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Sun J, Wilt J, Meindl P, Watkins HM, Goodwin GP. How and why people want to be more moral. J Pers 2024; 92:907-925. [PMID: 36652292 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE What types of moral improvements do people wish to make? Do they hope to become more good, or less bad? Do they wish to be more caring? More honest? More loyal? And why exactly do they want to become more moral? Presumably, most people want to improve their morality because this would benefit others, but is this in fact their primary motivation? Here, we begin to investigate these questions. METHOD Across two large, preregistered studies (N = 1818), participants provided open-ended descriptions of one change they could make in order to become more moral; they then reported their beliefs about and motives for this change. RESULTS In both studies, people most frequently expressed desires to improve their compassion and more often framed their moral improvement goals in terms of amplifying good behaviors than curbing bad ones. The strongest predictor of moral motivation was the extent to which people believed that making the change would have positive consequences for their own well-being. CONCLUSIONS Together, these studies provide rich descriptive insights into how ordinary people want to be more moral, and show that they are particularly motivated to do so for their own sake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Sun
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joshua Wilt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter Meindl
- United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, USA
| | - Hanne M Watkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Geoffrey P Goodwin
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Dykhuis EM, Warren MT, Meindl P, Jayawickreme E. Using insights from personality dynamics to move developmental metatheory forward: Integrating insights from relational developmental systems metatheory and whole trait theory. Infant and Child Development 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise M. Dykhuis
- Character Integration Advisory Group and Department of Mathematical Sciences United States Military Academy at West Point West Point New York USA
| | - Michael T. Warren
- Psychology Department Western Washington University Bellingham Washington USA
| | - Peter Meindl
- Department of Psychology Wake Forest University Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Eranda Jayawickreme
- Simon Center for the Professional Military Ethic and Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership United States Military Academy at West Point West Point New York USA
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3
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Abstract
Some stories of moral exemplars motivate us to emulate their admirable attitudes and behaviors, but why do some exemplars motivate us more than others? We systematically studied how motivation to emulate is influenced by the similarity between a reader and an exemplar in social or cultural background (Relatability) and how personally costly or demanding the exemplar's actions are (Attainability). Study 1 found that university students reported more inspiration and related feelings after reading true stories about the good deeds of a recent fellow alum, compared to a famous moral exemplar from decades past. Study 2A developed a battery of short moral exemplar stories that more systematically varied Relatability and Attainability, along with a set of non-moral exemplar stories for comparison. Studies 2B and 2C examined the path from the story type to relatively low stakes altruism (donating to charity and intentions to volunteer) through perceived attainability and relatability, as well as elevation and pleasantness. Together, our studies suggest that it is primarily the relatability of the moral exemplars, not the attainability of their actions, that inspires more prosocial motivation, at least regarding acts that help others at a relatively low cost to oneself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Han
- Educational Psychology Program, University of Alabama, Alabama, AL 35487,Corresponding author: Hyemin Han, College of Education, University of Alabama, Box 870231, Tuscaloosa AL 35487,
| | - Clifford I. Workman
- Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Joshua May
- Philosophy Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Payton Scholtens
- Department of Psychology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546
| | - Kelsie J. Dawson
- Educational Psychology Program, University of Alabama, Alabama, AL 35487
| | - Andrea L. Glenn
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Alabama, AL 35487
| | - Peter Meindl
- Department of Psychology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546,Simon Center, United States Military Academy at West Point, West Point, NY 10996
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4
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Everett JAC, Clark CJ, Meindl P, Luguri JB, Earp BD, Graham J, Ditto PH, Shariff AF. Political differences in free will belief are associated with differences in moralization. J Pers Soc Psychol 2020; 120:461-483. [PMID: 32271085 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In 14 studies, we tested whether political conservatives' stronger free will beliefs were linked to stronger and broader tendencies to moralize and, thus, a greater motivation to assign blame. In Study 1 (meta-analysis of 5 studies, n = 308,499) we show that conservatives have stronger tendencies to moralize than liberals, even for moralization measures containing zero political content (e.g., moral badness ratings of faces and personality traits). In Study 2, we show that conservatives report higher free will belief, and this is statistically mediated by the belief that people should be held morally responsible for their bad behavior (n = 14,707). In Study 3, we show that political conservatism is associated with higher attributions of free will for specific events. Turning to experimental manipulations to test our hypotheses, we show the following: when conservatives and liberals see an action as equally wrong there is no difference in free will attributions (Study 4); when conservatives see an action as less wrong than liberals, they attribute less free will (Study 5); and specific perceptions of wrongness account for the relation between political ideology and free will attributions (Study 6a and 6b). Finally, we show that political conservatives and liberals even differentially attribute free will for the same action depending on who performed it (Studies 7a-d). These results are consistent with our theory that political differences in free will belief are at least partly explicable by conservatives' tendency to moralize, which strengthens motivation to justify blame with stronger belief in free will and personal accountability. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter H Ditto
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | - Azim F Shariff
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
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Meindl P, Iyer R, Graham J. Distributive Justice Beliefs are Guided by Whether People Think the Ultimate Goal of Society is Well-Being or Power. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2019.1663524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Meindl P, Yu A, Galla BM, Quirk A, Haeck C, Goyer JP, Lejuez CW, D'Mello SK, Duckworth AL. A brief behavioral measure of frustration tolerance predicts academic achievement immediately and two years later. Emotion 2019; 19:1081-1092. [PMID: 30475031 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Achieving important goals is widely assumed to require confronting obstacles, failing repeatedly, and persisting in the face of frustration. Yet empirical evidence linking achievement and frustration tolerance is lacking. To facilitate work on this important topic, we developed and validated a novel behavioral measure of frustration tolerance: the Mirror Tracing Frustration Task (MTFT). In this 5-min task, participants allocate time between a difficult tracing task and entertaining games and videos. In two studies of young adults (Study 1: N = 148, Study 2: N = 283), we demonstrated that the MTFT increased frustration more than 18 other emotions, and that MTFT scores were related to self-reported frustration tolerance. Next, we assessed whether frustration tolerance correlated with similar constructs, including self-control and grit, as well as objective measures of real-world achievement. In a prospective longitudinal study of high-school seniors (N = 391), MTFT scores predicted grade-point average and standardized achievement test scores, and-more than 2 years after completing the MTFT-progress toward a college degree. Though small in size (i.e., rs ranging from .10 to .24), frustration tolerance predicted outcomes over and above a rich set of covariates, including IQ, sociodemographics, self-control, and grit. These findings demonstrate the validity of the MTFT and highlight the importance of frustration tolerance for achieving valued goals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Meindl
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Alisa Yu
- School of Business, Stanford University
| | | | - Abigail Quirk
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Carly Haeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Sidney K D'Mello
- Institute of Cognitive Science, Computer Science, and Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder
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7
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Abstract
Despite sharing conceptual overlap, morality and self-control research have led largely separate lives. In this article, we highlight neglected connections between these major areas of psychology. To this end, we first note their conceptual similarities and differences. We then show how morality research, typically emphasizing aspects of moral cognition and emotion, may benefit from incorporating motivational concepts from self-control research. Similarly, self-control research may benefit from a better understanding of the moral nature of many self-control domains. We place special focus on various components of self-control and on the ways in which self-control goals may come to be seen as moral issues (i.e., moralized).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Meindl
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
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8
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Graham J, Waytz A, Meindl P, Iyer R, Young L. Centripetal and centrifugal forces in the moral circle: Competing constraints on moral learning. Cognition 2017; 167:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Mooijman M, Meindl P, Oyserman D, Monterosso J, Dehghani M, Doris JM, Graham J. Resisting temptation for the good of the group: Binding moral values and the moralization of self-control. J Pers Soc Psychol 2017; 115:585-599. [PMID: 28604018 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
When do people see self-control as a moral issue? We hypothesize that the group-focused "binding" moral values of Loyalty/betrayal, Authority/subversion, and Purity/degradation play a particularly important role in this moralization process. Nine studies provide support for this prediction. First, moralization of self-control goals (e.g., losing weight, saving money) is more strongly associated with endorsing binding moral values than with endorsing individualizing moral values (Care/harm, Fairness/cheating). Second, binding moral values mediate the effect of other group-focused predictors of self-control moralization, including conservatism, religiosity, and collectivism. Third, guiding participants to consider morality as centrally about binding moral values increases moralization of self-control more than guiding participants to consider morality as centrally about individualizing moral values. Fourth, we replicate our core finding that moralization of self-control is associated with binding moral values across studies differing in measures and design-whether we measure the relationship between moral and self-control language across time, the perceived moral relevance of self-control behaviors, or the moral condemnation of self-control failures. Taken together, our findings suggest that self-control moralization is primarily group-oriented and is sensitive to group-oriented cues. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Meindl
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - John M Doris
- Department of Philosophy, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Jesse Graham
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
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10
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Abstract
Jumping to negative conclusions about other people's traits is judged as morally bad by many people. Despite this, across six experiments (total N = 2,151), we find that multiple types of moral evaluations--even evaluations related to open-mindedness, tolerance, and compassion--play a causal role in these potentially pernicious trait assumptions. Our results also indicate that moralization affects negative-but not positive-trait assumptions, and that the effect of morality on negative assumptions cannot be explained merely by people's general (nonmoral) preferences or other factors that distinguish moral and nonmoral traits, such as controllability or desirability. Together, these results suggest that one of the more destructive human tendencies--making negative assumptions about others--can be caused by the better angels of our nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Meindl
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Jesse Graham
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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11
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Tierney W, Schweinsberg M, Jordan J, Kennedy DM, Qureshi I, Sommer SA, Thornley N, Madan N, Vianello M, Awtrey E, Zhu LL, Diermeier D, Heinze JE, Srinivasan M, Tannenbaum D, Bivolaru E, Dana J, Davis-Stober CP, du Plessis C, Gronau QF, Hafenbrack AC, Liao EY, Ly A, Marsman M, Murase T, Schaerer M, Tworek CM, Wagenmakers EJ, Wong L, Anderson T, Bauman CW, Bedwell WL, Brescoll V, Canavan A, Chandler JJ, Cheries E, Cheryan S, Cheung F, Cimpian A, Clark MA, Cordon D, Cushman F, Ditto PH, Amell A, Frick SE, Gamez-Djokic M, Grady RH, Graham J, Gu J, Hahn A, Hanson BE, Hartwich NJ, Hein K, Inbar Y, Jiang L, Kellogg T, Legate N, Luoma TP, Maibeucher H, Meindl P, Miles J, Mislin A, Molden DC, Motyl M, Newman G, Ngo HH, Packham H, Ramsay PS, Ray JL, Sackett AM, Sellier AL, Sokolova T, Sowden W, Storage D, Sun X, Van Bavel JJ, Washburn AN, Wei C, Wetter E, Wilson CT, Darroux SC, Uhlmann EL. Data from a pre-publication independent replication initiative examining ten moral judgement effects. Sci Data 2016; 3:160082. [PMID: 27727246 PMCID: PMC5058337 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2016.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the data from a crowdsourced project seeking to replicate findings in independent laboratories before (rather than after) they are published. In this Pre-Publication Independent Replication (PPIR) initiative, 25 research groups attempted to replicate 10 moral judgment effects from a single laboratory's research pipeline of unpublished findings. The 10 effects were investigated using online/lab surveys containing psychological manipulations (vignettes) followed by questionnaires. Results revealed a mix of reliable, unreliable, and culturally moderated findings. Unlike any previous replication project, this dataset includes the data from not only the replications but also from the original studies, creating a unique corpus that researchers can use to better understand reproducibility and irreproducibility in science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Tierney
- INSEAD, Fontainebleau 77305, France and Singapore 138676, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Israr Qureshi
- IE Business School, IE University, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | | | - Nico Thornley
- INSEAD, Fontainebleau 77305, France and Singapore 138676, Singapore
| | - Nikhil Madan
- INSEAD, Fontainebleau 77305, France and Singapore 138676, Singapore
| | | | - Eli Awtrey
- University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
| | - Luke Lei Zhu
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 5V4, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Eliza Bivolaru
- INSEAD, Fontainebleau 77305, France and Singapore 138676, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew C Hafenbrack
- UCP-Católica Lisbon School of Business &Economics, Lisbon 1649-023, Portugal
| | - Eko Yi Liao
- Hang Seng Management College, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Alexander Ly
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1001 NK, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Michael Schaerer
- INSEAD, Fontainebleau 77305, France and Singapore 138676, Singapore
| | | | | | - Lynn Wong
- INSEAD, Fontainebleau 77305, France and Singapore 138676, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jesse J Chandler
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48104, USA
| | - Erik Cheries
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 1003, USA
| | | | - Felix Cheung
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis 63130, USA.,University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Andrei Cimpian
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York 10003, USA
| | | | - Diana Cordon
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago 60616, USA
| | | | | | - Alice Amell
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago 60616, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jesse Graham
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, USA
| | - Jun Gu
- Monash University, Melbourne 3145, Australia
| | - Adam Hahn
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Koeln 50931, Germany
| | | | - Nicole J Hartwich
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Koeln 50931, Germany
| | - Kristie Hein
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago 60616, USA
| | - Yoel Inbar
- University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S, Canada
| | - Lily Jiang
- University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
| | | | - Nicole Legate
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago 60616, USA
| | - Timo P Luoma
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Koeln 50931, Germany
| | | | - Peter Meindl
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | - Matt Motyl
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago 60607, USA
| | | | - Hoai Huong Ngo
- Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Nanterre 92000, France
| | | | | | - Jennifer L Ray
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York 10003, USA
| | | | | | | | - Walter Sowden
- Centre for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring 20910, USA
| | - Daniel Storage
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign 61820, USA
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York 10003, USA
| | | | - Cong Wei
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Erik Wetter
- Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm 11383, Sweden
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12
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Schweinsberg M, Madan N, Vianello M, Sommer SA, Jordan J, Tierney W, Awtrey E, Zhu LL, Diermeier D, Heinze JE, Srinivasan M, Tannenbaum D, Bivolaru E, Dana J, Davis-Stober CP, du Plessis C, Gronau QF, Hafenbrack AC, Liao EY, Ly A, Marsman M, Murase T, Qureshi I, Schaerer M, Thornley N, Tworek CM, Wagenmakers EJ, Wong L, Anderson T, Bauman CW, Bedwell WL, Brescoll V, Canavan A, Chandler JJ, Cheries E, Cheryan S, Cheung F, Cimpian A, Clark MA, Cordon D, Cushman F, Ditto PH, Donahue T, Frick SE, Gamez-Djokic M, Grady RH, Graham J, Gu J, Hahn A, Hanson BE, Hartwich NJ, Hein K, Inbar Y, Jiang L, Kellogg T, Kennedy DM, Legate N, Luoma TP, Maibuecher H, Meindl P, Miles J, Mislin A, Molden DC, Motyl M, Newman G, Ngo HH, Packham H, Ramsay PS, Ray JL, Sackett AM, Sellier AL, Sokolova T, Sowden W, Storage D, Sun X, Van Bavel JJ, Washburn AN, Wei C, Wetter E, Wilson CT, Darroux SC, Uhlmann EL. The pipeline project: Pre-publication independent replications of a single laboratory's research pipeline. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Helzer EG, Fleeson W, Furr RM, Meindl P, Barranti M. Once a Utilitarian, Consistently a Utilitarian? Examining Principledness in Moral Judgment via the Robustness of Individual Differences. J Pers 2016; 85:505-517. [PMID: 27037484 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although individual differences in the application of moral principles, such as utilitarianism, have been documented, so too have powerful context effects-effects that raise doubts about the durability of people's moral principles. In this article, we examine the robustness of individual differences in moral judgment by examining them across time and across different decision contexts. In Study 1, consistency in utilitarian judgment of 122 adult participants was examined over two different survey sessions. In Studies 2A and 2B, large samples (Ns = 130 and 327, respectively) of adult participants made a series of 32 moral judgments across eight different contexts that are known to affect utilitarian endorsement. Contrary to some contemporary theorizing, our results reveal a strong degree of consistency in moral judgment. Across time and experimental manipulations of context, individuals maintained their relative standing on utilitarianism, and aggregated moral decisions reached levels of near-perfect consistency. Results support the view that on at least one dimension (utilitarianism), people's moral judgments are robustly consistent, with context effects tailoring the application of principles to the particulars of any given moral judgment.
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Graham J, Meindl P, Beall E, Johnson KM, Zhang L. Cultural differences in moral judgment and behavior, across and within societies. Curr Opin Psychol 2016; 8:125-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Stone S, Johnson KM, Beall E, Meindl P, Smith B, Graham J. Political psychology. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci 2015; 5:373-385. [PMID: 26308652 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Political psychology is a dynamic field of research that offers a unique blend of approaches and methods in the social and cognitive sciences. Political psychologists explore the interactions between macrolevel political structures and microlevel factors such as decision-making processes, motivations, and perceptions. In this article, we provide a broad overview of the field, beginning with a brief history of political psychology research and a summary of the primary methodological approaches in the field. We then give a more detailed account of research on ideology and social justice, two topics experiencing a resurgence of interest in current political psychology. Finally, we cover research on political persuasion and voting behavior. By summarizing these major areas of political psychology research, we hope to highlight the wide variety of theoretical and methodological approaches of cognitive scientists working at the intersection of psychology and political science. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:373-385. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1293 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Stone
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kate M Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erica Beall
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Meindl
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jesse Graham
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Graham J, Meindl P, Koleva S, Iyer R, Johnson KM. When Values and Behavior Conflict: Moral Pluralism and Intrapersonal Moral Hypocrisy. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Meindl P, Wähmer M, Monte C. Usability of a Fourier transform spectroradiometer for absolute surface spectral solar UV irradiance measurements. Opt Express 2014; 22:25071-25083. [PMID: 25401540 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.025071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The suitability of a commercially available Fourier transform spectrometer equipped with a fiber-coupled global entrance optic as a reference spectroradiometer for the measurement of spectral solar ultraviolet irradiance at ground level has been investigated. The instrument has been characterized with respect to the wavelength uncertainty, and a calibration of the spectral irradiance responsivity has been performed by using the calculable irradiance of a high temperature black-body radiator and by using a secondary irradiance standard lamp. The relative standard uncertainty of solar irradiance measurements in the wavelength range from 310 nm to 400 nm with this spectroradiometer, based on the described methodology, is 1.6% for solar zenith angles of less than 60°.
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Fleeson W, Furr RM, Jayawickreme E, Meindl P, Helzer EG. Character: The Prospects for a Personality-Based Perspective on Morality. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The scientific study of morality has blossomed in the past decade, yielding key insights into the psychological processes underlying moral judgments. This blossoming has generally taken place along two streams of research: one concerning cultural and individual differences in these processes, and one concerning their situational determinants. Although these two streams often examine the same factors (e.g., the role of contamination in moral judgment), they have not systematically built on each other’s findings, and their empirical approaches remain distinct. In this article, we describe how these streams have begun to converge in recent empirical work, highlighting work on political ideology as one example. We then discuss the benefits an integrated research approach can have for moral psychology, especially in (a) delineating the links between moral judgment and moral behavior and (b) expanding the range of moral behaviors studied in order to more fully represent everyday moral life.
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Kosch O, Meindl P, Steinhoff U, Jazbinsek V, Trontelj Z, Thrams L. MODELLIERUNG UND MESSUNG DES ELEKTROMAGNETISCHEN FELDES AUSGEDEHNTER STROMQUELLEN IM MENSCHLICHEN HERZEN. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2009. [DOI: 10.1515/bmte.2000.45.s1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Macdonald
- a Optisches Institut, Technische Universität Berlin , Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 , Berlin , Germany
| | - P. Meindl
- a Optisches Institut, Technische Universität Berlin , Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 , Berlin , Germany
| | - S. Busch
- a Optisches Institut, Technische Universität Berlin , Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 , Berlin , Germany
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Macdonald R, Meindl P, Chilaya G, Sikharulidze D. Reorientation of a Nematic Liquid Crystal of Discotic Molecules by Photoinduced Space Charge Fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587259808024388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Macdonald
- a Optical Institute, Techn. Univ. Berlin , Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 , Berlin , Germany
| | - P. Meindl
- a Optical Institute, Techn. Univ. Berlin , Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 , Berlin , Germany
| | - G. Chilaya
- b Institute of Cybernetics Georgian Ac. of. Sciences , 5 S. Euli Str., 380086 , Tiblisi , Georgia
| | - D. Sikharulidze
- b Institute of Cybernetics Georgian Ac. of. Sciences , 5 S. Euli Str., 380086 , Tiblisi , Georgia
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Macdonald R, Meindl P, Busch S, Eichler HJ. Highly sensitive reorientation of a nematic liquid crystal by photoexcitation of space charge fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1117/12.326899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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24
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Kaminskii AA, Eichler HJ, Liu B, Meindl P. LiYF4: Pr3+ laser at 639.5 nm with 30 J flashlamp pumping and 87 mJ output energy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/pssa.2211380143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Rumpold H, Kraft D, Scheiner O, Meindl P, Bodo G. DIFFERENT SUSCEPTIBILITY OF K AND NK CELLS TO MODULATION BY INTERFERONS. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb20661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Rumpold H, Kraft D, Scheiner O, Meindl P, Bodo G. Enhancement of NK, but not K cell activity by different interferons. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1980; 62:152-61. [PMID: 6154652 DOI: 10.1159/000232507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two different interferons derived either from a human lymphoblastoid cell line (Namalva) or from human fibroblasts were tested for their ability to modulate natural killer (NK) or killer (K) cell activity. The lymphoblastoid interferon was purified by ion-exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex C-25 and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, the fibroblast-derived interferon was purified by chromatography on porous glass beads. Evidence is presented that NK cell activity is enhanced by both of these interferons being active to a similar extent. When tissue culture cells are employed as targets for measurement of K cell activity, the augmentation of cytotoxicity by interferons has to be attributed to the inherent NK cell activity. With the use of the autologous hapten-coated target cells and of affinity chromatography purified antibodies, the cytotoxicity is displayed solely by K cells and this activity is not enhanced by either interferons tested.
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Palese P, Schulman JL, Bodo G, Meindl P. Inhibition of influenza and parainfluenza virus replication in tissue culture by 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-trifluoroacetylneuraminic acid (FANA). Virology 1974; 59:490-8. [PMID: 4364826 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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28
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Meindl P, Bodo G, Palese P, Schulman J, Tuppy H. Inhibition of neuraminidase activity by derivatives of 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid. Virology 1974; 58:457-63. [PMID: 4362431 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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29
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Meindl P, Bodo G, Lindner J, Palese P. [Influence of 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid on Myxovirus-neuraminidases and the replication of influenza- and Newcastle disease virus]. Z Naturforsch B 1971; 26:792-7. [PMID: 4399278 DOI: 10.1515/znb-1971-0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuraminidase of Influenza-A-Melbourne virus was competitively inhibited by 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid. The inhibition constant (KI) was found to be 5.3 × 10-6 mol/l. The inhibition of different viral neuraminidases was found to vary considerably. The release of Influenza-A-Melbourne virus adsorbed to chick erythrocytes was strongly inhibited by 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid. This substance also influenced the replication of neuraminidase containing viruses. The extent of this inhibition was variable. In contrast, the replication of viruses not containing neuraminidase was not affected.
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Meindl P, Tuppy H. 2-Deoxy-2,3-dehydro-sialins�uren, 3. Mitt.: Hemmung derVibrio cholerae-Neuraminidase durch Oxidationsprodukte der 2-Deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuramins�ure. Monatshefte f�r Chemie 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00909878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Meindl P, Tuppy H. �ber 2-Deoxy-2,3-dehydro-sialins�uren, 1. Mitt.: Synthese und Eigenschaften von 2-Deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acylneuramins�uren und deren Methylestern. Monatshefte f�r Chemie 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00903465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Meindl P, Tuffy H. Errata. Monatshefte für Chemie 1967. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00899976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Meindl P, Tuppy H. �ber synthetische Ketoside der N-Acetyl-d-neuramins�ure, 3. Mitt.: Darstellung des Phenyl-?-ketosides der N-Acetyl-d-neuramins�ure und seines ?-Anomeren. Monatshefte f�r Chemie 1967. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00901096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Meindl P, Tuppy H. Darstellung und enzymatische Spaltbarkeit von ?-Ketosiden der N-Propionyl-, N-Butyryl-und N-Benzoyl-d-neuramins�ure. Monatshefte f�r Chemie 1966. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00901442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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