decreased infarct size when applied at 1 μM in an ex vivo model for acute myocardial infarction. This is the first demonstration that imidazole and thiazole carboxylic acid-based compounds are more efficacious MMP-2 inhibitor than their hydroxamic acid derivatives. MMPI-1154 is a promising novel cardio-cytoprotective imidazole-carboxylic acid MMP-2 inhibitor lead candidate for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction.
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Adverse Effects on β-Adrenergic Receptor Coupling: Ischemic Postconditioning Failed to Preserve Long-Term Cardiac Function. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006809. [PMID: 29273639 PMCID: PMC5779008 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and ischemic postconditioning (IPoC) are currently among the most efficient strategies protecting the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, the effect of IPC and IPoC on functional recovery following ischemia/reperfusion is less clear, particularly with regard to the specific receptor-mediated signaling of the postischemic heart. The current article examines the effect of IPC or IPoC on the regulation and coupling of β-adrenergic receptors and their effects on postischemic left ventricular function. METHODS AND RESULTS The β-adrenergic signal transduction was analyzed in 3-month-old Wistar rats for each of the intervention strategies (Sham, ischemia/reperfusion, IPC, IPoC) immediately and 7 days after myocardial infarction. Directly after the infarction a cardioprotective potential was demonstrated for both IPC and IPoC: the infarct size was reduced, apoptosis and production of reactive oxygen species were lowered, and the myocardial tissue was preserved. Seven days after myocardial ischemia, only IPC hearts showed significant functional improvement. Along with a deterioration in fractional shortening, IPoC hearts no longer responded adequately to β-adrenergic stimulation. The stabilization of β-adrenergic receptor kinase-2 via increased phosphorylation of Mdm2 (an E3-ubiquitin ligase) was responsible for desensitization of β-adrenergic receptors and identified as a characteristic specific to IPoC hearts. CONCLUSIONS Immediately after myocardial infarction, rapid and transient activation of β-adrenergic receptor kinase-2 may be an appropriate means to protect the injured heart from excessive stress. In the long term, however, induction and stabilization of β-adrenergic receptor kinase-2, with the resultant loss of positive inotropic function, leads to the functional picture of heart failure.
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Mechanism and consequences of the shift in cardiac arginine metabolism following ischaemia and reperfusion in rats. Thromb Haemost 2017; 113:482-93. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-05-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryCardiac ischaemia and reperfusion leads to irreversible injury and subsequent tissue remodelling. Initial reperfusion seems to shift arginine metabolism from nitric oxide (NO) to polyamine formation. This may limit functional recovery at reperfusion. The hypothesis was tested whether ischaemia/reperfusion translates such a shift in arginine metabolism in a tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α-dependent way and renin-angiotensin system (RAS)-dependent way into a sustained effect. Both, the early post-ischaemic recovery and molecular adaptation to ischaemia/reperfusion were analysed in saline perfused rat hearts undergoing global no-flow ischaemia and reperfusion. Local TNF-α activation was blocked by inhibition of TNF-α sheddase ADAM17. To interfere with RAS captopril was administered. Arginase was inhibited by administration of Nor-NOHA. Long-term effects of ischemia/reperfusion on arginine metabolism were analysed in vivo in rats receiving an established ischaemia/reperfusion protocol in the closed chest mode. mRNA expression analysis indicated a shift in the arginine metabolism from NO formation to polyamine metabolism starting within 2 hours (h) of reperfusion and translated into protein expression within 24 h. Inhibition of the TNF-α pathway and captopril attenuated these delayed effects on post-ischaemic recovery. This shift in arginine metabolism was associated with functional impairment of hearts within 24 h. Inhibition of arginase but not that of TNF-α and RAS pathways improved functional recovery immediately. However, no benefit was observed after four months. In conclusion, this study identified TNF-α and RAS to be responsible for depressed cardiac function that occurred a few hours after reperfusion.
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Lack of Contribution of p66shc and Its Mitochondrial Translocation to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Cardioprotection by Ischemic Preconditioning. Front Physiol 2017; 8:733. [PMID: 29051737 PMCID: PMC5633811 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas high amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to cardiac damage following ischemia and reperfusion (IR), low amounts function as trigger molecules in the cardioprotection by ischemic preconditioning (IPC). The mitochondrial translocation and contribution of the hydrogen peroxide-generating protein p66shc in the cardioprotection by IPC is unclear yet. In the present study, we investigated the mitochondrial translocation of p66shc, addressed the impact of p66shc on ROS formation after IR, and characterized the role of p66shc in IR injury per se and in the cardioprotection by IPC. The amount of p66shc in subsarcolemmal (SSM) and interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM) isolated from wildtype mouse left ventricles (LV) was determined after 40 min normoxic perfusion and after 30 min ischemia and 10 min reperfusion without and with IPC. The p66shc content in SSM (in % of normoxic controls, n = 5) was 174 ± 16% (n = 6, p < 0.05) after IR, and was reduced to 128 ± 13% after IPC (n = 6, p = ns). In IFM, the amount of p66shc remained unchanged (IR: 81 ± 7%, n = 6; IPC: 110 ± 5%, n = 6, p = ns). IR induced an increase in ROS formation in SSM and IFM isolated from mouse wildtype LV, which was more pronounced in SSM than in IFM (1.18 ± 0.18 vs. 0.81 ± 0.16, n = 6, p < 0.05). In mitochondria from p66shc-knockout mice (p66shc-KO), the increase in ROS formation by IR was not different between SSM and IFM (0.90 ± 0.11 vs. 0.73 ± 0.08, n = 6, p = ns). Infarct size (in % of the left ventricle) was 51.7 ± 2.9% in wildtype and 59.7 ± 3.8% in p66shc-KO hearts in vitro and was significantly reduced to 35.8 ± 4.4% (wildtype) and 34.7 ± 5.6% (p66shc-KO) by IPC, respectively. In vivo, infarct size was 57.8 ± 2.9% following IR (n = 9) and was reduced to 40.3 ± 3.5% by IPC (n = 11, p < 0.05) in wildtype mice. In p66shc-knockout mice, infarct sizes were similar to those measured in wildtype animals (IR: 56.2 ± 4.3%, n = 11; IPC: 42.1 ± 3.9%, n = 13, p < 0.05). Taken together, the mitochondrial translocation of p66shc following IR and IPC differs between mitochondrial populations. However, similar infarct sizes after IR and preserved infarct size reductions by IPC in p66shc-KO mice suggest that p66shc-derived ROS are not involved in the cardioprotection by IPC nor do they contribute to IR injury per se.
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Integrative characterization of chronic cigarette smoke-induced cardiopulmonary comorbidities in a mouse model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:746-759. [PMID: 28648837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke-triggered inflammatory cascades and consequent tissue damage are the main causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is no effective therapy and the key mediators of COPD are not identified due to the lack of translational animal models with complex characterization. This integrative chronic study investigated cardiopulmonary pathophysiological alterations and mechanisms with functional, morphological and biochemical techniques in a 6-month-long cigarette smoke exposure mouse model. Some respiratory alterations characteristic of emphysema (decreased airway resistance: Rl; end-expiratory work and pause: EEW, EEP; expiration time: Te; increased tidal mid-expiratory flow: EF50) were detected in anaesthetized C57BL/6 mice, unrestrained plethysmography did not show changes. Typical histopathological signs were peribronchial/perivascular (PB/PV) edema at month 1, neutrophil/macrophage infiltration at month 2, interstitial leukocyte accumulation at months 3-4, and emphysema/atelectasis at months 5-6 quantified by mean linear intercept measurement. Emphysema was proven by micro-CT quantification. Leukocyte number in the bronchoalveolar lavage at month 2 and lung matrix metalloproteinases-2 and 9 (MMP-2/MMP-9) activities in months 5-6 significantly increased. Smoking triggered complex cytokine profile change in the lung with one characteristic inflammatory peak of C5a, interleukin-1α and its receptor antagonist (IL-1α, IL-1ra), monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) at months 2-3, and another peak of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-4, 7, 13, 17, 27 related to tissue destruction. Transient systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction developed after 1-2 months shown by significantly decreased ejection fraction (EF%) and deceleration time, respectively. These parameters together with the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) decreased again after 5-6 months. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) significantly increased in the heart homogenates at month 6, while other inflammatory cytokines were undetectable. This is the first study demonstrating smoking duration-dependent, complex cardiopulmonary alterations characteristic to COPD, in which inflammatory cytokine cascades and MMP-2/9 might be responsible for pulmonary destruction and sICAM-1 for heart dysfunction.
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) belong to a distinguished class of zinc-dependent endopeptidases. Zymography is a semi-quantitative tool for determining the activity of different MMP isoenzymes in a variety of biological samples. In substrate gel zymography, protein samples of different origin (tissue, cell lysates, plasma/serum, perfusates, other liquids) are separated in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gels containing copolymerized substrate (gelatin, casein, elastin, etc.), and after incubation-enabling substrate cleavage by MMPs, MMP activities are detected after the gel staining as transparent bands against a dark-blue background. In situ zymography is a histological modification of substrate zymography in frozen sections, allowing detection of the localization of the MMP activities within the tissue. Here, we describe detailed experimental protocols of all abovementioned techniques and provide examples for several sample measurements.
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Effect of nitric oxide deficiency on the pulmonary PTHrP system. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:96-106. [PMID: 27581501 PMCID: PMC5192877 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) deficiency is common in pulmonary diseases, but its effect on pulmonary remodelling is still controversial. As pulmonary parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) expression is a key regulator of pulmonary fibrosis and development, the effect of chronic NO deficiency on the pulmonary PTHrP system and its relationship with oxidative stress was addressed. NO bioavailability in adult rats was reduced by systemic administration of L-NAME via tap water. To clarify the role of NO synthase (NOS)-3-derived NO on pulmonary expression of PTHrP, NOS-3-deficient mice were used. Captopril and hydralazine were used to reduce the hypertensive effect of L-NAME treatment and to interfere with the pulmonary renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot techniques were used to characterize the expression of key proteins involved in pulmonary remodelling. L-NAME administration significantly reduced pulmonary NO concentration and caused oxidative stress as characterized by increased pulmonary nitrite concentration and increased expression of NOX2, p47phox and p67phox. Furthermore, L-NAME induced the pulmonary expression of PTHrP and of its corresponding receptor, PTH-1R. Expression of PTHrP and PTH-1R correlated with the expression of two well-established PTHrP downstream targets, ADRP and PPARγ, suggesting an activation of the pulmonary PTHrP system by NO deficiency. Captopril reduced the expression of PTHrP, profibrotic markers and ornithine decarboxylase, but neither that of PTH-1R nor that of ADRP and PPARγ. All transcriptional changes were confirmed in NOS-3-deficient mice. In conclusion, NOS-3-derived NO suppresses pulmonary PTHrP and PTH-1R expression, thereby modifying pulmonary remodelling.
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Novel, selective EPO receptor ligands lacking erythropoietic activity reduce infarct size in acute myocardial infarction in rats. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:62-70. [PMID: 27521836 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) has been shown to protect the heart against acute myocardial infarction in pre-clinical studies, however, EPO failed to reduce infarct size in clinical trials and showed significant safety problems. Here, we investigated cardioprotective effects of two selective non-erythropoietic EPO receptor ligand dimeric peptides (AF41676 and AF43136) lacking erythropoietic activity, EPO, and the prolonged half-life EPO analogue, darbepoetin in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in rats. In a pilot study, EPO at 100U/mL significantly decreased cell death compared to vehicle (33.8±2.3% vs. 40.3±1.5%, p<0.05) in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes subjected to simulated ischemia/reperfusion. In further studies (studies 1-4), in vivo AMI was induced by 30min coronary occlusion and 120min reperfusion in male Wistar rats. Test compounds and positive controls for model validation (B-type natriuretic peptide, BNP or cyclosporine A, CsA) were administered iv. before the onset of reperfusion. Infarct size (IS) was measured by standard TTC staining. In study 1, 5000U/kg EPO reduced infarct size significantly compared to vehicle (45.3±4.8% vs. 59.8±4.5%, p<0.05). In study 2, darbepoetin showed a U-shaped dose-response curve with maximal infarct size-reducing effect at 5μg/kg compared to the vehicle (44.4±5.7% vs. 65.9±2.7%, p<0.01). In study 3, AF41676 showed a U-shaped dose-response curve, where 3mg/kg was the most effective dose compared to the vehicle (24.1±3.9% vs. 44.3±2.5%, p<0.001). The positive control BNP significantly decreased infarct size in studies 1-3 by approximately 35%. In study 4, AF43136 at 10mg/kg decreased infarct size, similarly to the positive control CsA compared to the appropriate vehicle (39.4±5.9% vs. 58.1±5.4% and 45.9±2.4% vs. 63.8±4.1%, p<0.05, respectively). This is the first demonstration that selective, non-erythropoietic EPO receptor ligand dimeric peptides AF41676 and AF43136 administered before reperfusion are able to reduce infarct size in a rat model of AMI. Therefore, non-erythropoietic EPO receptor peptide ligands may be promising cardioprotective agents.
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Poster session 3Cell growth, differentiation and stem cells - Heart511The role of the endocannabinoid system in modelling muscular dystrophy cardiac disease with induced pluripotent stem cells.512An emerging role of T lymphocytes in cardiac regenerative processes in heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy513Canonical wnt signaling reverses the ‘aged/senescent’ human endogenous cardiac stem cell phenotype514Hippo signalling modulates survival of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes515Biocompatibility of mesenchymal stem cells with a spider silk matrix and its potential use as scaffold for cardiac tissue regeneration516A snapshot of genome-wide transcription in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (iPSC-HLCs)517Can NOS/sGC/cGK1 pathway trigger the differentiation and maturation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs)?518Introduction of external Ik1 to human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes via Ik1-expressing HEK293519Cell therapy of the heart studied using adult myocardial slices in vitro520Enhancement of the paracrine potential of human adipose derived stem cells when cultured as spheroid bodies521Mechanosensitivity of cardiomyocyte progenitor cells: the strain response in 2D and 3D environments522The effect of the vascular-like network on the maturation of the human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes.Transcriptional control and RNA species - Heart525Gene expression regulation in heart failure: from pathobiology to bioinformatics526Human transcriptome in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy - a novel high throughput screening527A high-throghput approach unveils putative miRNA-mediated mitochondria-targeted cardioprotective circuits activated by T3 in the post ischemia reperfusion setting528The effect of uraemia on the expression of miR-212/132 and the calcineurin pathway in the rat heartCytokines and cellular inflammation - Heart531Lack of growth differentiation factor 15 aggravates adverse cardiac remodeling upon pressure-overload in mice532Blocking heteromerization of platelet chemokines ccl5 and cxcl4 reduces inflammation and preserves heart function after myocardial infarction533Is there an association between low-dose aspirin use and clinical outcome in HFPEF? Implications of modulating monocyte function and inflammatory mediator release534N-terminal truncated intracellular matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression in diabetic heart.535Expression of CD39 and CD73 on peripheral T-cell subsets in calcific aortic stenosis536Mast cells in the atrial myocardium of patients with atrial fibrillation: a comparison with patients in sinus rhythm539Characteristics of the inflammatory response in patients with coronary artery disease and arterial hypertension540Pro-inflammatory cytokines as cardiovascular events predictors in rheumatoid arthritis and asymptomatic atherosclerosis541Characterization of FVB/N murinic bone marrow-derived macrophage polarization into M1 and M2 phenotypes542The biological expression and thoracic anterior pain syndromeSignal transduction - Heart545The association of heat shock protein 90 and TGFbeta receptor I is involved in collagen production during cardiac remodelling in aortic-banded mice546Loss of the inhibitory GalphaO protein in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem leads to abnormalities in cardiovascular reflexes and altered ventricular excitablitiy547Selenoprotein P regulates pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling548Study of adenylyl cyclase activity in erythrocyte membranes in patients with chronic heart failure549Direct thrombin inhibitors inhibit atrial myocardium hypertrophy in a rat model of heart failure and atrial remodeling550Tissue factor / FVIIa transactivates the IGF-1R by a Src-dependent phosphorylation of caveolin-1551Notch signaling is differently altered in endothelial and smooth muscle cells of ascending aortic aneurysm patients552Frizzled 5 expression is essential for endothelial proliferation and migration553Modulation of vascular function and ROS production by novel synthetic benzopyran analogues in diabetes mellitusExtracellular matrix and fibrosis - Heart556Cardiac fibroblasts as inflammatory supporter cells trigger cardiac inflammation in heart failure557A role for galectin-3 in calcific aortic valve stenosis558Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids- can they decrease risk for ventricular fibrillation?559Serum levels of elastin derived peptides and circulating elastin-antielastin immune complexes in sera of patients with coronary artery disease560Endocardial fibroelastosis is secondary to hemodynamic alterations in the chick model of hypoplastic left heart syndrome561Dynamics of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinases in primary anterior STEMI patients564Deletion of the alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor changes the vascular remodeling induced by transverse aortic constriction in mice.565Extracellular matrix remodelling in response to venous hypertension: proteomics of human varicose veinsIon channels, ion exchangers and cellular electrophysiology - Heart568Microtubule-associated protein RP/EB family member 1 modulates sodium channel trafficking and cardiac conduction569Investigation of electrophysiological abnormalities in a rabbit athlete's heart model570Upregulation of expression of multiple genes in the atrioventricular node of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat571miR-1 as a regulator of sinoatrial rhythm in endurance training adaptation572Selective sodium-calcium exchanger inhibition reduces myocardial dysfunction associated with hypokalaemia and ventricular fibrillation573Effect of racemic and levo-methadone on action potential of human ventricular cardiomyocytes574Acute temperature effects on the chick embryonic heart functionVasculogenesis, angiogenesis and arteriogenesis577Clinical improvement and enhanced collateral vessel growth after monocyte transplantation in mice578The role of HIF-1 alpha, VEGF and obstructive sleep apnoea in the development of coronary collateral circulation579Initiating cardiac repair with a trans-coronary sinus catheter intervention in an ischemia/reperfusion porcine animal model580Early adaptation of pre-existing collaterals after acute arteriolar and venular microocclusion: an in vivo study in chick chorioallantoic membraneEndothelium583EDH-type responses to the activator of potassium KCa2.3 and KCa3.1 channels SKA-31 in the small mesenteric artery from spontaneously hypertensive rats584The peculiarities of endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic renocardial syndrome585Endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries and level of leptin in patient with coronary heart disease in combination with hepatic steatosis depend from body mass index.586Role of non-coding RNAs in thoracic aortic aneurysm associated with bicuspid aortic valve587Cigarette smoke extract abrogates atheroprotective effects of high laminar flow on endothelial function588The prognostic value of anti-connective tissue antibodies in coronary heart disease and asymptomatic atherosclerosis589Novel potential properties of bioactive peptides from spanish dry-cured ham on the endothelium.Lipids592Intermediate density lipoprotein is associated with monocyte subset distribution in patients with stable atherosclerosis593The characteristics of dyslipidemia in rheumatoid arthritisAtherosclerosis596Macrophages differentiated in vitro are heterogeneous: morphological and functional profile in patients with coronary artery disease597Palmitoylethanolamide promotes anti-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages and attenuates plaque formation in ApoE-/- mice598Amiodarone versus esmolol in the perioperative period: an in vitro study of coronary artery bypass grafts599BMPRII signaling of fibrocytes, a mesenchymal progenitor cell population, is increased in STEMI and dyslipidemia600The characteristics of atherogenesis and systemic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis601Role of adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing in human atherosclerosis602Presence of bacterial DNA in thrombus aspirates of patients with myocardial infarction603Novel E-selectin binding polymers reduce atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE(-/-) mice604Differential expression of the plasminogen receptor Plg-RKT in monocyte and macrophage subsets - possible functional consequences in atherogenesis605Apelin-13 treatment enhances the stability of atherosclerotic plaques606Mast cells are increased in the media of coronary lesions in patients with myocardial infarction and favor atherosclerotic plaque instability607Association of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio with presence of isolated coronary artery ectasiaCalcium fluxes and excitation-contraction coupling610The coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor (CAR) regulates calcium homeostasis in the developing heart611HMW-AGEs application acutely reduces ICaL in adult cardiomyocytes612Measuring electrical conductibility of cardiac T-tubular systems613Postnatal development of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling in rats614Role of altered Ca2+ homeostasis during adverse cardiac remodeling after ischemia/reperfusion615Experimental study of sarcoplasmic reticulum dysfunction and energetic metabolism in failing myocardium associated with diabetes mellitusHibernation, stunning and preconditioning618Volatile anesthetic preconditioning attenuates ischemic-reperfusion injury in type II diabetic patients undergoing on-pump heart surgery619The effect of early and delayed phase of remote ischemic preconditioning on ischemia-reperfusion injury in the isolated hearts of healthy and diabetic rats620Post-conditioning with 1668-thioate leads to attenuation of the inflammatory response and remodeling with less fibrosis and better left ventricular function in a murine model of myocardial infarction621Maturation-related changes in response to ischemia-reperfusion injury and in effects of classical ischemic preconditioning and remote preconditioningMitochondria and energetics624Phase changes in myocardial mitochondrial respiration caused by hypoxic preconditioning or periodic hypoxic training625Desmin mutations depress mitochondrial metabolism626Methylene blue modulates mitochondrial function and monoamine oxidases-related ROS production in diabetic rat hearts627Doxorubicin modulates the real-time oxygen consumption rate of freshly isolated adult rat and human ventricular cardiomyocytesCardiomyopathies and fibrosis630Effects of genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of the ubiquitin/proteasome system on myocardial proteostasis and cardiac function631Suppression of Wnt signalling in a desmoglein-2 transgenic mouse model for arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy632Cold-induced cardiac hypertrophy is reversed after thermo-neutral deacclimatization633CD45 is a sensitive marker to diagnose lymphocytic myocarditis in endomyocardial biopsies of living patients and in autopsies634Atrial epicardial adipose tissue derives from epicardial progenitors635Caloric restriction ameliorates cardiac function, sympathetic cardiac innervation and beta-adrenergic receptor signaling in an experimental model of post-ischemic heart failure636High fat diet improves cardiac remodelling and function after extensive myocardial infarction in mice637Epigenetic therapy reduces cardiac hypertrophy in murine models of heart failure638Imbalance of the VHL/HIF signaling in WT1+ Epicardial Progenitors results in coronary vascular defects, fibrosis and cardiac hypertrophy639Diastolic dysfunction is the first stage of the developing heart failure640Colchicine aggravates coxsackievirus B3 infection in miceArterial and pulmonary hypertension642Osteopontin as a marker of pulmonary hypertension in patients with coronary heart disease combined with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease643Myocardial dynamic stiffness is increased in experimental pulmonary hypertension partly due to incomplete relaxation644Hypotensive effect of quercetin is possibly mediated by down-regulation of immunotroteasome subunits in aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats645Urocortin-2 improves right ventricular function and attenuates experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension646A preclinical evaluation of the anti-hypertensive properties of an aqueous extract of Agathosma (Buchu)Biomarkers648The adiponectin level in hypertensive females with rheumatoid arthritis and its relationship with subclinical atherosclerosis649Markers for identification of renal dysfunction in the patients with chronic heart failure650cardio-hepatic syndromes in chronic heart failure: North Africa profile651To study other biomarkers that assess during myocardial infarction652Interconnections of apelin levels with parameters of lipid metabolism in hypertension patients653Plasma proteomics in hypertension: prediction and follow-up of albuminuria during chronic renin-angiotensin system suppression654Soluble RAGE levels in plasma of patients with cerebrovascular events. Cardiovasc Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Multiple impairments of cutaneous nociceptor function induced by cardiotoxic doses of Adriamycin in the rat. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:1009-20. [PMID: 27342418 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Besides their deleterious action on cardiac muscle, anthracycline-type cytostatic agents exert significant neurotoxic effects on primary sensory neurons. Since cardiac sensory nerves confer protective effects on heart muscle and share common traits with cutaneous chemosensitive nerves, this study examined the effects of cardiotoxic doses of adriamycin on the function and morphology of epidermal nerves. Sensory neurogenic vasodilatation, plasma extravasation, and the neural CGRP release evoked by TRPV1 and TRPA1 agonists in vitro were examined by using laser Doppler flowmetry, the Evans blue technique, and ELISA, respectively. Carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia was assessed with the Hargreaves method. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to study cutaneous innervation. Adriamycin treatment resulted in profound reductions in the cutaneous neurogenic sensory vasodilatation and plasma extravasation evoked by the TRPV1 and TRPA1 agonists capsaicin and mustard oil, respectively. The in vitro capsaicin-, but not high potassium-evoked neural release of the major sensory neuropeptide, CGRP, was markedly attenuated after adriamycin treatment. Carrageenan-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia was largely abolished following the administration of adriamycin. Immunohistochemistry revealed a substantial loss of epidermal TRPV1-expressing nociceptive nerves and a marked thinning of the epidermis. These findings indicate impairments in the functions of TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors expressed on cutaneous chemosensitive nociceptive nerves and the loss of epidermal axons following the administration of cardiotoxic doses of adriamycin. Monitoring of the cutaneous nociceptor function in the course of adriamycin therapy may well be of predictive value for early detection of the deterioration of cardiac nerves which confer protection against the deleterious effects of the drug.
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Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Signaling Inhibitors-Losartan, Enalapril, and Cardosten-Prevent Infarction-induced Heart Failure Development in Rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 22:10-17. [PMID: 27036051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure, which is the reason that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin 2 receptor blockers (ARBs) have become established therapies for heart failure. However, it is still not known whether preventive treatment with losartan or enalapril can reduce symptoms of infarction-induced heart failure. Ultra-low dose (ULD) drug therapy is thought to exert specific activity, with a lower chance of side effects. OBJECTIVES • The research team had hypothesized that preventive treatment with inhibitors of RAAS signaling-losartan, enalapril, and a preparation of a ULD antibody (ie, cardosten), which target the angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor-might alleviate pathological hypertrophy and/or functional decline in infarction-induced heart failure. METHODS The research team treated male Wistar rats orally for 30 d with 20 mg/kg of losartan, 10 mg/kg enalapril, 5 or 7.5 mL/kg of cardosten, or a control solution, started 1 d prior to permanent coronary occlusion. A sham-operated group functioned as a second control group. SETTINGS The study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Szeged in Szeged, Hungary, in cooperation with the Pharmahungary Group, also in Szeged, Hungary, and with OOO "NPF" Materia Medica Holding Ltd in Moscow, Russia. OUTCOME MEASURES To determine cardiac functional parameters in vivo, the research team inserted a catheter into the left ventricle of the rats and measured the parameters of ventricular pressure, and cardiac output was determined by thermodilution. Morphological parameters were measured after heart isolation in transverse sections by a digital caliper. RESULTS A total of 30 d after permanent coronary ligation, both losartan and enalapril, significantly decreased mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), attenuated the development of the left-ventricular anterior-wall and septum hypertrophy, and reduced scar thickness compared with the vehicle control group. The deterioration of cardiac output and the increase in total peripheral resistance (TPR) due to coronary ligation were significantly inhibited by both losartan and enalapril. The effects of cardosten were comparable with those of losartan and enalapril on cardiac morphology, left ventricular function, and TPR; however, it did not influence MABP. Moreover, in contrast to losartan and enalapril, cardosten did not decrease the rate of survival. CONCLUSIONS The study was the first to have demonstrated that preventive treatment with losartan, enalapril, or cardosten can attenuate pathological hypertrophy in infarction-induced heart failure in rats.
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Response to letter entitled Plasma MMPs in CAD patients by Ceron CS et al. Eur J Clin Invest 2016; 46:106-7. [PMID: 26527117 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Serum lipids and cardiac function correlate with nitrotyrosine and MMP activity in coronary artery disease patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:692-701. [PMID: 25944577 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Peroxynitrite-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) signalling has been shown to contribute to myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury and heart failure and to be influenced by hyperlipidaemia in preclinical models. Therefore, here we investigated the correlation between the markers of peroxynitrite-MMP signalling and hyperlipidaemia in patients with significant coronary stenosis. METHODS Five minutes before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), arterial blood samples were collected from 36 consecutive patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) selected for elective PCI. RESULTS Serum nitrotyrosine positively correlated with MMP-9 activity (r = 0·54, P = 0·01), but not with MMP-2 activity. Nitrotyrosine positively correlated with total (r = 0·58; P < 0·01) and LDL cholesterol (r = 0·55; P < 0·01), serum triglyceride (r = 0·47; P < 0·05), and creatinine (r = 0·42; P < 0·05) and negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol (r = -0·46; P < 0·05) and with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF; r = -0·55; P < 0·05), respectively. MMP-2 activity correlated positively with total (r = 0·55; P < 0·05) and LDL cholesterol (r = 0·45; P < 0·05). In statin-treated patients, a significantly reduced serum nitrotyrosine was found as compared to statin naives; however, MMP activities and serum cholesterol levels were not different. MMP-9 activity correlated with urea nitrogen (r = 0·42; P < 0·05) and LVEF (r = -0·73; P < 0·01). Serum creatinine correlated negatively with LVEF (r = -0·50, P < 0·01). CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration that (i) serum nitrotyrosine correlates with MMP-9 activity, (ii) lipid parameters correlate with nitrotyrosine and MMP-2 activity, (iii) myocardial function correlates with creatinine, nitrotyrosine and MMP-9 activity, and (iv) creatinine correlates with nitrotyrosine and urea nitrogen with MMP-9 activity in patients with CAD. Studying the biomarkers of peroxynitrite-MMP pathway in large prospective trials may reveal their diagnostic avails.
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Therapeutic potential of midkine in cardiovascular disease. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:936-44. [PMID: 24286213 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ischaemic heart disease, stroke and their pathological consequences are life-threatening conditions that account for about half of deaths in developed countries. Pathology of these diseases includes cell death due to ischaemia/reperfusion injury, vascular stenosis and cardiac remodelling. The growth factor midkine plays a pivotal role in these events. Midkine shows an acute cytoprotective effect in ischaemia/reperfusion injury at least in part via its anti-apoptotic effect. Moreover, while midkine promotes endothelial cell proliferation, it also recruits inflammatory cells to lesions. These activities eventually enhance angiogenesis, thereby preventing cardiac tissue remodelling. However, midkine's activity in recruiting inflammatory cells into the vascular wall also triggers neointima formation, and consequently, vascular stenosis. Moreover, midkine is induced in cancer tissues where it enhances angiogenesis. Therefore, midkine may promote tumour formation through its angiogenic and anti-apoptotic activity. This review focuses on the roles of midkine in ischaemic cardiovascular disease and their pathological consequences, that is angiogenesis, vascular stenosis, and cardiac remodelling, and discusses the possible therapeutic potential of modulation of midkine in these diseases. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Midkine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-4.
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Measurement of NO in biological samples. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:1620-32. [PMID: 24990201 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the physiological regulatory function of the gasotransmitter NO (a diatomic free radical) was discovered decades ago, NO is still in the frontline research in biomedicine. NO has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes; therefore, pharmacological modulation of NO levels in various tissues may have significant therapeutic value. NO is generated by NOS in most of cell types and by non-enzymatic reactions. Measurement of NO is technically difficult due to its rapid chemical reactions with a wide range of molecules, such as, for example, free radicals, metals, thiols, etc. Therefore, there are still several contradictory findings on the role of NO in different biological processes. In this review, we briefly discuss the major techniques suitable for measurement of NO (electron paramagnetic resonance, electrochemistry, fluorometry) and its derivatives in biological samples (nitrite/nitrate, NOS, cGMP, nitrosothiols) and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method. We conclude that to obtain a meaningful insight into the role of NO and NO modulator compounds in physiological or pathological processes, concomitant assessment of NO synthesis, NO content, as well as molecular targets and reaction products of NO is recommended.
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P428Cholesterol-enriched diet inhibits cardioprotection by ATP-sensitive K+-channel activators cromakalim and diazoxide. Cardiovasc Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu091.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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P168Anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of a preparation of vitamins, minerals and trace elements in experimental hyperlipidemia. Cardiovasc Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu082.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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P366The time-course of cardiac and pulmonary matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 activities after chronic cigarette smoke exposure in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu091.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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MicroRNAs associated with ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardioprotection by ischemic pre- and postconditioning: protectomiRs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H216-27. [PMID: 24858849 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00812.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to characterize early changes in microRNA expression in acute cardioprotection by ischemic pre- and postconditioning in rat hearts. Hearts isolated from male Wistar rats were subjected to 1) time-matched nonischemic perfusion, 2) ischemia-reperfusion (30 min of coronary occlusion and 120 min of reperfusion), 3) preconditioning (3 × 5 min of coronary occlusion) followed by ischemia-reperfusion, or 4) ischemia-reperfusion with postconditioning (6 × 10 s of global ischemia-reperfusion at the onset of reperfusion). Infarct size was significantly reduced by both interventions. Of 350 different microRNAs assessed by microarray analysis, 147-160 microRNAs showed detectable expression levels. Compared with microRNA alterations induced by ischemia-reperfusion versus time-matched nonischemic controls, five microRNAs were significantly affected by both pre- and postconditioning (microRNA-125b*, microRNA-139-3p, microRNA-320, microRNA-532-3p, and microRNA-188), four microRNAs were significantly affected by preconditioning (microRNA-487b, microRNA-139-5p, microRNA-192, and microRNA-212), and nine microRNAs were significantly affected by postconditioning (microRNA-1, microRNA let-7i, microRNA let-7e, microRNA let-7b, microRNA-181a, microRNA-208, microRNA-328, microRNA-335, and microRNA-503). Expression of randomly selected microRNAs was validated by quantitative real-time PCR. By a systematic comparison of the direction of microRNA expression changes in all groups, we identified microRNAs, specific mimics, or antagomiRs that may have pre- and postconditioning-like cardioprotective effects (protectomiRs). Transfection of selected protectomiRs (mimics of microRNA-139-5p, microRNA-125b*, microRNA let-7b, and inhibitor of microRNA-487b) into cardiac myocytes subjected to simulated ischemia-reperfusion showed a significant cytoprotective effect. This is the first demonstration that the ischemia-reperfusion-induced microRNA expression profile is significantly influenced by both pre- and postconditioning, which shows the involvement of microRNAs in cardioprotective signaling. Moreover, by analysis of microRNA expression patterns in cardioprotection by pre- and postconditioning, specific protectomiRs can be revealed as potential therapeutic tools for the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Ischemic postconditioning alters the gene expression pattern of the ischemic heart. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:141-50. [DOI: 10.1177/1535370213511017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To profile changes in gene expression in response to ischemic postconditioning, isolated rat hearts were subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion with or without postconditioning. At the end of reperfusion, cardiac RNA was assayed by DNA microarrays (31,000 format), verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). Postconditioning significantly up-regulated 50 genes and down-regulated 58 different genes, including pyruvate dehydrogenase, 60 kDa heat shock protein 1, lipoprotein lipase, gamma-sarcoglycan, and phospholipase C. Gene ontology analysis revealed that most of the altered genes belong to the cellular metabolic processes cluster. Many of the genes have not previously been suspected to be involved in the mechanism of postconditioning.
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Cholesterol-enriched diet inhibits cardioprotection by ATP-sensitive K+ channel activators cromakalim and diazoxide. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 306:H405-13. [PMID: 24285110 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00257.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been previously shown that hyperlipidemia interferes with cardioprotective mechanisms. Here, we investigated the interaction of hyperlipidemia with cardioprotection induced by pharmacological activators of ATP-sensitive K(+) (KATP) channels. Hearts isolated from rats fed a 2% cholesterol-enriched diet or normal diet for 8 wk were subjected to 30 min of global ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion in the presence or absence of KATP modulators. In normal diet-fed rats, either the nonselective KATP activator cromakalim at 10(-5) M or the selective mitochondrial (mito)KATP opener diazoxide at 3 × 10(-5) M significantly decreased infarct size compared with vehicle-treated control rats. Their cardioprotective effect was abolished by coadministration of the nonselective KATP blocker glibenclamide or the selective mitoKATP blocker 5-hydroxydecanoate, respectively. However, in cholesterol-fed rats, the cardioprotective effect of cromakalim or diazoxide was not observed. Therefore, we further investigated how cholesterol-enriched diet influences cardiac KATP channels. Cardiac expression of a KATP subunit gene (Kir6.1) was significantly downregulated in cholesterol-fed rats; however, protein levels of Kir6.1 and Kir6.2 were not changed. The cholesterol diet significantly decreased cardiac ATP, increased lactate content, and enhanced myocardial oxidative stress, as shown by increased cardiac superoxide and dityrosine formation. This is the first demonstration that cardioprotection by KATP channel activators is impaired in cholesterol-enriched diet-induced hyperlipidemia. The background mechanism may include hyperlipidemia-induced attenuation of mitoKATP function by altered energy metabolism and increased oxidative stress in the heart.
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Effect of a multivitamin preparation supplemented with phytosterol on serum lipids and infarct size in rats fed with normal and high cholesterol diet. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:138. [PMID: 24063587 PMCID: PMC3851526 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although complex multivitamin products are widely used as dietary supplements to maintain health or as special medical food in certain diseases, the effects of these products were not investigated in hyperlipidemia which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, here we investigated if a preparation developed for human use containing different vitamins, minerals and trace elements enriched with phytosterol (VMTP) affects the severity of experimental hyperlipidemia as well as myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Methods Male Wistar rats were fed a normal or cholesterol-enriched (2% cholesterol + 0.25% cholate) diet for 12 weeks to induce hyperlipidemia. From week 8, rats in both groups were fed with a VMTP preparation or placebo for 4 weeks. Serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels were measured at week 0, 8 and 12. At week 12, hearts were isolated, perfused according to Langendorff and subjected to a 30-min coronary occlusion followed by 120 min reperfusion to measure infarct size. Results At week 8, cholesterol-fed rats showed significantly higher serum cholesterol level as compared to normal animals, however, serum triglyceride level did not change. VMTP treatment significantly decreased serum cholesterol level in the hyperlipidemic group by week 12 without affecting triglyceride levels. However, VMTP did not show beneficial effect on infarct size. The inflammatory marker hs-CRP and the antioxidant uric acid were also not significantly different. Conclusions This is the first demonstration that treatment of hyperlipidemic subjects with a VMTP preparation reduces serum cholesterol, the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however, it does not provide cardioprotection.
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Different administration schedules of darbepoetin alfa affect oxidized and reduced glutathione levels to a similar extent in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Clin Exp Nephrol 2012; 17:569-74. [PMID: 23224027 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-012-0749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) with extended serum half-lives has allowed marked prolongation of the administration intervals. The level of oxidative stress is increased in chronic kidney disease, and is reportedly decreased after long-term ESA treatment. However, the effect of different dosing regimens of ESAs on oxidative stress has not been elucidated. METHODS Five-sixths nephrectomized (NX) rats received either 0.4 μg/kg darbepoetin alfa (DA) weekly or 0.8 μg/kg DA fortnightly between weeks 4 and 10. NX animals receiving saline and a sham-operated (SHAM) group served as controls. The levels of oxidized and reduced glutathione (GSSG, GSH) were followed from blood samples drawn fortnightly. RESULTS During the follow-up, the ratios GSSG/GSH showed similar trends in both DA groups, levels being significantly lower than those in the SHAM group at weeks 8 and 10. GSSG levels were lower than the baseline throughout the study in all groups except for NX controls. The GSH levels were increased in all three NX groups (weeks 6-10) compared with both the baseline and the SHAM group CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the extent of oxidative stress is similar in response to different dosing regimens of DA in 5/6 NX rats when comparable hemoglobin levels are maintained. These findings remain to be confirmed in chronic kidney disease patients.
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Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as hyperlipidemia and diabetes attenuate the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning. In the present study, we examined whether another metabolic disease, prolonged uremia, affects ischemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotection by ischemic preconditioning. Uremia was induced by partial nephrectomy in male Wistar rats. The development of uremia was verified 29 wk after surgery. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed to monitor cardiac function. At week 30, hearts of nephrectomized and sham-operated rats were isolated and subjected to a 30-min coronary occlusion followed by 120 min reperfusion with or without preceding preconditioning induced by three intermittent cycles of brief ischemia and reperfusion. In nephrectomized rats, plasma uric acid, carbamide, and creatinine as well as urine protein levels were increased as compared with sham-operated controls. Systolic anterior and septal wall thicknesses were increased in nephrectomized rats, suggesting the development of a minimal cardiac hypertrophy. Ejection fraction was decreased and isovolumic relaxation time was shortened in nephrectomized rats demonstrating a mild systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Infarct size was not affected significantly by nephrectomy itself. Ischemic preconditioning significantly decreased infarct size from 24.8 ± 5.2% to 6.6 ± 1.3% in the sham-operated group and also in the uremic group from 35.4 ± 9.5% to 11.9 ± 3.1% of the area at risk. Plasma ANG II and nitrotyrosine were significantly increased in the uremic rats. We conclude that although prolonged experimental uremia leads to severe metabolic changes and the development of a mild myocardial dysfunction, the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning is still preserved.
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Cholesterol diet leads to attenuation of ischemic preconditioning-induced cardiac protection: the role of connexin 43. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H1907-13. [PMID: 21398600 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01242.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardioprotection by ischemic preconditioning (IP) was abolished in connexin 43 (Cx43)-deficient mice due to loss of Cx43 located in mitochondria rather than at the sarcolemma. IP is lost in hyperlipidemic rat hearts as well. Since changes in mitochondrial Cx43 in hyperlipidemia have not yet been analyzed, we determined total and mitochondrial Cx43 levels in male Wistar rats fed a laboratory chow enriched with 2% cholesterol or normal chow for 12 wk. Hearts were isolated and perfused according to Langendorff. After a 10-min perfusion, myocardial tissue cholesterol, superoxide, and nitrotyrosine contents were measured and Cx43 content in whole heart homogenate and a mitochondrial fraction determined. In the cholesterol-fed group, tissue cholesterol and superoxide formation was increased (P < 0.05), while total Cx43 content remained unchanged. Mitochondrial total and dephosphorylated Cx43 content decreased. Hearts were subjected to an IP protocol (3 × 5 min ischemia-reperfusion) or time-matched aerobic perfusion followed by 30-min global ischemia and 5-min reperfusion. IP reduced infarct size in normal but not in cholesterol-fed rats. At 5-min reperfusion following 30-min global ischemia, the total and dephosphorylated mitochondrial Cx43 content was increased, which was abolished by IP in both normal and high-cholesterol diet. In conclusion, loss of cardioprotection by IP in hyperlipidemia is associated with a redistribution of both sarcolemmal and mitochondrial Cx43.
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Role of iNOS and peroxynitrite–matrix metalloproteinase-2 signaling in myocardial late preconditioning in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H512-8. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00052.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the inhibition of myocardial nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) signaling by early preconditioning (PC) is involved in its cardioprotective effect. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the role of NO and peroxynitrite-MMP signaling in the development of late PC. PC was performed by five consecutive cycles of 4-min coronary occlusion and 4-min reperfusion in anesthetized rats in vivo. Twenty-four hours later, hearts were subjected to a 30-min coronary occlusion followed by 180-min reperfusion to measure infarct size. In separate experiments, heart tissue was sampled to measure biochemical parameters before and 3, 6, 12, or 24 h after the PC protocol, respectively. Late PC decreased infarct size, increased cardiac inducible NO synthase (iNOS) activity and gene expression, and decreased SOD activity at 24 h significantly compared with sham-operated controls. Late PC increased cardiac superoxide levels significantly at 24 h; however, it did not change cardiac NO levels. Cardiac peroxynitrite levels were significantly decreased. Downstream cellular targets of peroxynitrite, MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were decreased in the late PC group at 24 h compared with the sham-operated group. To verify if PC-induced inhibition of MMPs had a causative role in the reduction of infarct size, in separate experiments, we measured infarct size after the pharmacological inhibition of MMPs by ilomastat and found a significant reduction of infarct size compared with the vehicle-treated group. In conclusion, this is the first demonstration that the inhibition of cardiac peroxynitrite-MMP signaling contributes to cardioprotection by late PC and that pharmacological inhibition of MMPs is able to reduce infarct size in vivo. Furthermore, increased expression of iNOS may play a role in the development of late PC; however, increased iNOS activity does not lead to increased NO production in late PC.
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Sunday, 18 July 2010. Cardiovasc Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Measurement of myocardial infarct size in preclinical studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 61:163-70. [PMID: 20188845 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Myocardial ischemia followed by reperfusion results in tissue injury termed ischemia/reperfusion injury which is characterized by decreased myocardial contractile function, occurrence of arrhythmias, and development of tissue necrosis (infarction). These pathologies are all relevant as clinical consequences of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and they are also important as experimental correlates and endpoints. The most critical determinant of acute and long-term mortality after myocardial infarction is the volume of the infarcted tissue. Therefore, development of cardioprotective therapies aims at reducing the size of the infarct developing due to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Different techniques are available to measure myocardial infarct size in humans and in experimental settings, however, accurate determination of the extent of infarction is necessary to evaluate interventions that may delay the onset of necrosis and/or limit the total extent of infarct size during ischemia/reperfusion. This paper highlights recent advances of the different techniques to measure infarct size.
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The heme oxygenase inducer hemin protects against cardiac dysfunction and ventricular fibrillation in ischaemic/reperfused rat hearts: role of connexin 43. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 69:209-18. [PMID: 18946777 DOI: 10.1080/00365510802474392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac expression of cytoprotective gene heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is modulated by ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R). We therefore hypothesized that pretreatment with hemin, an inductor of HO-1, would precondition the heart against post-ischaemic dysfunction and ventricular fibrillation (VF). Male Wistar rats were given either hemin or HO enzyme inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP IX). Isolated hearts were subjected to 30 min global ischaemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion or were aerobically perfused in a time-matched non-ischaemic protocol. Control animals received no pretreatment. Compared to non-perfused controls, pretreatment with hemin increased HO-1 mRNA 13-fold (p<0.001) and HO-1 protein 3.5-fold (p<or=0.001), improved post-ischaemic aortic flow, coronary flow, LVDP and -Dp/dt (p<0.01) and decreased LVEDP (p<0.001) and the incidence of VF (p = 0.001). The improved post-ischaemic cardiac function and reduction of VF were accompanied by a higher total connexin 43 (Cx43) level compared to non-pretreated and ZnPP IX pretreated hearts, and accumulation of non-phosphorylated gap junction protein Cx43 in intercalated discs and lateral plasma membrane of cardiomyocytes. Cardioprotection by HO-1 appeared to be independent of cGMP. Administration of ZnPP IX had no effect on cardiac function or VF. Our results show that pharmacological modulation of HO-1 pathway may provide a new therapeutic approach to protect the heart against post-ischaemic dysfunction and I/R-induced VF possibly by a Cx43 dependent mechanism.
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