Invasive alien acacias rapidly stock carbon, but threaten biodiversity recovery in young second-growth forests

Under the UN-Decade of Ecosystem Restoration and Bonn Challenge, second-growth forest is promoted as a global solution to climate change, degradation and associated losses of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Second growth is often invaded by alien tree species and understanding how this impacts carbon stock and biodiversity recovery is key for restoration planning. We assessed carbon stock and tree diversity recovery in second growth invaded by two Acacia species and non-invaded second growth, with associated edge effects, in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Carbon stock recovery in non-invaded forests was threefold lower than in invaded forests. Increasingly isolated, fragmented and deforested areas had low carbon stocks when non-invaded, whereas the opposite was true when invaded. Non-invaded forests recovered threefold to sixfold higher taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity than invaded forest. Higher species turnover and lower nestedness in non-invaded than invaded forests underpinned higher abundance of threatened and endemic species in non-invaded forest. Non-invaded forests presented positive relationships between carbon and biodiversity, whereas in the invaded forests we did not detect any relationship, indicating that more carbon does not equal more biodiversity in landscapes with high vulnerability to invasive acacias. To deliver on combined climate change and biodiversity goals, restoration planning and management must consider biological invasion risk. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration'.

Author Correction: Strategic approaches to restoring ecosystems can triple conservation gains and halve costs

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events.

Genetic diversity of Casearia sylvestris populations in remnants of the Atlantic Forest

Guaçatonga (Casearia sylvestris) is a native plant of the Atlantic Forest, with high medicinal potential and relevance for reforestation programs. The aim of this study was to characterize, with microsatellite markers, two populations of C. sylvestris from remaining areas of the Atlantic Forest in the State of São Paulo. High allelic variation was found in both populations (N_A = 101 and 117; A_R = 12.5 and 14.4), although with high endogamy coefficients (f = 0.640 and 0.363). Estimates of genetic structure suggested the presence of considerable genetic divergence between the populations (F_ST = 0.103); however, there was no spatial genetic structure within the populations. Genetic divergence may have occurred due to decreased gene flow between the fragmented populations as the result of deforestation. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of genetic diversity and its characterization in native plants within remaining forest areas for the management and restoration of such areas.

Microsatellite markers for the Cabreúva tree, Myroxylon peruiferum (Fabaceae), an endangered medicinal species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

The Cabreúva tree, Myroxylon peruiferum, is an endangered tropical species from Brazil used in forest restoration projects. It is known for its medicinal properties. Eleven microsatellite markers were developed for this species, from a microsatellite-enriched library. Nine of these markers, characterized in 30 individuals from a semideciduous forest remnant population in southeast Brazil, were polymorphic, with allele numbers ranging from 2 to 8 per locus; expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.103 to 0.757 and 0.107 to 0.704, respectively. One locus (Mpe-C04) showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, probably due to null alleles. Two other loci (Mpe-E09 and Mpe-H07) were monomorphic in this population. These microsatellite loci should be useful for future population genetic studies of this species.

Implicações do cumprimento do Código Florestal vigente na redução de áreas agrícolas: um estudo de caso da produção canavieira no Estado de São Paulo

Uma das principais justificativas da proposta de mudanças do Código Florestal brasileiro (CF) é a de que seu cumprimento supostamente inviabilizaria vários setores da agropecuária, apesar dessa justificativa ser fracamente sustentada em dados. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar as implicações do cumprimento do CF para a redução de áreas de produção canavieira no Estado de São Paulo, visando estimar qual seria o limite superior de potenciais prejuízos que a aplicação do CF poderia trazer à viabilidade econômica de um dos mais importantes, e também impactantes ambientalmente, segmentos da produção agropecuária brasileira. Foram analisados 23 projetos de adequação ambiental conduzidos em 1.961 propriedades rurais de usinas sucroalcooleira do Estado de São Paulo, os quais totalizaram 533.097 ha (9,7% da área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar em São Paulo). Nesses projetos, realizaram-se um diagnóstico ambiental de Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP), áreas de produção agrícola e de áreas potenciais para constituir a Reserva Legal. Os resultados indicaram que 10,4% da área total das propriedades rurais constituiriam APPs e que apenas 21,2% da área de APP (2,2% da área total) era utilizada por algum tipo de atividade agrícola, sendo que cana-de-açúcar ocupava apenas 12,1% da área enquadrada como APP pelo atual Código (1,2% da área total). Em média, 76,5% da área total dos projetos estavam ocupadas por cana-de-açúcar e a soma das áreas potencias para a averbação da Reserva Legal, constituídas de remanescentes florestais (5,0% da área total), áreas abandonadas (2,3% da área total) e de áreas com outros usos (6,3% da área total), resultaria em 13,6% da área total, gerando um déficit médio de 6,4% de áreas para o total cumprimento da Reserva Legal (20%). Esse déficit poderia, por lei, inclusive ser compensado fora da matrícula, em paisagens de menor aptidão agrícola. Assim, o diagnóstico apresentado nesse trabalho para o setor canavieiro no Estado de São Paulo aponta que o CF vigente poderia ser cumprido sem inviabilizar a produção agrícola, ressaltando que parte dos argumentos favoráveis às alterações no CF precisa ser revista à luz de dados concretos e de forma menos especulativa.

Temperatura ótima de germinação de sementes de espécies arbóreas brasileiras

O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar os aspectos ecológicos e aplicados da temperatura na germinação de sementes de espécies arbóreas brasileiras. Foram analisadas informações, obtidas por meio de dados secundários, sobre o efeito da temperatura na germinação de 272 espécies arbóreas nativas e estabelecidas as relações da temperatura ótima com o bioma de ocorrência e com o grupo sucessional da espécie. As temperaturas de 25 °C e 30 °C foram as mais favoráveis para a germinação, havendo relação entre a temperatura ótima e o bioma de ocorrência da espécie, mas não entre essa temperatura e o grupo sucessional. Com base nos resultados, é possível indicar que o teste de germinação com sementes de espécies arbóreas brasileiras seja conduzido mediante o uso de temperatura constante de 25 °C para as espécies dos biomas Cerrado e Mata Atlântica e de 30 °C para as espécies do bioma Amazônia, salvo nos casos de espécies para as quais há requerimentos específicos de temperaturas alternadas para a superação da dormência das sementes.