Demonstration of ignition radiation temperatures in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion hohlraums

We demonstrate the hohlraum radiation temperature and symmetry required for ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion capsule implosions. Cryogenic gas-filled hohlraums with 2.2 mm-diameter capsules are heated with unprecedented laser energies of 1.2 MJ delivered by 192 ultraviolet laser beams on the National Ignition Facility. Laser backscatter measurements show that these hohlraums absorb 87% to 91% of the incident laser power resulting in peak radiation temperatures of T(RAD)=300 eV and a symmetric implosion to a 100 μm diameter hot core.

Studies on the temporomandibular joints of an eighteenth-century London population (Spitalfields)

The mandibular condyles and glenoid fossae of 93 adult skulls of known age at death were studied in skeletons exhumed from the crypt of Christ Church, Spitalfields, London. Antero-posterior and mesio-lateral dimensions were recorded, as were the shapes together with form and surface changes. In addition, the teeth present and the extent of occlusal attrition were noted. There was sexual dimorphism in the mesio-lateral size of the condyle, and although ante-mortem tooth loss was higher than in previously studied Romano-British skulls, form and surface changes of the condyle were less marked. It is concluded that tooth loss is not the main factor involved in remodelling of the condyle.

Effects of familial pain models on pain complaints and coping strategies

Recent evidence has underscored the effect of the number of parental pain models in an individual's environment on the frequency of current complaints about pain, yet little is known about the effect of number of familial pain models on other aspects of a person's pain behavior and on coping with pain. The present study assessed the effect of pain models by giving a questionnaire to 224 college students. Analysis showed that the number of familial pain models was related to the perception of pertinent secondary gains but not to the methods used to cope with pain.

Gender differences on the Cognitive-Somatic Anxiety Questionnaire

Recently the Cognitive-Somatic Anxiety Questionnaire has seen renewed use in the study of differential effectiveness of relaxation techniques in the amelioration of anxiety, yet few normative data exist. To explore several methodological limitations of a prior study in which the questionnaire was introduced, the present work assessed 123 college students. Gender differences appear on the subscales and the directions of the differences question work upon which the test was based. Further validation is required.

Psychosocial characteristics of applicants evaluated for surgical gender reassignment

Social, sexual, economic, familial, and psychological characteristics of 764 applicants for surgical gender reassignment, 479 males and 285 females, who completed the application questionnaire and were subsequently interviewed by the Gender Dysphoria Program in Palo Alto, California, are examined. All information except diagnosis was obtained from the applicants' responses to a standardized 100-item questionnaire. Diagnosis was determined by a psychiatrist after a 1 1/2-hour interview. A comparison of male applicants to female applicants indicated differences in five areas: (1) sexual history; (2) acting-out behavior or sociopathy; (3) work history; (4) strategies for physically passing in the desired gender, e.g., hormone therapy; and (5) diagnosis. Females had experienced more stable same-sex sexual relationships and fewer opposite-sex sexual relationships than the males had experienced. The females exhibited less acting-out behavior, indicated by few criminal convictions and little involvement in prostitution, compared to the male applicants. Twice as many males as females were unemployed and receiving welfare at the time of application. In addition, males used cosmetic surgery and hormone therapy more frequently to facilitate physically passing in the desired gender than did the females. The most frequent diagnosis for males was transvestitism, while for the females it was classic transsexualism.