Defining the infrared systems for ITER

The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor will have wide angle viewing systems and a divertor thermography diagnostic, which shall provide infrared coverage of the divertor and large parts of the first wall surfaces with spatial and temporal resolution adequate for operational purposes and higher resolved details of the divertor and other areas for physics investigations. We propose specifications for each system such that they jointly respond to the requirements. Risk analysis driven priorities for future work concern mirror degradation, interfaces with other diagnostics, radiation damage to refractive optics, reflections, and the development of calibration and measurement methods for varying optical and thermal target properties.

Active control of type-I edge-localized modes with n=1 perturbation fields in the JET tokamak

Type-I edge-localized modes (ELMs) have been mitigated at the JET tokamak using a static external n=1 perturbation field generated by four error field correction coils located far from the plasma. During the application of the n=1 field the ELM frequency increased by a factor of 4 and the amplitude of the D(alpha) signal decreased. The energy loss per ELM normalized to the total stored energy, DeltaW/W, dropped to values below 2%. Transport analyses shows no or only a moderate (up to 20%) degradation of energy confinement time during the ELM mitigation phase.

Energy Transfer Across a Metal Film Mediated by Surface Plasmon Polaritons

Coupled surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are shown to provide effective transfer of excitation energy from donor molecules to acceptor molecules on opposite sides of metal films up to 120 nanometers thick. This variant of radiative transfer should allow directional control over the flow of excitation energy with the use of suitably designed metallic nanostructures, with SPPs mediating transfer over length scales of 10(-7) to 10(-4) meters. In the emerging field of nanophotonics, such a prospect could allow subwavelength-scale manipulation of light and provide an interface to the outside world.

Myocardial contractile function and heart rate in mice with myocyte-specific overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase

BACKGROUND

The major source of nitric oxide (NO) in the heart is the constitutive form of NO synthases (eNOS, NOS III) that is expressed in vascular endothelium and cardiac myocytes. NO mediates endothelium-dependent vasodilation and may modulate cardiac function. We examined the role of NO in hearts from transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing eNOS exclusively in cardiac myocytes.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Three independent TG lines with varying levels of NOS activity were selected, and the hearts were isolated and retrogradely perfused at constant flow. We found that NO is positively inotropic in spontaneously beating hearts from wild-type (WT) mice, whereas hearts overexpressing eNOS had reduced basal contractility that was partially reversed by NOS blockade. Heart rate was not altered. Acetylcholine (10 to 1000 nmol/L) increased contractility in unstimulated hearts and decreased contractility after beta-adrenergic stimulation with norepinephrine, and these responses were identical in WT and TG hearts. Finally, resting systolic intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)(i)) tended to be lower in TG than in WT hearts, and the beat-to-beat responsiveness to Ca(2+)(i) was reduced in hearts with eNOS overexpression.

CONCLUSIONS

High levels of endogenous myocyte-derived NO blunt myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity. The similar effects of acetylcholine on contractility and heart rate, as well as the identical basal intrinsic heart rate in WT and TG hearts, provide a solid argument against NO as an important modulator of neurohormonal control of myocardial function.

Comparison of neuronal and endothelial isoforms of nitric oxide synthase in stably transfected HEK 293 cells

The neuronal and endothelial isoforms of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (nNOS and eNOS, respectively) both catalyze the production of NO but are regulated differently. Stably transfected HEK 293 cell lines containing nNOS, eNOS, and a soluble mutant of eNOS were therefore established to compare their activity in a common cellular environment. NOS activity was determined by measuring L-[3H]citrulline production in homogenates and intact cells, the conversion of oxyhemoglobin to methemoglobin, and the production of cGMP. The results indicate that nNOS is more active than eNOS, both in unstimulated as well as calcium-stimulated cells. Under basal conditions, the soluble mutant of eNOS appeared to be slightly more active than wild-type eNOS in terms of NO and cGMP formation, suggesting that membrane association may be crucial for inhibition of basal NO release but is not required for stimulation by Ca2+-mobilizing agents. The maximal activity of soluble guanylate cyclase was significantly reduced by transfection with wild-type eNOS due to downregulation of mRNA expression. These results demonstrate that nNOS and eNOS behave differently even in an identical cellular environment.

Adrenomedullin increases fluid extravasation from the splenic circulation of the rat

1. We studied the effect of adrenomedullin (ADM) on fluid efflux from the splenic vasculature into extravascular spaces. 2. Splenic arterial infusion of ADM (1, 3 and 9 ng min(-1); n = 9, 11 and 10, respectively) caused a dose-dependent increase in intrasplenic fluid efflux (+0.6 +/- 0.3 (saline) vs. +2.0 +/- 0.3 ml min(-1) (9 ng min(-1) ADM), P < 0.05), and in splenic (venous minus arterial) haematocrit (+0.8 +/- 0.1 (saline, n = 6) vs. +3.1 +/- 0.3 % (9 ng min(-1) ADM, n = 7), P < 0.05). There was no change in splenic weight (0.99 +/- 0.02 (saline, n = 6) vs. 0.99 +/- 0.02 g (9 ng min(-1) ADM, n = 7), P > 0.05). 3. There was no change in MAP before (97.5 +/- 2.2 mmHg), during (98.4 +/- 3.4 mmHg), or after (100.2 +/- 2.2 mmHg) intrasplenic infusion of ADM (9 ng min(-1)) (n = 11, P < 0.05). 4. ADM (9 ng min(-1)) caused an increase in intrasplenic microvascular pressure (11.3 +/- 0.3 (saline, n = 5) vs. 13.0 +/- 0.3 mmHg (9 ng min(-1) ADM, n = 6), P < 0.05). 5. ADM (1 x 10(-11) to 1 x 10(-6) M) induced greater vasorelaxation of isolated preconstricted splenic resistance arteries than veins (maximal relaxation: 60 +/- 0.9 (artery, n = 9) vs. 43 +/- 1.7 % (vein, n = 8), P < 0.05). L-NMMA (10(-4) M) partially inhibited the ADM-induced relaxation in splenic arteries (maximal relaxation: 38 +/- 3 (ADM + L-NMMA, n = 5) vs. 60 +/- 3 % (ADM + D-NMMA, n = 5), P < 0.05). 6. It is concluded that ADM increases fluid efflux from the splenic vasculature by differentially reducing pre- vs. post-capillary resistance, thus increasing intrasplenic microvascular pressure.

Förster energy transfer in an optical microcavity

By studying the transfer of excitation energy between dye molecules confined within an optical microcavity, we demonstrate experimentally that Förster energy transfer is influenced by the local photonic mode density. Locating donor and acceptor molecules at well-defined positions allows the transfer rate to be determined as a function of both mutual separation and cavity length. The results show that the Förster transfer rate depends linearly on the donor emission rate and hence photonic mode density, providing the potential to control energy transfer by modification of the optical environment.

Interaction of endothelial and neuronal nitric-oxide synthases with the bradykinin B2 receptor. Binding of an inhibitory peptide to the oxygenase domain blocks uncoupled NADPH oxidation

Endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (type III) (eNOS) was reported to form an inhibitory complex with the bradykinin receptor B2 (B2R) from which the enzyme is released in an active form upon receptor activation (Ju, H., Venema, V. J., Marrero, M. B., and Venema, R. C. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 24025-24029). Using a synthetic peptide derived from the known inhibitory sequence of the B2R (residues 310-329) we studied the interaction of the receptor with purified eNOS and neuronal nitric-oxide synthase (type I) (nNOS). The peptide inhibited formation of L-citrulline by eNOS and nNOS with IC(50) values of 10.6 +/- 0.4 microM and 7.1 +/- 0.6 microM, respectively. Inhibition was not due to an interference of the peptide with L-arginine or tetrahydrobiopterin binding. The NADPH oxidase activity of nNOS measured in the absence of L-arginine was inhibited by the peptide with an IC(50) of 3.7 +/- 0.6 microM, but the cytochrome c reductase activity of the enzyme was much less susceptible to inhibition (IC(50) >0.1 mM). Steady-state absorbance spectra of nNOS recorded during uncoupled NADPH oxidation showed that the heme remained oxidized in the presence of the synthetic peptide consisting of amino acids 310-329 of the B2R, whereas the reduced oxyferrous heme complex was accumulated in its absence. These data suggest that binding of the B2R 310-329 peptide blocks flavin to heme electron transfer. Co-immunoprecipitation of B2R and nNOS from human embryonic kidney cells stably transfected with human nNOS suggests that the B2R may functionally interact with nNOS in vivo. This interaction of nNOS with the B2R may recruit the enzyme to allow for the effective coupling of bradykinin signaling to the nitric oxide pathway.

Fluid extravasation from spleen reduces blood volume in endotoxemia

We recently demonstrated that fluid is filtered out of the splenic circulation and into the lymphatic system. The current experiments were designed to investigate the importance of this route of fluid extravasation in endotoxemia. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was infused into conscious intact and splenectomized rats (150 microg x kg(-1). h(-1) i.v. for 18 h). In the intact rats, mean arterial pressure (MAP) fell from 101+/-2.4 to 88+/-3.9 mm Hg (n = 7) and then stabilized at about 90 mm Hg. Hematocrit rose from 41+/-0.9 to 45+/-0.4% at 40 min, at which time plasma volume had fallen from 4.7+/-0.12 to 4.0+/-0.05 ml/100 g body wt. In the splenectomized rats MAP did not fall and hematocrit did not rise. There also was no change in plasma volume, i.e., splenectomy prevented the hypotension and hemoconcentration customarily induced by LPS. In a second series of experiments, splenic arterial and venous blood flows were simultaneously measured in anesthetized rats infused with LPS (150 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1)). LPS increased splenic fluid efflux. We conclude that during endotoxemia the initial fall in circulating blood volume may be attributed to fluid extravasation from the splenic vasculature.

Nitric oxide synthases: catalytic function and progress towards selective inhibition

Biosynthesis of nitric oxide (NO) is performed by the dimeric, heme-containing enzyme nitric oxide synthase, which requires the flavins FAD and FMN, as well as the pteridine cofactor (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-L-biopterin (H4biopterin) in order to catalyze the NADPH-dependent oxidation of L-arginine. The three major isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), although identical in that they contain a carboxy-terminal reductase and an amino-terminal oxygenase domain, fulfill diverse physiological functions, according to their differing expression patterns and mechanisms of activation. The pteridine H4biopterin, which affects both the conformational stability and activity of NOS, demonstrates anticooperative binding which results in the stoichiometric production of NO and O2-. Physiological mechanisms involving superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione exist to avoid the subsequent formation of the potent oxidant peroxynitrite. With regard to inhibition of NO production, novel isoform-selective inhibitors are proving useful not only for dissecting the physiological functions of NOS, but also in the development of novel therapeutic agents.

Fully automated assay for the determination of sumatriptan in human serum using solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

A method is described for a fully automated, sensitive, accurate and precise assay for the determination of sumatriptan in human serum. The assay consists of solid-phase extraction followed by reversed-phase HPLC with electrochemical detection. The extraction procedure has been fully automated on a Zymate XP robot linked on-line to the HPLC system. The assay is linear over the analytical range 1-30 ng ml-1 and selective for sumatriptan with respect to endogenous plasma components and GR49336, the major circulating metabolite. The intra-assay data demonstrate a maximum bias and precision across the calibration range of 10% and 6.6% respectively. The inter-assay data demonstrate a maximum bias and precision across the calibration range of 6.7% and 8.8%, respectively. The extraction efficiency of the assay is approximately 90% and is constant across the calibration range. The assay was used for the determination of sumatriptan in serum clinical samples and was shown to be robust in sustained use over several months. The use of a Zymate XP robot allowed complete automation of the assay, which resulted in high-quality, high-throughput analyses.

A highly conserved repeated DNA element located in the chromosome of Streptococcus pneumoniae

We report the discovery of a group of highly conserved DNA sequences located, in those cases studied, within intergenic regions of the chromosome of the Gram positive Streptococcus pneumoniae. The S. pneumoniae genome contains about 25 of these elements called BOX. From 5' to 3', BOX elements are composed of three subunits (boxA, boxB, and boxC) which are 59, 45 and 50 nucleotides long, respectively. BOX elements containing one, two and four copies of boxB have been observed; boxB alone was also detected in one instance. These elements are unrelated to the two most thoroughly documented families of repetitive DNA sequences present in the genomes of enterobacteria. BOX sequences have the potential to form stable stem-loop structures and one of these, at least, is transcribed. Most of these elements are located in the immediate vicinity of genes whose product has been implicated at some stage in the process of genetic transformation or in virulence of S. pneumoniae. This location raises the intriguing possibility that BOX sequences are regulatory elements shared by several coordinately controlled genes, including competence-specific and virulence-related genes.

Early studies with the novel 5-HT 1-like agonist GR43175 in healthy volunteers

A series of single dose studies has been undertaken after intravenous, subcutaneous and oral administration to healthy volunteers to determine safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of GR43175, a novel 5-HT 1-like receptor agonist. GR43175 proved to be well tolerated using all routes of administration. Minor side effects were reported including scalp tingling, sensations of bodily warmth, lightheadedness and heavyheadedness. In addition, short-lasting vasopressor effects were encountered, although no drug-related changes were seen in heart rate and ECG or in laboratory safety screens. The drug was rapidly absorbed after oral dosing and had a mean absolute bioavailability of 14% due at least in part to first-pass metabolism. Plasma concentrations in healthy volunteers fell within the range for producing relief of headaches in migraine patients. GR43175 had a high mean plasma clearance (1313 ml/min), the majority of which was due to non-renal clearance and a large volume of distribution (2351). The mean half-lives were 1.7 h and 2.3 h after intravenous and oral doses, respectively.