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O' Neill PM, Stocks PA, Sabbani S, Roberts NL, Amewu RK, Shore ER, Aljayyoussi G, Angulo-Barturén I, Belén M, Jiménez-Díaz, Bazaga SF, Martínez MS, Campo B, Sharma R, Charman SA, Ryan E, Chen G, Shackleford DM, Davies J, Nixon GL, Biagini GA, Ward SA. Synthesis and profiling of benzylmorpholine 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane analogue N205: Towards tetraoxane scaffolds with potential for single dose cure of malaria. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2996-3005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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2
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Hong WD, Gibbons PD, Leung SC, Amewu R, Stocks PA, Stachulski A, Horta P, Cristiano MLS, Shone AE, Moss D, Ardrey A, Sharma R, Warman AJ, Bedingfield PTP, Fisher NE, Aljayyoussi G, Mead S, Caws M, Berry NG, Ward SA, Biagini GA, O'Neill PM, Nixon GL. Rational Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Heterocyclic Quinolones Targeting the Respiratory Chain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3703-3726. [PMID: 28304162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput screen (HTS) was undertaken against the respiratory chain dehydrogenase component, NADH:menaquinone oxidoreductase (Ndh) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The 11000 compounds were selected for the HTS based on the known phenothiazine Ndh inhibitors, trifluoperazine and thioridazine. Combined HTS (11000 compounds) and in-house screening of a limited number of quinolones (50 compounds) identified ∼100 hits and four distinct chemotypes, the most promising of which contained the quinolone core. Subsequent Mtb screening of the complete in-house quinolone library (350 compounds) identified a further ∼90 hits across three quinolone subtemplates. Quinolones containing the amine-based side chain were selected as the pharmacophore for further modification, resulting in metabolically stable quinolones effective against multi drug resistant (MDR) Mtb. The lead compound, 42a (MTC420), displays acceptable antituberculosis activity (Mtb IC50 = 525 nM, Mtb Wayne IC50 = 76 nM, and MDR Mtb patient isolates IC50 = 140 nM) and favorable pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- W David Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Peter D Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Suet C Leung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Richard Amewu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana , P.O. Box LG56, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| | - Paul A Stocks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Andrew Stachulski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Pedro Horta
- CCMAR and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Algarve , 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria L S Cristiano
- CCMAR and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Algarve , 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Alison E Shone
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Darren Moss
- School of Pharmacy, Keele University , Keele ST5 5BG, U.K
| | - Alison Ardrey
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Raman Sharma
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Ashley J Warman
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Paul T P Bedingfield
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Nicholas E Fisher
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Ghaith Aljayyoussi
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Sally Mead
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Maxine Caws
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Neil G Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Stephen A Ward
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Giancarlo A Biagini
- Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Gemma L Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
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Patzewitz EM, Salcedo-Sora JE, Wong EH, Sethia S, Stocks PA, Maughan SC, Murray JAH, Krishna S, Bray PG, Ward SA, Müller S. Glutathione transport: a new role for PfCRT in chloroquine resistance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:683-95. [PMID: 23256874 PMCID: PMC3739961 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Chloroquine (CQ) kills Plasmodium falciparum by binding heme, preventing its detoxification to hemozoin in the digestive vacuole (DV) of the parasite. CQ resistance (CQR) is associated with mutations in the DV membrane protein P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT), mediating the leakage of CQ from the DV. However, additional factors are thought to contribute to the resistance phenotype. This study tested the hypothesis that there is a link between glutathione (GSH) and CQR. RESULTS Using isogenic parasite lines carrying wild-type or mutant pfcrt, we reveal lower levels of GSH in the mutant lines and enhanced sensitivity to the GSH synthesis inhibitor l-buthionine sulfoximine, without any alteration in cytosolic de novo GSH synthesis. Incubation with N-acetylcysteine resulted in increased GSH levels in all parasites, but only reduced susceptibility to CQ in PfCRT mutant-expressing lines. In support of a heme destruction mechanism involving GSH in CQR parasites, we also found lower hemozoin levels and reduced CQ binding in the CQR PfCRT-mutant lines. We further demonstrate via expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes that the mutant alleles of Pfcrt in CQR parasites selectively transport GSH. INNOVATION We propose a mechanism whereby mutant pfcrt allows enhanced transport of GSH into the parasite's DV. The elevated levels of GSH in the DV reduce the level of free heme available for CQ binding, which mediates the lower susceptibility to CQ in the PfCRT mutant parasites. CONCLUSION PfCRT has a dual role in CQR, facilitating both efflux of harmful CQ from the DV and influx of beneficial GSH into the DV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Patzewitz
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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4
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La Pensée L, Sabbani S, Sharma R, Bhamra I, Shore E, Chadwick AE, Berry NG, Firman J, Araujo NC, Cabral L, Cristiano MLS, Bateman C, Janneh O, Gavrila A, Wu YH, Hussain A, Ward SA, Stocks PA, Cosstick R, O'Neill PM. Inside Cover: Artemisinin-Polypyrrole Conjugates: Synthesis, DNA Binding Studies and Preliminary Antiproliferative Evaluation (ChemMedChem 5/2013). ChemMedChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201390016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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5
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La Pensée L, Sabbani S, Sharma R, Bhamra I, Shore E, Chadwick AE, Berry NG, Firman J, Araujo NC, Cabral L, Cristiano MLS, Bateman C, Janneh O, Gavrila A, Wu YH, Hussain A, Ward SA, Stocks PA, Cosstick R, O'Neill PM. Artemisinin-polypyrrole conjugates: synthesis, DNA binding studies and preliminary antiproliferative evaluation. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:709-18. [PMID: 23495190 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Greater than the sum of its parts: Artemisinins are currently in phase I-II clinical trials against breast, colorectal and non-small-cell lung cancers. In an attempt to offer increased specificity, a series of hybrid artemisinin-polypyrrole minor groove binder conjugates are described. DNA binding/modelling studies and preliminary biological evaluation give insights into their mechanism of action and the potential of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise La Pensée
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
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6
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Pidathala C, Amewu R, Pacorel B, Nixon GL, Gibbons P, Hong WD, Leung SC, Berry NG, Sharma R, Stocks PA, Srivastava A, Shone AE, Charoensutthivarakul S, Taylor L, Berger O, Mbekeani A, Hill A, Fisher NE, Warman AJ, Biagini GA, Ward SA, O'Neill PM. Identification, design and biological evaluation of bisaryl quinolones targeting Plasmodium falciparum type II NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (PfNDH2). J Med Chem 2012; 55:1831-43. [PMID: 22364416 PMCID: PMC3297363 DOI: 10.1021/jm201179h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
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A program was undertaken to identify hit compounds against
NADH:ubiquinone
oxidoreductase (PfNDH2), a dehydrogenase of the mitochondrial electron
transport chain of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PfNDH2 has only one known inhibitor, hydroxy-2-dodecyl-4-(1H)-quinolone
(HDQ), and this was used along with a range of chemoinformatics methods
in the rational selection of 17 000 compounds for high-throughput
screening. Twelve distinct chemotypes were identified and briefly
examined leading to the selection of the quinolone core as the key
target for structure–activity relationship (SAR) development.
Extensive structural exploration led to the selection of 2-bisaryl
3-methyl quinolones as a series for further biological evaluation.
The lead compound within this series 7-chloro-3-methyl-2-(4-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)phenyl)quinolin-4(1H)-one
(CK-2-68) has antimalarial activity against the 3D7 strain of P. falciparum of 36 nM, is selective for PfNDH2 over other
respiratory enzymes (inhibitory IC50 against PfNDH2 of
16 nM), and demonstrates low cytotoxicity and high metabolic stability
in the presence of human liver microsomes. This lead compound and
its phosphate pro-drug have potent in vivo antimalarial activity after
oral administration, consistent with the target product profile of
a drug for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. Other quinolones
presented (e.g., 6d, 6f, 14e) have the capacity to inhibit both PfNDH2 and P. falciparum cytochrome bc1, and studies to determine
the potential advantage of this dual-targeting effect are in progress.
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7
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Leung SC, Gibbons P, Amewu R, Nixon GL, Pidathala C, Hong WD, Pacorel B, Berry NG, Sharma R, Stocks PA, Srivastava A, Shone AE, Charoensutthivarakul S, Taylor L, Berger O, Mbekeani A, Hill A, Fisher NE, Warman AJ, Biagini GA, Ward SA, O'Neill PM. Identification, design and biological evaluation of heterocyclic quinolones targeting Plasmodium falciparum type II NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (PfNDH2). J Med Chem 2012; 55:1844-57. [PMID: 22364417 PMCID: PMC3351724 DOI: 10.1021/jm201184h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Following a program undertaken to identify hit compounds
against
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (PfNDH2), a novel enzyme target within
the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, hit to
lead optimization led to identification of CK-2-68, a molecule suitable
for further development. In order to reduce ClogP and improve solubility
of CK-2-68 incorporation of a variety of heterocycles, within the
side chain of the quinolone core, was carried out, and this approach
led to a lead compound SL-2-25 (8b). 8b has
IC50s in the nanomolar range versus both the enzyme and whole cell P. falciparum (IC50 = 15 nM PfNDH2; IC50 = 54 nM (3D7 strain
of P. falciparum) with notable oral activity of ED50/ED90 of 1.87/4.72 mg/kg versus Plasmodium
berghei (NS Strain) in a murine model of malaria when formulated
as a phosphate salt. Analogues in this series also demonstrate nanomolar
activity against the bc1 complex of P. falciparum providing the potential added benefit of a
dual mechanism of action. The potent oral activity of 2-pyridyl quinolones
underlines the potential of this template for further lead optimization
studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suet C Leung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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8
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Salcedo-Sora JE, Ochong E, Beveridge S, Johnson D, Nzila A, Biagini GA, Stocks PA, O'Neill PM, Krishna S, Bray PG, Ward SA. The molecular basis of folate salvage in Plasmodium falciparum: characterization of two folate transporters. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44659-68. [PMID: 21998306 PMCID: PMC3247980 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.286054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrofolates are essential cofactors for DNA synthesis and methionine metabolism. Malaria parasites are capable both of synthesizing tetrahydrofolates and precursors de novo and of salvaging them from the environment. The biosynthetic route has been studied in some detail over decades, whereas the molecular mechanisms that underpin the salvage pathway lag behind. Here we identify two functional folate transporters (named PfFT1 and PfFT2) and delineate unexpected substrate preferences of the folate salvage pathway in Plasmodium falciparum. Both proteins are localized in the plasma membrane and internal membranes of the parasite intra-erythrocytic stages. Transport substrates include folic acid, folinic acid, the folate precursor p-amino benzoic acid (pABA), and the human folate catabolite pABAGn. Intriguingly, the major circulating plasma folate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, was a poor substrate for transport via PfFT2 and was not transported by PfFT1. Transport of all folates studied was inhibited by probenecid and methotrexate. Growth rescue in Escherichia coli and antifolate antagonism experiments in P. falciparum indicate that functional salvage of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate is detectable but trivial. In fact pABA was the only effective salvage substrate at normal physiological levels. Because pABA is neither synthesized nor required by the human host, pABA metabolism may offer opportunities for chemotherapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Enrique Salcedo-Sora
- Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
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9
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Chadwick J, Amewu RK, Marti F, Garah FBE, Sharma R, Berry NG, Stocks PA, Burrell-Saward H, Wittlin S, Rottmann M, Brun R, Taramelli D, Parapini S, Ward SA, O'Neill PM. Antimalarial Mannoxanes: Hybrid Antimalarial Drugs with Outstanding Oral Activity Profiles and A Potential Dual Mechanism of Action. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1357-61. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Gibbons P, Verissimo E, Araujo NC, Barton V, Nixon GL, Amewu RK, Chadwick J, Stocks PA, Biagini GA, Srivastava A, Rosenthal PJ, Gut J, Guedes RC, Moreira R, Sharma R, Berry N, Cristiano MLS, Shone AE, Ward SA, O’Neill PM. Endoperoxide Carbonyl Falcipain 2/3 Inhibitor Hybrids: Toward Combination Chemotherapy of Malaria through a Single Chemical Entity. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8202-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1009567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Edite Verissimo
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, and CCMAR, University of the Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-039, Portugal
| | - Nuna C. Araujo
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, and CCMAR, University of the Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-039, Portugal
| | - Victoria Barton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Gemma L. Nixon
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Richard K. Amewu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - James Chadwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, U.K
| | - Paul A. Stocks
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, U.K
| | | | - Abhishek Srivastava
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0811, United States
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0811, United States
| | - Rita C. Guedes
- iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Raman Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Neil Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - M. Lurdes S. Cristiano
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, and CCMAR, University of the Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-039, Portugal
| | - Alison E. Shone
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Stephen A. Ward
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, U.K
| | - Paul M. O’Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, U.K
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11
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Chadwick J, Jones M, Mercer AE, Stocks PA, Ward SA, Park BK, O’Neill PM. Design, synthesis and antimalarial/anticancer evaluation of spermidine linked artemisinin conjugates designed to exploit polyamine transporters in Plasmodium falciparum and HL-60 cancer cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2586-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Amewu R, Gibbons P, Mukhtar A, Stachulski AV, Ward SA, Hall C, Rimmer K, Davies J, Vivas L, Bacsa J, Mercer AE, Nixon G, Stocks PA, O'Neill PM. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo antimalarial assessment of sulfide, sulfone and vinyl amide-substituted 1,2,4-trioxanes prepared via thiol-olefin co-oxygenation (TOCO) of allylic alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2068-77. [DOI: 10.1039/b924319d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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O’Neill PM, Shone AE, Stanford D, Nixon G, Asadollahy E, Park BK, Maggs JL, Roberts P, Stocks PA, Biagini G, Bray PG, Davies J, Berry N, Hall C, Rimmer K, Winstanley PA, Hindley S, Bambal RB, Davis CB, Bates M, Gresham SL, Brigandi RA, Gomez-de-las-Heras FM, Gargallo DV, Parapini S, Vivas L, Lander H, Taramelli D, Ward SA. Synthesis, Antimalarial Activity, and Preclinical Pharmacology of a Novel Series of 4′-Fluoro and 4′-Chloro Analogues of Amodiaquine. Identification of a Suitable “Back-Up” Compound for N-tert-Butyl Isoquine. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1828-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8012757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. O’Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Alison E. Shone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Deborah Stanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Gemma Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Eghbaleh Asadollahy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - James L. Maggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Phil Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Paul A. Stocks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Giancarlo Biagini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Patrick G. Bray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Jill Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Neil Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Charlotte Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Karen Rimmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Peter A. Winstanley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Stephen Hindley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Ramesh B. Bambal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Charles B. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Martin Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Stephanie L. Gresham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Richard A. Brigandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Federico M. Gomez-de-las-Heras
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Domingo V. Gargallo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Livia Vivas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Hollie Lander
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
| | - Stephen A. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K., Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood
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14
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O’Neill PM, Park BK, Shone AE, Maggs JL, Roberts P, Stocks PA, Biagini GA, Bray PG, Gibbons P, Berry N, Winstanley PA, Mukhtar A, Bonar-Law R, Hindley S, Bambal RB, Davis CB, Bates M, Hart TK, Gresham SL, Lawrence RM, Brigandi RA, Gomez-delas-Heras FM, Gargallo DV, Ward SA. Candidate Selection and Preclinical Evaluation of N-tert-Butyl Isoquine (GSK369796), An Affordable and Effective 4-Aminoquinoline Antimalarial for the 21st Century. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1408-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8012618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. O’Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Alison E. Shone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - James L. Maggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Phillip Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Paul A. Stocks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Giancarlo A. Biagini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Patrick G. Bray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Peter Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Neil Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Peter A. Winstanley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Amira Mukhtar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Richard Bonar-Law
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Stephen Hindley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Ramesh B. Bambal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Charles B. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Martin Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Timothy K. Hart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Stephanie L. Gresham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Ron M. Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Richard A. Brigandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Federico M. Gomez-delas-Heras
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Domingo V. Gargallo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
| | - Stephen A. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline Drug Discovery, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, GlaxoSmithKline,
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15
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Jones M, Mercer AE, Stocks PA, La Pensée LJI, Cosstick R, Park BK, Kennedy ME, Piantanida I, Ward SA, Davies J, Bray PG, Rawe SL, Baird J, Charidza T, Janneh O, O'Neill PM. Antitumour and antimalarial activity of artemisinin-acridine hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2033-7. [PMID: 19249201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin-acridine hybrids were prepared and evaluated for their in vitro activity against tumour cell lines and a chloroquine sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum. They showed a 2-4-fold increase in activity against HL60, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells in comparison with dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and moderate antimalarial activity. Strong evidence that the compounds induce apoptosis in HL60 cells was obtained by flow cytometry, which indicated accumulation of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
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16
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Araújo NCP, Barton V, Jones M, Stocks PA, Ward SA, Davies J, Bray PG, Shone AE, Cristiano MLS, O'Neill PM. Semi-synthetic and synthetic 1,2,4-trioxaquines and 1,2,4-trioxolaquines: synthesis, preliminary SAR and comparison with acridine endoperoxide conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2038-43. [PMID: 19251414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of semi-synthetic trioxaquines and synthetic trioxolaquines were prepared, in moderate to good yields. Antimalarial activity was evaluated against both the chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 and resistant K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum and both series of compounds were shown to be active in the low nanomolar range. For comparison the corresponding 9-amino acridine analogues were also prepared and shown to have low nanomolar activity like their quinoline counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuna C P Araújo
- Centro de Ciências do Mar and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, F.C.T, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-039 Faro, Portugal
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17
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Sabbani S, Stocks PA, Ellis GL, Davies J, Hedenstrom E, Ward SA, O'Neill PM. Piperidine dispiro-1,2,4-trioxane analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5804-8. [PMID: 18845438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dispiro N-Boc-protected 1,2,4-trioxane 2 was synthesised via Mo(acac)(2) catalysed perhydrolysis of N-Boc spirooxirane followed by condensation of the resulting beta-hydroperoxy alcohol 10 with 2-adamantanone. N-Boc 1,2,4-trioxane 2 was converted to the amine 1,2,4-trioxane hydrochloride salt 3 which was subsequently used to prepare derivatives (4-7). Several of these novel 1,2,4-trioxanes had nanomolar antimalarial activity versus the 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Amine intermediate 3 represents a versatile derivative for the preparation of achiral arrays of trioxane analogues with antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sabbani
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, SE-85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
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18
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Ellis GL, Amewu R, Sabbani S, Stocks PA, Shone A, Stanford D, Gibbons P, Davies J, Vivas L, Charnaud S, Bongard E, Hall C, Rimmer K, Lozanom S, Jesús M, Gargallo D, Ward SA, O'Neill PM. Two-step synthesis of achiral dispiro-1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes with outstanding antimalarial activity, low toxicity, and high-stability profiles. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2170-7. [PMID: 18341274 DOI: 10.1021/jm701435h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, two-step synthesis of a range of dispiro-1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes with potent antimalarial activity both in vitro and in vivo has been achieved. These 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes have been proven to be superior to 1,2,4-trioxolanes in terms of stability and to be superior to trioxane analogues in terms of both stability and activity. Selected analogues have in vitro nanomolar antimalarial activity and good oral activity and are nontoxic in screens for both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The synthesis of a fluorescent 7-nitrobenza-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD) tagged tetraoxane probe and use of laser scanning confocal microscopy techniques have shown that tagged molecules accumulate selectively only in parasite infected erythrocytes and that intraparasitic formation of adducts could be inhibited by co-incubation with the iron chelator desferrioxamine (DFO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K
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19
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Biagini GA, Fisher N, Berry N, Stocks PA, Meunier B, Williams DP, Bonar-Law R, Bray PG, Owen A, O'Neill PM, Ward SA. Acridinediones: selective and potent inhibitors of the malaria parasite mitochondrial bc1 complex. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 73:1347-55. [PMID: 18319379 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.045120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of drug resistance to affordable drugs has contributed to a global increase in the number of deaths from malaria. This unacceptable situation has stimulated research for new drugs active against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites. In this regard, we show here that deshydroxy-1-imino derivatives of acridine (i.e., dihydroacridinediones) are selective antimalarial drugs acting as potent (nanomolar K(i)) inhibitors of parasite mitochondrial bc(1) complex. Inhibition of the bc(1) complex led to a collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in cell death (IC(50) approximately 15 nM). The selectivity of one of the dihydroacridinediones against the parasite enzyme was some 5000-fold higher than for the human bc(1) complex, significantly higher ( approximately 200 fold) than that observed with atovaquone, a licensed bc(1)-specific antimalarial drug. Experiments performed with yeast manifesting mutations in the bc(1) complex reveal that binding is directed to the quinol oxidation site (Q(o)) of the bc(1) complex. This is supported by favorable binding energies for in silico docking of dihydroacridinediones to P. falciparum bc(1) Q(o). Dihydroacridinediones represent an entirely new class of bc(1) inhibitors and the potential of these compounds as novel antimalarial drugs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo A Biagini
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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Stocks PA, Bray PG, Barton VE, Al-Helal M, Jones M, Araujo NC, Gibbons P, Ward SA, Hughes RH, Biagini GA, Davies J, Amewu R, Mercer AE, Ellis G, O'Neill PM. Evidence for a Common Non-Heme Chelatable-Iron-Dependent Activation Mechanism for Semisynthetic and Synthetic Endoperoxide Antimalarial Drugs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:6278-83. [PMID: 17640025 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Stocks
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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Bray PG, Mungthin M, Hastings IM, Biagini GA, Saidu DK, Lakshmanan V, Johnson DJ, Hughes RH, Stocks PA, O'Neill PM, Fidock DA, Warhurst DC, Ward SA. PfCRT and the trans-vacuolar proton electrochemical gradient: regulating the access of chloroquine to ferriprotoporphyrin IX. Mol Microbiol 2006; 62:238-51. [PMID: 16956382 PMCID: PMC2943415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is accepted that resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine (CQ) is caused primarily by mutations in the pfcrt gene. However, a consensus has not yet been reached on the mechanism by which resistance is achieved. CQ-resistant (CQR) parasite lines accumulate less CQ than do CQ-sensitive (CQS) parasites. The CQR phenotype is complex with a component of reduced energy-dependent CQ uptake and an additional component that resembles energy-dependent CQ efflux. Here we show that the required energy input is in the form of the proton electrochemical gradient across the digestive vacuole (DV) membrane. Collapsing the DV proton gradient (or starving the parasites of glucose) results in similar levels of CQ accumulation in CQS and CQR lines. Under these conditions the accumulation of CQ is stimulated in CQR parasite lines but is reduced in CQS lines. Energy deprivation has no effect on the rate of CQ efflux from CQR lines implying that mutant PfCRT does not function as an efflux pump or active carrier. Using pfcrt-modified parasite lines we show that the entire CQ susceptibility phenotype is switched by the single K76T amino acid change in PfCRT. The efflux of CQ in CQR lines is not directly coupled to the energy supply, consistent with a model in which mutant PfCRT functions as a gated channel or pore, allowing charged CQ species to leak out of the DV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Bray
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
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O'Neill PM, Verissimo E, Ward SA, Davies J, Korshin EE, Araujo N, Pugh MD, Cristiano MLS, Stocks PA, Bachi MD. Diels–Alder/thiol–olefin co-oxygenation approach to antimalarials incorporating the 2,3-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane pharmacophore. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2991-5. [PMID: 16527481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A Diels-Alder/thiol-olefin co-oxygenation approach to the synthesis of novel bicyclic endoperoxides 17a-22b is reported. Some of these endoperoxides (e.g., 17b, 19b, 22a and 22b) have potent nanomolar in vitro antimalarial activity equivalent to that of the synthetic antimalarial agent arteflene. Iron(II)-mediated degradation of sulfone-endoperoxide 19b and spin-trapping with TEMPO provide a spin-trapped adduct 25 indicative of the formation of a secondary carbon centered radical species 24. Reactive C-radical intermediates of this type may be involved in the expression of the antimalarial effect of these bicyclic endoperoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, PO Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
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O'Neill PM, Stocks PA, Pugh MD, Araujo NC, Korshin EE, Bickley JF, Ward SA, Bray PG, Pasini E, Davies J, Verissimo E, Bachi MD. Design and Synthesis of Endoperoxide Antimalarial Prodrug Models. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 43:4193-7. [PMID: 15307085 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200453859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK.
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O'Neill PM, Mukhtar A, Ward SA, Bickley JF, Davies J, Bachi MD, Stocks PA. Application of Thiol−Olefin Co-oxygenation Methodology to a New Synthesis of the 1,2,4-Trioxane Pharmacophore. Org Lett 2004; 6:3035-8. [PMID: 15330581 DOI: 10.1021/ol0492142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Thiol-olefin co-oxygenation (TOCO) of substituted allylic alcohols generates alpha-hydroxyperoxides that can be condensed in situ with various ketones to afford a series of functionalized 1,2,4-trioxanes in good yields. Manipulation of the phenylsulfenyl group in 4a allows for convenient modification to the spiro-trioxane substituents, and we describe, for the first time, the preparation of a new class of antimalarial prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
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O'Neill PM, Mukhtar A, Stocks PA, Randle LE, Hindley S, Ward SA, Storr RC, Bickley JF, O'Neil IA, Maggs JL, Hughes RH, Winstanley PA, Bray PG, Park BK. Isoquine and Related Amodiaquine Analogues: A New Generation of Improved 4-Aminoquinoline Antimalarials. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4933-45. [PMID: 14584944 DOI: 10.1021/jm030796n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amodiaquine (AQ) (2) is a 4-aminoquinoline antimalarial that can cause adverse side effects including agranulocytosis and liver damage. The observed drug toxicity is believed to involve the formation of an electrophilic metabolite, amodiaquine quinoneimine (AQQI), which can bind to cellular macromolecules and initiate hypersensitivity reactions. We proposed that interchange of the 3' hydroxyl and the 4' Mannich side-chain function of amodiaquine would provide a new series of analogues that cannot form toxic quinoneimine metabolites via cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism. By a simple two-step procedure, 10 isomeric amodiaquine analogues were prepared and subsequently examined against the chloroquine resistant K1 and sensitive HB3 strains of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Several analogues displayed potent antimalarial activity against both strains. On the basis of the results of in vitro testing, isoquine (ISQ1 (3a)) (IC(50) = 6.01 nM +/- 8.0 versus K1 strain), the direct isomer of amodiaquine, was selected for in vivo antimalarial assessment. The potent in vitro antimalarial activity of isoquine was translated into excellent oral in vivo ED(50) activity of 1.6 and 3.7 mg/kg against the P. yoelii NS strain compared to 7.9 and 7.4 mg/kg for amodiaquine. Subsequent metabolism studies in the rat model demonstrated that isoquine does not undergo in vivo bioactivation, as evidenced by the complete lack of glutathione metabolites in bile. In sharp contrast to amodiaquine, isoquine (and Phase I metabolites) undergoes clearance by Phase II glucuronidation. On the basis of these promising initial studies, isoquine (ISQ1 (3a)) represents a new second generation lead worthy of further investigation as a cost-effective and potentially safer alternative to amodiaquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK.
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O'Neill PM, Hindley S, Pugh MD, Davies J, Bray PG, Park B, Kapu DS, Ward SA, Stocks PA. Co(thd)2: a superior catalyst for aerobic epoxidation and hydroperoxysilylation of unactivated alkenes: application to the synthesis of spiro-1,2,4-trioxanes. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Stocks PA, Raynes KJ, Bray PG, Park BK, O'Neill PM, Ward SA. Novel short chain chloroquine analogues retain activity against chloroquine resistant K1 Plasmodium falciparum. J Med Chem 2002; 45:4975-83. [PMID: 12408708 DOI: 10.1021/jm0108707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of short chain chloroquine (CQ) derivatives have been synthesized in one step from readily available starting materials. The diethylamine function of CQ is replaced by shorter alkylamine groups (4-9) containing secondary or tertiary terminal nitrogens. Some of these derivatives are significantly more potent than CQ against a CQ resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. We conclude that the ability to accumulate at higher concentrations within the food vacuole of the parasite is an important parameter that dictates their potency against CQ sensitive and the chloroquine resistant K1 P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Stocks
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Stead AM, Bray PG, Edwards IG, DeKoning HP, Elford BC, Stocks PA, Ward SA. Diamidine compounds: selective uptake and targeting in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Pharmacol 2001; 59:1298-306. [PMID: 11306715 DOI: 10.1124/mol.59.5.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum emphasizes the urgent requirement for novel antimalarial agents. Here we report potent antimalarial activity of a number of diamidine compounds. The lead compound pentamidine is concentrated 500-fold by erythrocytes infected with P. falciparum. Pentamidine accumulation can be blocked by inhibitors of hemoglobin digestion, suggesting that the drug binds to ferriprotoporphyrin IX (FPIX). All of the compounds bound to FPIX in vitro and inhibited the formation of hemozoin. Furthermore, inhibitors of hemoglobin digestion markedly antagonized the antimalarial activity of the diamidines, indicating that binding to FPIX is crucial for the activity of diamidine drugs. Pentamidine was not accumulated into uninfected erythrocytes. Pentamidine transport into infected cells exhibits an initial rapid phase, nonsaturable in the micromolar range and sensitive to inhibition by furosemide and glibenclamide. Changing the counter-ion in the order Cl(-) < Br(-) < NO(2)(-) < I(-) <SCN(-) markedly stimulated pentamidine transport. These data suggest that pentamidine is transported although a pore or ion channel with properties similar to those of the recently characterized 'induced permeability pathway' on the infected red cell membrane. In summary, the diamidines exhibit two levels of selectivity against P. falciparum. The route of entry and molecular target are both specific to malaria-infected cells and are distinct from targets in other protozoa. Drugs that target the hemoglobin degradation pathway of malaria parasites have a proven record of accomplishment. The employment of induced permeability pathways to access this target represents a novel approach to antiparasite chemotherapy and offers an additional level of selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Stead
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Raynes KJ, Stocks PA, O'Neill PM, Park BK, Ward SA. New 4-aminoquinoline Mannich base antimalarials. 1. Effect of an alkyl substituent in the 5'-position of the 4'-hydroxyanilino side chain. J Med Chem 1999; 42:2747-51. [PMID: 10425085 DOI: 10.1021/jm9901374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 4-aminoquinoline Mannich base derivatives have been synthesized, in which the 3'-diethylamino function of amodiaquine (AQ) is replaced by a 3'-tert-butylamino group and an aliphatic hydrocarbon entity is incorporated into the 5'-position of the 4'-hydroxyanilino side chain. Seven alkyl Mannich base derivatives were screened and found to be active against both chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. The propyl and isopropyl alkyl derivatives were found to be the most active; consequently these derivatives were tested against a nonsensitive strain of Plasmodium berghi in vivo and found to be 3-fold more active than AQ, irrespective of the route of administration (oral or intraperitoneal).
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Raynes
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and of Chemistry, The University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
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A.W. Johnstone R, M. d'A. Rocha Gonsalves A, M. Pereira M, M. P. de SantAna A, C. Serra A, J. F. N. Sobral A, A. Stocks P. New Procedures for the Synthesis and Analysis of 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(sulphophenyl)porphyrins and Derivatives through Chlorosulphonation. HETEROCYCLES 1996. [DOI: 10.3987/com-95-7372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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