Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among front-line healthcare workers in Northeast Brazil: a respondent-driven sampling approach

OBJECTIVES

We assessed the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, personal protective equipment (PPE) shortages and occurrence of biological accidents among front-line healthcare workers (HCW).

DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

Using respondent-driven sampling, the study recruited distinct categories of HCW attending suspected or confirmed patients with COVID-19 from May 2020 to February 2021, in the Recife metropolitan area, Northeast Brazil.

OUTCOME MEASURES

The criterion to assess SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCW was a positive self-reported PCR test.

RESULTS

We analysed 1525 HCW: 527 physicians, 471 registered nurses, 263 nursing assistants and 264 physical therapists. Women predominated in all categories (81.1%; 95% CI: 77.8% to 84.1%). Nurses were older with more comorbidities (hypertension and overweight/obesity) than the other staff. The overall prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 61.8% (95% CI: 55.7% to 67.5%) after adjustment for the cluster random effect, weighted by network, and the reference population size. Risk factors for a positive RT-PCR test were being a nursing assistant (OR adjusted: 2.56; 95% CI: 1.42 to 4.61), not always using all recommended PPE while assisting patients with COVID-19 (OR adj: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.02 to 4.53) and reporting a splash of biological fluid/respiratory secretion in the eyes (OR adj: 3.37; 95% CI: 1.10 to 10.34).

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows the high frequency of SARS-CoV2 infection among HCW presumably due to workplace exposures. In our setting, nursing assistant comprised the most vulnerable category. Our findings highlight the need for improving healthcare facility environments, specific training and supervision to cope with public health emergencies.

Web Data Mining: Validity of Data from Google Earth for Food Retail Evaluation

To overcome the challenge of obtaining accurate data on community food retail, we developed an innovative tool to automatically capture food retail data from Google Earth (GE). The proposed method is relevant to non-commercial use or scholarly purposes. We aimed to test the validity of web sources data for the assessment of community food retail environment by comparison to ground-truth observations (gold standard). A secondary aim was to test whether validity differs by type of food outlet and socioeconomic status (SES). The study area included a sample of 300 census tracts stratified by SES in two of the largest cities in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte. The GE web service was used to develop a tool for automatic acquisition of food retail data through the generation of a regular grid of points. To test its validity, this data was compared with the ground-truth data. Compared to the 856 outlets identified in 285 census tracts by the ground-truth method, the GE interface identified 731 outlets. In both cities, the GE interface scored moderate to excellent compared to the ground-truth data across all of the validity measures: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy (ranging from 66.3 to 100%). The validity did not differ by SES strata. Supermarkets, convenience stores and restaurants yielded better results than other store types. To our knowledge, this research is the first to investigate using GE as a tool to capture community food retail data. Our results suggest that the GE interface could be used to measure the community food environment. Validity was satisfactory for different SES areas and types of outlets.

Estimativas da cobertura de mamografia segundo inquéritos de saúde no Brasil

OBJETIVO: Inquéritos populacionais constituem ferramenta fundamental para monitorar a cobertura de mamografia e os fatores associados à sua realização. Em inquéritos baseados na população residente em domicílios com telefone as estimativas tendem a ser superestimadas. O estudo teve por objetivo estimar a cobertura de mamografia com base em pesquisas de base populacional. MÉTODOS: A partir das coberturas por mamografia em mulheres de 50 a 69 anos, com e sem telefone fixo, observadas na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) 2003, calcularam-se as razões entre elas e o respectivo coeficiente de variação. A razão de cobertura foi multiplicada pela cobertura estimada pelo sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL), permitindo estimar a cobertura entre mulheres sem telefone em 2007. Essas estimativas foram aplicadas à população de mulheres, com e sem telefone, obtidas a partir da PNAD 2006, obtendo-se assim as estimativas finais para as capitais. RESULTADOS: Em 2007, para o conjunto das capitais, estimou-se a cobertura de mamografia em aproximadamente 70%, variando de 41,2% em Porto Velho (RO) a 82,2% em Florianópolis (SC). Em 17 municípios a cobertura foi maior que 60%; em oito, de 50%-60%; e em dois, a cobertura foi inferior a 50%. Em termos absolutos, a diferença entre as coberturas do VIGITEL e as estimadas foi de 6,5% para o conjunto dos municípios, variando de 3,4% em São Paulo (SP) a 24,2% em João Pessoa (PB). CONCLUSÕES: As diferenças nas magnitudes das estimativas da cobertura de mamografia por inquéritos populacionais são em grande parte reflexo dos desenhos dos estudos. No caso específico da mamografia, seria mais apropriado estimar sua cobertura combinando dados do VIGITEL com aqueles de outros inquéritos, que incluam informações sobre mulheres com e sem telefone fixo, especialmente em municípios de baixa cobertura de telefonia fixa.