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Lorentzen CL, Straten PT. CD19-Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells for Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:307-19. [PMID: 26099639 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) for cancer represents a promising new treatment modality. ACT based on the administration of cytotoxic T cells genetically engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) recognizing CD19 expressed by B cell malignancies has been shown to induce complete lasting responses in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). So far, eleven clinical trials including 99 CLL and ALL patients treated with CAR T cells targeting CD19 have been published, and the results from these trials are promising with impressive clinical responses in heavily pretreated patients. Thus, CAR T cell therapy has induced complete responses in both CLL and ALL, and surprisingly, current results indicate that patients with ALL are more prone to respond than are CLL patients. Importantly, the majority of CAR cell studies have observed severe therapy-associated toxicities, which needs attention. Herein we review current data and discuss key aspects of this powerful approach to treat and potentially cure B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Lorentzen
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, 65Q9 Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - P T Straten
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, 65Q9 Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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2
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Donia M, Junker N, Ellebaek E, Andersen MH, Straten PT, Svane IM. Characterization and comparison of 'standard' and 'young' tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes for adoptive cell therapy at a Danish translational research institution. Scand J Immunol 2015; 75:157-67. [PMID: 21955245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with ex vivo expanded tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in combination with IL-2 is an effective treatment for metastatic melanoma. Modified protocols of cell expansion may allow the treatment of most enrolled patients and improve the efficacy of adoptively transferred cells. The aims of this study were to establish and validate the novel 'Young TIL' method at our institution and perform a head-to-head comparison of clinical-grade products generated with this protocol opposed to the conventional 'Standard TIL', which we are currently using in a pilot ACT trial for patients with melanoma. Our results confirm that 'Young TILs' display an earlier differentiation state, with higher CD27 and lower CD56 expression. In addition, CD8(+) TILs expressing CD27 had longer telomeres compared with the CD27(-). A recently described subset of NK cells, endowed with a high expression of CD56 (CD56(bright)), was detected for the first time in both types of cultures but at a higher frequency on Young TILs. Young and Standard TILs' reactivity against autologous tumours was similar, with significant expression of TNF-α/IFN-γ/CD107a by CD8(+) TILs detected in all cultures analysed. However, either slow expansion with high-dose IL-2 only or large numerical expansion with a rapid expansion protocol, which is required for current therapeutic protocols, significantly modified TIL phenotype by reducing the frequency of less differentiated, cancer-specific TILs. These studies further support the adoption of the Young TIL method in our current ACT trial and highlight the importance of continuous quality control of expansion protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Donia
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyDepartment of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - N Junker
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyDepartment of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - E Ellebaek
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyDepartment of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - M H Andersen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyDepartment of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - P T Straten
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyDepartment of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - I M Svane
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyDepartment of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
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3
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Kollgaard TM, Reker S, Petersen SL, Masmas TN, Vindelov LL, Straten PT. Clonally Expanded CD8+ T cells in Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation. Scand J Immunol 2008. [PMCID: PMC7169548 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01423bm.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a potentially curative therapy for patients with haematologic malignancies. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that donor T cells are involved in the antitumour effects observed after BMT. Thus, patients receiving T‐cell‐depleted BMT have a higher risk of leukaemia relapse compared to patients receiving nonmanipulated BMT, and patients experiencing graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) have a lower risk of disease relapse than patients who do not experience GVHD. Although the importance of donor T cells for the curative action of BMT has been established, the exact mechanisms and molecules involved in this graft‐versus‐tumour effect remain largely unknown. In a recently initiated project, we have conducted a longitudinal study of T‐cell clonotypes in patients who received peripheral blood stem cell grafts after nonmyeloablative conditioning. Peripheral blood samples were obtained sequentially after transplant, and the mononuclear cells (MNCs) were isolated and cryopreserved. CD8+ T cells were isolated from the MNCs by use of immunomagnetic beads or FACS and analysed for the presence of clonally expanded cells by T‐cell receptor clonotype mapping based on RT‐PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Using this gel‐based methodology, clonally expanded T cells were monitored after transplant and compared to the clinical data of the patients. The preliminary results demonstrates the presence of clonally expanded CD8+ T cells at all time points analysed. Furthermore, a number of clonotypes persisted for more than 6 months, and other clonotypes emerged during this period. The appearance of newly emerged clonotypes which coincided with clinical GVHD could indicate a role for these T cells in the pathogenesis of GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Kollgaard
- Tumor Immunology Group, Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, and
| | - S. Reker
- Tumor Immunology Group, Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, and
| | - S. L. Petersen
- The Lymphocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. E‐mail:
| | - T. N. Masmas
- The Lymphocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. E‐mail:
| | - L. L. Vindelov
- The Lymphocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. E‐mail:
| | - P. T. Straten
- Tumor Immunology Group, Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, and
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4
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Berntsen A, Brimnes MK, Straten PT, Svane IM. Increase of CD4 +CD25 highFoxp3 + regulatory T cells in peripheral blood in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with dendritic cell vaccination and low-dose IL-2. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.16144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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5
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Berntsen A, Geertsen P, Trepiakas R, Wenandy L, Andersen MH, Straten PT, Lorentzen T, Johansen JS, Johnsen HE, Svane IM. Dendritic cell based vaccination in combination with IL-2 as a treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma patients: Results from a phase I/II trial. J Clin Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.2575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2575 Background: Autologous dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with tumor-associated antigens as peptides or tumor lysate derived proteins can induce generation of cytotoxic T-cells in cancer patients. Survivin and telomerase are tumor-associated antigens overexpressed in renal cell carcinoma, and telomerase and survivin derived HLA-A2 binding peptides are able to induce effector T-cells cytotoxic to tumor cells. Tumor lysate can be generated from allogeneic renal carcinoma cell lines and has a natural high amount of antigens potentially enabling the induction of a polyclonal immune response against multiple targets on tumor cells. Methods: Twenty-two patients with progressive metastatic renal cell carcinoma were included and toxicity and efficacy of DC-based immunotherapy were evaluated. HLA-A2 positive patients were treated with mature autologous DCs pulsed with a broad panel of HLA binding telomerase and survivin peptides and PADRE; HLA-A2 negative patients received DCs pulsed with allogeneic tumor lysate and KLH. The vaccines were administered intradermally or intranodally weekly/biweekly ten times and repeated monthly until tumor progression. Patients received low dose IL-2 as an adjuvant. Immune response was monitored using ELISPOT assay. IL-6 and the biomarker YKL-40 were measured in serum using ELISA assay. Results: Vaccinations were well tolerated. 17/22 patients were evaluable and 10 patients had stable disease (SD) for up to 11+ months (range 2–11+ months). Interestingly, serum IL-6 increased in patients with progressive disease compared with a decrease in patients with SD. After vaccination mean values of YKL-40 were 91ng/ml in patients with SD and 208ng/ml in patients with PD. Immune monitoring is ongoing and preliminary data demonstrate that peptide specific CTLs are induced by the treatment. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrates, that vaccination with autologous DCs pulsed with tumour antigens is safe and without severe toxicity. Disease stabilization was observed in half of the treated patients. Serum IL-6 and YKL-40 values might be useful parameters to predict clinical response during vaccination therapy. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Berntsen
- Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - P. Geertsen
- Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - R. Trepiakas
- Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - L. Wenandy
- Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - M. H. Andersen
- Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - P. T. Straten
- Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - T. Lorentzen
- Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - J. S. Johansen
- Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - H. E. Johnsen
- Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - I. M. Svane
- Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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6
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Otto K, Andersen MH, Eggert A, Keikavoussi P, Østergaard Pedersen L, Rath JC, Böck M, Bröcker EB, Straten PT, Kämpgen E, Becker JC. Induktion spezifischer T-Zellantworten gegen das universelle Tumorantigen Survivin. Akt Dermatol 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-832579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Andersen MH, Keikavoussi P, Bröcker EB, Schuler-Thurner B, Jonassen M, Søndergaard I, Straten PT, Becker JC, Kämpgen E. Induction of systemic CTL responses in melanoma patients by dendritic cell vaccination: cessation of CTL responses is associated with disease progression. Int J Cancer 2001; 94:820-4. [PMID: 11745484 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two HLA-A2-positive patients with advanced stage IV melanoma were treated with monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with either tumor peptide antigens from gp100, MART-1 and MAGE-3 alone or in combination with autologous oncolysates. Clinically, the rapid progression of disease was substantially stalled and both patients were alive for more than 15 months after initiation of therapy. Specific CTL reactivity against several tumor antigens was detectable in peripheral blood, which declined just before reactivation of disease progression. Furthermore, CD3 zeta-chain expression detected by Western lotting was decreased in PBL at this time. In summary, our data confirm that DC-based vaccinations induce peptide-specific T cells in the peripheral blood of advanced-stage melanoma patients. Although successful induction of systemic tumor antigen-specific CTL may not lead to objective clinical tumor regression, their presence are indicative of a prolonged survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Andersen
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Division of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Andersen MH, Pedersen LO, Becker JC, Straten PT. Identification of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to the apoptosis inhibitor protein survivin in cancer patients. Cancer Res 2001; 61:869-72. [PMID: 11221872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, a large number of human tumor-associated antigens have been identified that are recognized by CTLs in a MHC-restricted fashion. The apoptosis inhibitor protein survivin is overexpressed in most human cancers, and inhibition of its function results in increased apoptosis. Therefore, this protein may serve as a target for therapeutic CTL responses. Here, using CTL epitopes deduced from survivin, we describe specific T-cell reactivity against this antigen in peripheral blood from chronic lymphatic leukemia patients and in tumor-infiltrated lymph nodes from melanoma patients by ELISPOT analysis. CTL responses against two survivin-deduced peptide epitopes were detected in three of six melanoma patients and three of four chronic lymphatic leukemia patients. No T-cell reactivity was detected in peripheral blood lymphocytes from six healthy controls. Thus, survivin may serve as an important and widely applicable target for anticancer immunotherapeutic strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Melanoma/blood
- Melanoma/immunology
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins
- Neoplasm Proteins
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Proteins/immunology
- Proteins/metabolism
- Survivin
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Andersen
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen.
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9
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Straten PT, Becker JC, Zeuthen J, Guldberg P. T-cell receptor clonotype mapping using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis : analysis of clonal T-cell responses in melanoma. Methods Mol Med 2001; 61:339-351. [PMID: 22323267 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-145-0:339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma cells are considered to be immunogenic because they express melanoma-associated antigens that are recognized by autologous T-cells. The role of T-lymphocytes in the host's immune response to cancer in general and to melanoma in particular has been studied intensively during the past decade, and an immense amount of data have strengthened the notion that a functional and specific antimelanoma T-cell response operates in melanoma patients (1,2). This assumption has been strongly reinforced by the demonstration of clonotypic T-cells in both primary and metastatic melanoma (3,4). Nevertheless, the prognosis of metastatic melanoma is one of the most unfavorable in medicine. The coexistence of tumor-specific immunity with a progressing tumor remains a major paradox of tumor immunology and highlights the urgency to reveal new insights into the biology of antitumor T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Straten
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Sørensen BS, Schmidt H, von der Maase H, Straten PT, Nexø E. Quantification of melanoma cell-specific MART-1 mRNA in peripheral blood by a calibrated competitive reverse transcription-PCR. Clin Chem 2000; 46:1923-8. [PMID: 11106324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) amplification of melanoma cell-specific mRNA can detect melanoma cells in the peripheral blood of patients with malignant melanoma. We present a method to quantify mRNA coding for the melanoma-specific melanoma antigen recognized by T cells #1 (MART-1) in RNA isolated from peripheral blood. METHODS To establish a calibration curve, we measured the concentration of MART-1 mRNA in SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells grown in vitro by competitive RT-PCR. Serial dilutions of these cells were used as calibrators in the assay. The assay was conducted by adding a fixed amount of a RNA internal standard to RNA isolated from either peripheral blood or the calibrators before RT-PCR amplification with MART-1 primers in a nested PCR design. The amount of MART-1 mRNA in blood samples was calculated from the calibration curve. RESULTS Addition of melanoma cells grown in vitro to blood from healthy donors demonstrated that the method can detect a single SK-MEL-28 melanoma cell in 1 mL of blood (1.5 x 10(-21) mol MART-1 mRNA/mL). MART-1 mRNA was observed in 4 of 12 blood samples from patients with malignant melanoma, at concentrations of 3-18 x 10(-21) mol MART-1 mRNA/mL of blood. No MART-1 mRNA was detected in blood samples from 25 controls without malignant melanoma. Intra- and interassay CVs were 15% (n = 12; mean = 44 x 10(-21) mol MART-1 mRNA/mL) and 33% (15 samples analyzed in two different analytical runs; mean = 30 x 10(-21) mol MART-1 mRNA/mL), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our method is the first competitive RT-PCR assay for quantification of melanoma cells in blood samples that compensates for the variation of both the reverse transcription and PCR reactions. The method allows the inclusion of control samples for continuous quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Sørensen
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Oncology, AKH, University Hospital in Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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11
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Vetter CS, Straten PT, Terheyden P, Zeuthen J, Bröcker EB, Becker JC. Expression of CD94/NKG2 subtypes on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in primary and metastatic melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:941-7. [PMID: 10771475 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer receptors are expressed both on natural killer populations and subpopulations of T cells, mainly alpha/beta TCR+CD8+ T cells. We have characterized the expression of the C-type lectin natural killer receptor CD94/NKG2 on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in primary and metastatic melanoma lesions. By immunohistochemistry, 5-10% of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, both in primary and metastatic lesions, expressed CD94. More than 95% of these CD94+ cells coexpressed CD8 and the percentage of CD94 expression within the CD8+ cell population ranged from 5 to 20% with a higher expression in metastatic lesions. CD94/NKG2 exists both in an inhibitory and an activating form; thus, it was necessary to determine whether the inhibitory CD94/NKG2-A/B, the activating CD94/NKG2-C/E, or both were expressed on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using specific primers for NKG2-A/B and C/E mRNA revealed the presence of NKG2-C/E in all primary and metastatic lesions. In contrast, the inhibitory NKG2-A/B was only present in 50% of primary tumors whereas 80% of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in metastatic lesions expressed these transcripts. In healthy humans, the mean number of inhibitory natural killer receptors is higher than that of activating receptors, but the opposite was true for tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in melanoma. The reversal of the ratio of inhibitory to activating natural killer receptors among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes suggests a regulated event due to either specific factors within the tumor microenvironment, preferential homing of T cell subsets, or certain stages of T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Vetter
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Abstract
The cloning of genes encoding melanoma antigens has opened new possibilities for the treatment of patients with cancer; however, most tumor rejection antigens recognized by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes are the products of genes that are also expressed by normal melanocytes. Hence, a large set of antigenic determinants of the self have not induced self-tolerance and these peptide determinants furnish target structures for immune responses directed against tumors. The notion that the immunotherapeutic targets involved in cancer regression comprise normal differentiation antigens is stressed by the association between vitiligo-like leukoderma, due to destruction of normal melanocytes, and melanoma regression, due to destruction of cancer cells. Nevertheless, this is the first report to demonstrate by means of a new technique based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, the presence of clonally expanded T cells with identical BV regions in areas of destruction of both normal and neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Becker
- Department of Dermatology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany.
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13
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Grønbaek K, Straten PT, Ralfkiaer E, Ahrenkiel V, Andersen MK, Hansen NE, Zeuthen J, Hou-Jensen K, Guldberg P. Somatic Fas mutations in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: association with extranodal disease and autoimmunity. Blood 1998; 92:3018-24. [PMID: 9787134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fas (APO-1/CD95) is a cell-surface receptor involved in cell death signaling. Germline mutations in the Fas gene have been associated with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, and somatic Fas mutations have been found in multiple myeloma. We have examined the entire coding region and all splice sites of the Fas gene in 150 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Overall, mutations were identified in 16 of the tumors (11%). Missense mutations within the death domain of the receptor were associated with retention of the wild-type allele, indicating a dominant-negative mechanism, whereas missense mutations outside the death domain were associated with allelic loss. Fas mutations were identified in 3 (60%) MALT-type lymphomas, 9 (21%) diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, 2 (6%) follicle center cell lymphomas, 1 (50%) anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and 1 unusual case of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia with a marked tropism for skin. Among the 16 patients with somatic Fas mutations, 15 showed extranodal disease at presentation, and 6 relapsed in extranodal areas. Ten of 13 evaluable patients showed features suggestive of autoreactive disease. Our data indicate that somatic disruption of Fas may play a role in the pathogenesis of some lymphomas, and suggest a link between Fas mutation, cancer and autoimmunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Apoptosis
- Autoimmune Diseases/complications
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Codon/genetics
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/classification
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/immunology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation, Missense
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Paraneoplastic Syndromes/etiology
- Paraneoplastic Syndromes/immunology
- Paraneoplastic Syndromes/pathology
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA Splicing/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sjogren's Syndrome/complications
- Sjogren's Syndrome/genetics
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/complications
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/genetics
- fas Receptor/genetics
- fas Receptor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- K Grønbaek
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society; the Departments of Pathology and Hematology, Herlev Hospital; and the Departments of Hematology and Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Straten PT, Guldberg P, Seremet T, Reisfeld RA, Zeuthen J, Becker JC. Activation of preexisting T cell clones by targeted interleukin 2 therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:8785-90. [PMID: 9671756 PMCID: PMC21154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.15.8785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of an immunological antitumor response capable of eradicating metastatic tumors is the ultimate goal of immunotherapy. We have recently shown that this can be achieved by interleukin 2 (IL-2) therapy directed to the tumor microenvironment by a recombinant antibody-IL-2 fusion protein. It is not known, however, whether this curative treatment is associated with a predominance of T cells carrying specific T cell receptor variable beta regions (TCRBV) or the presence of clonally expanded T cells. To address this question, we have used a quantitative reverse transcriptase-coupled PCR method to analyze the TCRBV region repertoire in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of treated and untreated animals. As controls the TCRBV region repertoire was analyzed in blood and skin from disease-free animals. The results indicate an overexpression of TCRBV5 in the tumors of all treated mice and an additional overexpression of individual regions in each tumor. Direct sequencing of these TCRBV regions did not reveal any evidence of clonal expansions. However, since clonal expansions could exist as subpopulations in highly expressed regions, not detectable by direct sequencing, a denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis assay was used for clonal analysis of TCRBV PCR products. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of selected TCRBV regions revealed the presence of clonotypic T cells in tumors from both treated and untreated animals. These data indicate that targeted IL-2 therapy in this model does not induce clonal T cell responses de novo, rather it acts as an activator for an already existing population of clonotypic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Straten
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Division of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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