Role of Recognition MicroRNAs in Hemaphysalis longicornis and Theileria orientalis Interactions

Ticks are an important type of pathogen transmission vector, and pathogens not only cause serious harm to livestock but can also infect humans. Because of the roles that ticks play in disease transmission, reducing tick pathogen infectivity has become increasingly important and requires the identification and characterization of these pathogens and their interaction mechanisms. In this study, we determined the miRNA expression profile of Hemaphysalis longicornis infected with Theileria orientalis, predicted the target genes of miRNAs involved in this infection process, and investigated the role of miRNA target recognition during host-pathogen interactions. The results showed that longipain is a target gene of miR-5309, which was differentially expressed at different developmental stages and in various tissues in the control group. However, the miR-5309 level was reduced in the infection group. Analysis of the interaction between miRNA and the target gene showed that miR-5309 negatively regulated the expression of the longipain protein during the infection of H. longicornis with T. orientalis. To verify this inference, we compared longipain with the blocking agent orientalis. In this study, the expression of longipain was upregulated by the inhibition of miR-5309 in ticks, and the ability of the antibody produced by the tick-derived protein to attenuate T. orientalis infection was verified through animal immunity and antigen-antibody binding tests. The results showed that expression of the longipain + GST fusion protein caused the cattle to produce antibodies that could be successfully captured by ticks, and cellular immunity was subsequently activated in the ticks, resulting in a subtractive effect on T. orientalis infection. This research provides ideas for the control of ticks and tickborne diseases and a research basis for studying the mechanism underlying the interaction between ticks and pathogens.

Novel Social Stimulation Ameliorates Memory Deficit in Alzheimer's Disease Model through Activating α-Secretase

As the most common form of dementia in the world, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder marked by cognitive and behavioral impairment. According to previous researches, abundant social connections shield against dementia. However, it is still unclear how exactly social interactions benefit cognitive abilities in people with AD and how this process is used to increase their general cognitive performance. In this study, we found that single novel social (SNS) stimulation promoted c-Fos expression and increased the protein levels of mature ADAM10/17 and sAPPα in the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) of wild-type (WT) mice, which are hippocampal dorsal CA2 (dCA2) neuron activity and vHPC NMDAR dependent. Additionally, we discovered that SNS caused similar changes in an AD model, FAD4T mice, and these alterations could be reversed by α-secretase inhibitor. Furthermore, we also found that multiple novel social (MNS) stimulation improved synaptic plasticity and memory impairments in both male and female FAD4T mice, accompanied by α-secretase activation and Aβ reduction. These findings provide insight into the process underpinning how social interaction helps AD patients who are experiencing cognitive decline, and we also imply that novel social interaction and activation of the α-secretase may be preventative and therapeutic in the early stages of AD.

Insight into Hyalomma anatolicum biology by comparative genomics analyses

Hyalomma anatolicum is an obligatory blood-sucking ectoparasite and contributes to the transmission of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus, Theileria spp. and Babesia spp. Progress in exploring the adaptive strategy of this ectoparasite and developing tools to fight it has been hindered by the lack of a complete genome. Herein, we assembled the genome using diverse sources of data from multiple sequencing platforms and annotated the 1.96 Gb genome of Hy. anatolicum. Comparative genome analyses and the predicted protein encoding genes reveal unique facets of this genome, including gene family expansion associated with blood feeding and digestion, multi-gene families involved in detoxification, a great number of neuropeptides and corresponding receptors regulating tick growth, development, and reproduction, and glutathione S-transferase genes playing roles in insecticide resistance and detoxification of multiple xenobiotic factors. This high quality reference genome provides fundamental data for obtaining insights into a variety of aspects of tick biology and developing novel strategies to fight notorious tick vectors of human and animal pathogens.

Discovery and vertical transmission analysis of Dabieshan Tick Virus in Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks from Chengde, China

Introduction

Ticks are important blood-sucking ectoparasites that can transmit various pathogens, posing significant threats to the wellbeing of humans and livestock. Dabieshan tick virus (DBTV) was initially discovered in 2015 in Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks from the Dabieshan mountain region in Hubei Province, China. In recent years, DBTV has been discovered in various regions of China, including Shandong, Zhejiang, Liaoning, Hubei, Yunnan, and Guizhou Provinces. However, the researches on tick-borne transmission of DBTV are scarce.

Methods

This study utilized the small RNA sequencing (sRNA-seq) method to identify tick-associated viruses in ticks collected from Chengde in Hebei Province and Yongcheng in Henan Province, leading to the discovery of a new DBTV strain in Hebei. The complete coding genome of DBTV Hebei strain was obtained through RNA-seq and Sanger sequencing. Furthermore, the transmission experiment of DBTV in H. longicornis was examined in laboratory for the first time.

Results

DBTV was detected in newly molted adult H. longicornis ticks collected in Chengde, Hebei Province. Additionally, DBTV was also detected in both unfed nymphs and engorged females of H. longicornis collected from Chengde, with a positive rate of 20% and 56.25%, respectively. The complete coding genome of DBTV (OP682840 and OP716696) were obtained, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the DBTV Hebei strain clustered with previously reported DBTV strains. Furthermore, this virus was observed in engorged females, eggs, and larvae of the subsequent generation.

Discussion

It is necessary to expand the scope of DBTV investigation, particularly in northern China. This study demonstrated that DBTV can be transmitted from engorged females to larvae of the next generation. Moreover, the detection of DBTV in unfed nymphs and adults (which moulted from engorged nymphs) collected from the filed of Chengde suggests that H. longicornis serves as a potential transmission host and reservoir for DBTV through transstadial and transovarial transmission. However, there remains a lack of research on the isolation and pathogenicity of DBTV, highlighting the need for further studies to mitigate potential harm to the health of animals and humans.

Comparative genomics reveals unique features of two Babesia motasi subspecies: Babesia motasi lintanensis and Babesia motasi hebeiensis

Parasites of the Babesia genus are prevalent worldwide and infect a wide diversity of domestic animals and humans. Herein, using Oxford Nanopore Technology and Illumina sequencing technologies, we sequenced two Babesia sub-species, Babesia motasi lintanensis and Babesia motasi hebeiensis. We identified 3,815 one-to-one ortholog genes that are specific to ovine Babesia spp. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the two B. motasi subspecies form a distinct clade from other Piroplasma spp. Consistent with their phylogenetic position, comparative genomic analysis reveals that these two ovine Babesia spp. share higher colinearity with Babesia bovis than with Babesia microti. Concerning the speciation date, B. m. lintanensis split from B. m. hebeiensis approximately 17 million years ago. Genes correlated to transcription, translation, protein modification and degradation, as well as differential/specialized gene family expansions in these two subspecies may favor adaptation to vertebrate and tick hosts. The close relationship between B. m. lintanensis and B. m. hebeiensis is underlined by a high degree of genomic synteny. Compositions of most invasion, virulence, development, and gene transcript regulation-related multigene families, including spherical body protein, variant erythrocyte surface antigen, glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored proteins, and transcription factor Apetala 2 genes, is largely conserved, but in contrast to this conserved situation, we observe major differences in species-specific genes that may be involved in multiple functions in parasite biology. For the first time in Babesia spp., we find abundant fragments of long terminal repeat-retrotransposons in these two species. We provide fundamental information to characterize the genomes of B. m. lintanensis and B. m. hebeiensis, providing insights into the evolution of B. motasi group parasites.

Joint toxicity of insecticides against Hyalomma asiaticum

Hyalomma asiaticum, a hematophagous ectoparasite, causes severe economic losses. We studied the acute toxicity of five pesticides (three single-agent and two combination preparations) to this organism. Engorged larval ticks were immersed in ten serial concentrations of each insecticide and observed for 20 days. The LC₅₀ values of the five insecticides and the cotoxicity coefficients (CTCs) of the two mixtures were estimated for H. asiaticum. The CTCs of lambda-cyhalothrin + etoxazole and lambda-cyhalothrin + fipronil were 128.83 and 331.58, respectively, each demonstrating synergism. The results indicated that these two mixtures were more effective than individual insecticides, and this study suggests a substitutional approach to the control of ticks.

[Characteristics and significance of outer retinal thickness changes in reticular macular disease]

Objective: To study the characteristics and significance of changes in the thickness of the outer retinal layer (ORL) outside the macula in patients with reticular macular disease (RMD). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. The clinical data of patients who visited the Department of Ophthalmology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from February to September 2019 were retrospectively collected. Thirty-one patients with at least one eye (54 eyes in total) diagnosed with early/mid-stage age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were consecutively included in the AMD group, and 33 patients with at least one eye (64 eyes in total) showing subretinal wart-like deposits on optical coherence tomography images were consecutively included in the RMD group. Thirty-two volunteers aged between 50 to 90 years with a normal fundus in both eyes (64 eyes in total) were consecutively included in the healthy control (HC) group. Frequency domain optical coherence tomography was applied to examine and analyze the thickness features of the ORL, inner retinal layer and choroid at the macular fovea (F), 2 mm of the temporal edge (T), the nasal edge (N), the superior edge (S) and inferior edge (I) of the macular fovea in each group. The correlations of the thickness of ORL with the choroidal thickness and the blood flow density of the choriocapillaris layer in patients with RMD were also analyzed. Results: The thickness of ORL at the F, T, S and I sites in the RMD group was significantly thinner than that in the AMD and HC groups. The difference was most obvious at the F site [(90.27±8.93), (98.04±11.7) and (97.19±7.02)μm] in the RMD, AMD and HC groups, respectively; all P<0.01). In the logistic regression model with independent variables of the ORL thickness at the macular F site, gender and age, there was a significant association between the thickness of ORL at the F site and the incidence of RMD (odds ratio=0.926, P<0.05). The ORL and choroid in the eyes of patients with RMD were significantly thinner at the F site [(90.27±8.93) and (163.21±72.43) μm, respectively; both P<0.01] compared with the AMD [(98.04±11.7) and (235.34±64.15) μm, respectively] and HC [(97.19±7.02) and (240.08±62.27) μm, respectively] groups. However, the ORL and choroidal thickness did not show significant and strong linear correlations at multiple sites. In contrast, there was a significant linear correlation between the blood flow density of the choriocapillaris layer and the thickness of ORL at the F, T and S sites in patients with RMD (r=0.487, 0.722, 0.467, respectively; all P<0.05). Conclusions: The thickness of ORL outside the macula of eyes with RMD is thinner than that of healthy eyes and eyes with early/mid-stage AMD. The thinning of ORL outside the macula is related to the decrease in the blood flow density of the choriocapillaris layer in patients with RMD.

Dynamic Analysis of microRNAs from Different Life Stages of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) by High-Throughput Sequencing

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are small, noncoding RNA molecules, play an important regulatory role in gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Relatively limited knowledge exists on miRNAs in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks in China; however, understanding the physiology of miRNA functions and expression at different developmental stages is important. In this study, three small RNA libraries were constructed for R. microplus eggs, larvae, and female adults; miRNAs were detected during these developmental stages by high-throughput sequencing, with 18,162,337, 8,090,736, and 11,807,326 clean reads, respectively. A total of 5132 known miRNAs and 31 novel miRNAs were identified. A total of 1736 differentially expressed miRNAs were significantly different at a p-value of <0.01; in female adults, 467 microRNAs were upregulated and 376 miRNAs downregulated compared to larval tick controls. Using larvae as controls, 218 upregulated and 203 downregulated miRNAs were detected in eggs; in eggs, 108 miRNAs were upregulated and 364 downregulated compared to female adults controls. To verify the reliability of the sequencing data, RT−qPCR was applied to compare expression levels of novel miRNAs. Some differentially expressed miRNAs are involved in developmental physiology, signal transduction, and cell-extracellular communications based on GO annotation and KEGG pathway analyses. Here, we provide a dynamic analysis of miRNAs in R. microplus and their potential targets, which has significance for understanding the biology of ticks and lays the foundation for improved understanding of miRNA functioning in the regulation of R. microplus development. These results can assist future miRNA studies in other tick species that have great significance for human and animal health.

A Novel MicroRNA and the Target Gene TAB2 Can Regulate the Process of Sucking Blood in and the Spawn Rate of Hyalomma asiaticum (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks

Ticks are blood-sucking parasites that are harmful to humans and animals. MicroRNAs are a class of conserved small noncoding RNAs that play regulatory roles in the expression of many genes at the posttranscriptional level. Here, a novel miRNA (nov-miR-17) was identified from a small RNA data library of Hyalomma asiaticum by next-generation sequencing. PCR was used to obtain precursor nov-miR-17 by RACE using mature loop primers. The secondary structure was predicted with UNAFold. The interaction of nov-miR-17 with its target gene TAB2 was predicted using RNAhybrid software and identified in vitro by luciferase assays. Moreover, the interaction was confirmed in vivo by phenotype rescue experiments in which dsTAB2 was used for RNA interference (RNAi) and an antagomir of nov-miR-17 was used for miRNA silencing. The expression levels of nov-miR-17 and TAB2 in ticks at different developmental stages and the expression of nov-miR-17 in different tissues were analyzed by real-time qPCR. All data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism version 5. Results: The results showed that TAB2 was a target gene of nov-miR-17. When the blood-sucking process of larval, nymph and adult ticks was prolonged, the expression of nov-miR-17 was decreased, and TAB2 expression was increased. However, the level of nov-miR-17 in the midgut of engorged ticks was highest at all stages. Therefore, nov-miR-17 plays an important role in the blood-sucking process. The overexpression of nov-miR-17 indicated that this miRNA affected the engorged weight (P < 0.001) and spawn rate (P < 0.001) of female ticks. RNAi of TAB2 also had the same effect. dsRNA not only impacted the weight (P < 0.01) but also reduced the spawn rate (P < 0.001) of the ticks. Furthermore, significant recovery was observed in nov-miR-17-silenced ticks after TAB2 silencing by RNAi. nov-miR-17 silencing by antagomir not only impacted the engorged weight of the female ticks (P < 0.001) but also the number of days that the females needed to progress from engorgement to spawning (P < 0.001). The study showed that nov-miR-17, as a new miRNA, plays an important role along with its target gene TAB2 in the blood-sucking and spawning processes in female ticks.

Demirjian method and Willems method to study the dental age of adolescents in Shanghai before and after 10 years

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study is to assess the validity of whether the difference in dental age between 2009 to 2011 and 2021 is affected by environmental factors such as environmental pollution, floating population, and dietary habits. Demirjian and Willems dental age estimation methods were conducted for a Han population of children aged 8 to 14 in Shanghai, China. A total of 1,259 digital panorama radiographs of children aged 8.00-14.99 was estimated. All digital panorama radiographs were estimated using the Demirjian and Willems methods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Both 2009 to 2011 and 2021 were statistically analyzed by paired t-tests. The results show that the Demirjian method overestimates 2009 to 2011 and underestimates 2021 than children's chronological age. According to the Willms method, males are overestimated and females are underestimated from 2009 to 2011, and both genders were underestimated in 2021.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the difference in dental age between 2009 to 2011 and 2021 was statistically significant. Factors such as environment and dietary habits have been found to be affected by dental development. However, there are disputes among some researchers about the exact factors, so it is suggested to further study the effects of environmental factors on tooth development.

Analysis of Microorganism Diversity in Haemaphysalis longicornis From Shaanxi, China, Based on Metagenomic Sequencing

Ticks are dangerous ectoparasites of humans and animals, as they are important disease vectors and serve as hosts for various microorganisms (including a variety of pathogenic microorganisms). Diverse microbial populations coexist within the tick body. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has been suggested to be useful for rapidly and accurately obtaining microorganism abundance and diversity data. In this study, we performed mNGS to analyze the microbial diversity of Haemaphysalis longicornis from Baoji, Shaanxi, China, with the Illumina HiSeq platform. We identified 189 microbial genera (and 284 species) from ticks in the region; the identified taxa included Anaplasma spp., Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., and other important tick-borne pathogens at the genus level as well as symbiotic microorganisms such as Wolbachia spp., and Candidatus Entotheonella. The results of this study provide insights into possible tick-borne diseases and reveal new tick-borne pathogens in this region. Additionally, valuable information for the biological control of ticks is provided. In conclusion, this study provides reference data for guiding the development of prevention and control strategies targeting ticks and tick-borne diseases in the region, which can improve the effectiveness of tick and tick-borne disease control.

Systematic Comparison of the Performances of De Novo Genome Assemblers for Oxford Nanopore Technology Reads From Piroplasm

Background

Emerging long reads sequencing technology has greatly changed the landscape of whole-genome sequencing, enabling scientists to contribute to decoding the genetic information of non-model species. The sequences generated by PacBio or Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) be assembled de novo before further analyses. Some genome de novo assemblers have been developed to assemble long reads generated by ONT. The performance of these assemblers has not been completely investigated. However, genome assembly is still a challenging task.

Methods and Results

We systematically evaluated the performance of nine de novo assemblers for ONT on different coverage depth datasets. Several metrics were measured to determine the performance of these tools, including N50 length, sequence coverage, runtime, easy operation, accuracy of genome and genomic completeness in varying depths of coverage. Based on the results of our assessments, the performances of these tools are summarized as follows: 1) Coverage depth has a significant effect on genome quality; 2) The level of contiguity of the assembled genome varies dramatically among different de novo tools; 3) The correctness of an assembled genome is closely related to the completeness of the genome. More than 30× nanopore data can be assembled into a relatively complete genome, the quality of which is highly dependent on the polishing using next generation sequencing data.

Conclusion

Considering the results of our investigation, the advantage and disadvantage of each tool are summarized and guidelines of selecting assembly tools are provided under specific conditions.

Mitochondrial genome of Theileria uilenbergi endemic in sheep and goats in China

Mitochondrial genomes provide new insights that help elucidating biological features, genetic evolution, and classification of protozoans. Theileria uilenbergi (T. uilenbergi), transmitted by Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis and H. longicornis, is considered as highly pathogenic to sheep and goats in China. This study reports and outlines features of its mitochondrial genome. The T. uilenbergi mitochondrial genome is a linear monomeric molecule of 6.0 kb length, which encodes three protein-coding genes named cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1), cytochrome b (cob), and cytochrome c oxidase III (cox3), as well as six large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene fragments, and ends in terminal inverted repeats (TIRs). The array structure and organization of the mitochondrial genome of T. uilenbergi is identical to that of T. parva. Phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequences of cox1, cob, and cox3 genes suggests that T. uilenbergi is distantly related to the group of transforming Theileria species such as T. parva. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of the mitochondrial genome of piroplasms and provides useful information of diagnostic marker for T. uilenbergi.

Micropathogen community identification in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) using third-generation sequencing

Ticks are important vectors that facilitate the transmission of a broad range of micropathogens to vertebrates, including humans. Because of their role in disease transmission, it has become increasingly important to identify and characterize the micropathogen profiles of tick populations. The objective of the present study was to survey the micropathogens of ticks by third-generation metagenomic sequencing using the PacBio Sequel platform. Approximately 46.481 Gbp of raw micropathogen sequence data were obtained from samples from four different regions of Heilongjiang Province, China. The clean consensus sequences were compared with host sequences and filtered at 90% similarity. Most of the identified genomes represent previously unsequenced strains. The draft genomes contain an average of 397,746 proteins predicted to be associated with micropathogens, over 30% of which do not have an adequate match in public databases. In these data, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Coxiella burnetii were detected in all samples, while Borrelia burgdorferi was detected only in Ixodes persulcatus ticks from G1 samples. Viruses are a key component of micropathogen populations. In the present study, Simian foamy virus, Pustyn virus and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus were detected in different samples, and more than 10–30% of the viral community in all samples comprised unknown viruses. Deep metagenomic shotgun sequencing has emerged as a powerful tool to investigate the composition and function of complex microbial communities. Thus, our dataset substantially improves the coverage of tick micropathogen genomes in public databases and represents a valuable resource for micropathogen discovery and for studies of tick-borne diseases.

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The microbial communities from ticks were analysed by third-generation metagenomic sequencing using the PacBio Sequel platform.

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In these data, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Coxiella burnetii were found in four groups, and Borrelia burgdorferi was detected only in Ixodes persulcatus ticks from G1 samples. Viruses are a key component of the composition of micropathogens.

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The third-generation metagenomic sequencing is far superior to second-generation sequencing in genome sequence integrity, and the similarity of the sequences obtained via third-generation metagenomic sequencing for discrimination is unmatched by other sequencing methods.

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Thus, our dataset substantially improves the coverage of tick micropathogen genomes in public databases and represents a valuable resource for micropathogen discovery and for studies of tick-borne diseases.

Molecular Evidence of Bartonella melophagi in Ticks in Border Areas of Xinjiang, China

Bartonella are gram-negative intracellular bacteria; certain species of Bartonella can cause diseases in mammals and humans. Ticks play a major role in the transmission of Bartonella. Xinjiang is the largest province in China according to land area and has one-third of the tick species in China; the infection rate of Bartonella in ticks in the Xinjiang border areas has not been studied in detail. Therefore, this study investigated tick infections by Bartonella in Xinjiang border areas, and the purpose of the study was to fill in gaps in information regarding the genetic diversity of tick infections by Bartonella in Xinjiang. We tested 1,549 tick samples from domestic animals (sheep and cattle) for Bartonella using ribC-PCR. Positive samples from the ribC-PCR assay for Bartonella spp. were further subjected to PCR assays targeting the ITS, rpoB and gltA genes followed by phylogenetic analyses. Bartonella DNA was detected in 2.19% (34/1,549) of tick samples, and the ITS, rpoB and gltA genes of ribC gene-positive samples were amplified to identify nine samples of Bartonella melophagi. In this study, molecular analysis was used to assess the presence and genetic diversity of B. melophagi in ticks collected from sheep and cattle from Xinjiang, China. This study provides new information on the presence and identity of B. melophagi in ticks from sheep and cattle.

[Urinary retinol binding protein and β2-microglobulin were associated with urinary albumin to creatinine ratio and renal function in hospitalized diabetic patients]

Objective: To explore the associations of urinary retinol binding protein (RBP) and β₂-microglobulin (β₂-MG) with urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) and renal function in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A total of 1 030 Chinese patients with T2DM were included in this study. The subjects were divided into the UACR normal group (<30 mg/g), microalbuminuria group (30-300 mg/g) and macroalbuminuria group (>300 mg/g). Patients with normal UACR were further divided into two groups according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): the eGFR low group (<90 ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2) and the normal eGFR group (≥90 ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2). Urine RBP and β₂-MG levels among the groups were compared. Multiple linear regression analyses were applied to evaluate risk factors of urine RBP and β₂-MG. Results: In all patients (n=1 030), urine RBP and β₂-MG increased gradually with the increase of UACR across the three groups, the proportions of abnormal urine RBP (>0.7 mg/L) and β₂-MG (>370 μg/L) in these groups were 3.8%, 8.5%, 39.0% (P<0.001), and 12.9%, 26.7%, 46.8% (P<0.001), respectively. In the UACR normal group (n=788), 12.2% of the patients were with eGFR<90 ml·min^-1·1.73m^-2. The proportion of abnormal β₂-MG (>370 μg/L) was higher in the eGFR low group than that in the eGFR normal group (29.2% vs. 10.7%, P<0.001). Multivariate linear stepwise regression analyses were performed using natural logarithm of urine RBP or β₂-MG as dependent variable, and showed that urine RBP was independently associated with UACR (β=0.0005, P<0.001), serum creatinine (β=0.006, P<0.001) and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (β=0.050, P=0.001), and β₂-MG was independently correlated with UACR (β=0.000 4, P<0.001), serum creatinine (β=0.011, P<0.001), systolic blood pressure (β=0.005, P=0.031) and fasting blood-glucose (β=0.027, P=0.046). Conclusions: Urine RBP and β₂-MG are positively associated with high UACR and impaired renal function in T2DM patients, and these changes could occur before UACR and eGFR turned out to be abnormal. It is recommended that urine RBP and β₂-MG be detected as early as possible to identify diabetic kidney disease in patients with normal UACR and eGFR.

MicroRNA-1 Expression and Function in Hyalomma Anatolicum anatolicum (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks

MicroRNAs act as mRNA post-transcriptional regulators, playing important roles in cell differentiation, transcriptional regulation, growth, and development. In this study, microRNA expression profiles of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks at different developmental stages were detected by high-throughput sequencing and functionally assessed. In total, 2,585,169, 1,252,678, 1,558,217, and 1,155,283 unique reads were obtained from eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults, respectively, with 42, 46, 45, and 41 conserved microRNAs in these stages, respectively. Using eggs as a control, 48, 43, and 39 microRNAs were upregulated, and 3, 10, and 9 were downregulated in larvae, nymphs, and adults, respectively. MicroRNA-1 (miR-1) was expressed in high abundance throughout Ha. anatolicum development, with an average of nearly one million transcripts, and it is highly conserved among tick species. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) showed that miR-1 expression gradually increased with tick development, reaching the highest level at engorgement. Differential tissue expression was detected, with significantly higher levels in the salivary glands and epidermis than in the midgut. Inhibition assays showed no significant change in body weight or spawning time or amount between experimental and control groups, but there was a significant difference (p < 0.01) in engorgement time. With miR-1 inhibition, ticks displayed obvious deformities during later development. To more fully explain the microRNA mechanism of action, the miR-1 cluster was analyzed according to the target gene; members that jointly act on Hsp60 include miR-5, miR-994, miR-969, and miR-1011. Therefore, microRNAs are critical for normal tick development, and the primary structure of the mature sequence of miR-1 is highly conserved. Nonetheless, different developmental stages and tissues show different expression patterns, with a certain role in prolonging feeding. miR-1, together with other cluster members, regulates mRNA function and may be used as a molecular marker for species origin, evolution analysis, and internal reference gene selection.

Thermo-Responsive Shape Memory Behavior of Methyl Vinyl Silicone Rubber/Olefin Block Copolymer Blends via Co-Crosslinking

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are developed by blending and cross-linking polymers which include crystalline domains and cross-linked networks. In this paper, we describe the morphology, thermal and shape memory behavior of methyl vinyl silicone rubber (MVMQ)/olefin block copolymer (OBC) blends prepared by a melt-blending and chemical cross-linking method. MVMQ without crystalline domains could not hold its temporary shape. After introducing the OBC, the obtained blends exhibited excellent dual shape memory properties. The cross-linking networks of MVMQ acted as reversible domains, while crystalline regions of OBC worked as fixed domains. When the blending ratio of MVMQ/OBC was 50/ 50, the blend had both a high shape fixity ratio and shape recovery ratio.

Orbital competition of Mn3+ and V3+ ions in Mn1+x V2-x O4

The structural and magnetic properties of Mn1+x V2-x O4 (0 < x ⩽ 1) have been investigated by the heat capacity, magnetization, x-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction measurements, and a phase diagram of temperature versus composition was built up. For x ⩽ 0.3, a cubic-to-tetragonal (c > a) phase transition was observed. For x > 0.3, the system maintained the tetragonal lattice. Although the collinear and noncollinear magnetic transitions of V3+ ions were obtained in all compositions, the canting angles between the V3+ ions decreased with Mn3+-doping, and the ordering of the Mn3+ ions was only observed as x > 0.4. In order to study the dynamics of the ground state, the first principles simulation was applied to analyze not only the orbital effects of Mn2+, Mn3+, and V3+ ions, but also the related exchange energies.

The Requirement of the C-Terminal Domain of GluA1 in Different Forms of Long-Term Potentiation in the Hippocampus Is Age-Dependent

Long-term potentiation (LTP) at glutamatergic synapses is an extensively studied form of long-lasting synaptic plasticity widely regarded as the cellular basis for learning and memory. At the CA1 synapse, there are multiple forms of LTP with distinct properties. Although AMPA glutamate receptors (AMPARs) are a key target of LTP expression, whether they are required in all forms of LTP remains unclear. To address this question, we have used our recently developed mouse line, GluA1^C2KI, where the c-terminal domain (CTD) of the endogenous GluA1 is replaced by that of GluA2. Unlike traditional GluA1 global or conditional KO mice, GluA1^C2KI mice have no changes in basal AMPAR properties or synaptic transmission allowing a better assessment of GluA1 in synaptic plasticity. We previously showed that these mice are impaired in LTP induced by high-frequency stimulation (HFS-LTP), but whether other forms of LTP are also affected in these mice is unknown. In this study, we compared various forms of LTP at CA1 synapses between GluA1^C2KI and wild-type littermates by using several induction protocols. We show that HFS-LTP is impaired in both juvenile and adult GluA1^C2KI mice. The LTP induced by theta-burst stimulation (TBS-LTP) is also abolished in juvenile GluA1^C2KI mice. Interestingly, TBS-LTP can still be induced in adult GluA1^C2KI mice, but its mechanisms are altered becoming more sensitive to protein synthesis and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitors compared to wild type (WT) control. The GluA1^C2KI mice are also differentially altered in several forms of LTP induced under whole-cell recording paradigms. These results indicate that the CTD of GluA1 is differentially involved in different forms of LTP at CA1 synapse highlighting the complexity and adaptative potential of LTP expression mechanisms in the hippocampus.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction extracts from Stemona japonica (Blume) Miq. and Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss. could be used as potential Rhipicephalus sanguineus control agents

Nicotiana tabacum, Stemona japonica, and Cnidium monnieri are common plants that are widely used for their anti-parasitic properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of extracts from these plants against the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. A composition analysis of crude extracts by GC-MS was conducted to discover compounds with acaricidal effects. The toxicity of extraction against the engorged nymphs of R. sanguineus was evaluated by an immersion test. The results showed that the crude extracts of S. japonica and C. monnieri in varying ratios, concentrations, and from different extraction methods, had a killing effect on R. sanguineus. Lethality reached 76.67% ± 0.04410 when using a 1:1 extract of S. japonica:C. monnieri in 75% ethanol with ultrasonic extraction; the crude extract was determined at a concentration of 0.5 g/mL. GC-MS results showed that osthole and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) are the main components of the extract. These results suggested that ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) extracts contained acaricidal components acting against R. sanguineus, which may result in the development of effective extracts of S. japonica and C. monnieri as a source of low-toxicity, plant-based, natural acaricidal drugs.

Coxiella burnetii is widespread in ticks (Ixodidae) in the Xinjiang areas of China

Background

The gram-negative Coxiella burnetii bacterium is the pathogen that causes Q fever. The bacterium is transmitted to animals via ticks, and manure, air, dead infected animals, etc. and can cause infection in domestic animals, wild animals, and humans. Xinjiang, the provincial-level administrative region with the largest land area in China, has many endemic tick species. The infection rate of C. burnetii in ticks in Xinjiang border areas has not been studied in detail.

Results

For the current study, 1507 ticks were collected from livestock at 22 sampling sites in ten border regions of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous region from 2018 to 2019. C. burnetii was detected in 205/348 (58.91%) Dermacentor nuttalli; in 110/146 (75.34%) D. pavlovskyi; in 66/80 (82.50%) D. silvarum; in 15/32 (46.90%) D. niveus; in 28/132 (21.21%) Hyalomma rufipes; in 24/25 (96.00%) H. anatolicum; in 219/312 (70.19%) H. asiaticum; in 252/338 (74.56%) Rhipicephalus sanguineus; and in 54/92 (58.70%) Haemaphysalis punctata. Among these samples, C. burnetii was detected in D. pavlovskyi for the first time. The infection rate of Rhipicephalus was 74.56% (252/338), which was the highest among the four tick genera sampled, whereas the infection rate of H. anatolicum was 96% (24/25), which was the highest among the nine tick species sampled. A sequence analysis indicated that 63 16S rRNA sequences could be found in four newly established genotypes: MT498683.1 (n = 18), MT498684.1 (n = 33), MT498685.1 (n = 6), and MT498686.1 (n = 6).

Conclusions

This study indicates that MT498684.1 might represent the main C. burnetii genotype in the ticks in Xinjiang because it was detected in eight of the tick species studied. The high infection rate of C. burnetii detected in the ticks found in domestic animals may indicate a high likelihood of Q fever infection in both domestic animals and humans.

Analysis of microRNA expression profiles dynamic in different life stages of Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks by deep sequencing of small RNA libraries

The three-host tick Haemaphysalis longicornis is an obligate blood-sucking ectoparasite. In life-stage transitions, microRNAs (miRNAs) show a variety of expression changes. To investigate these changes, deep sequencing technology was applied to identify the conserved and potentially novel miRNAs expressed during the different life stages of H. longicornis. Total RNA from eggs, unfed larvae, unfed nymphs and unfed adults was extracted for deep sequence analysis. Deep sequencing on a Hiseq 4000 generated a total of 111,192,069 reads, grouped into four small RNA (sRNA) libraries, one for each of the four developmental stages of H. longicornis. Among these sequences, 78 conserved and 55 potentially novel miRNAs were identified, including stage-specific and differentially expressed miRNAs. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated significantly enriched GO terms related to cell proliferation and differentiation, including specific terms for the processes of development, growth, metabolism, regulation of biological functions, reproduction, and membrane enzyme regular activity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed a significant enrichment of the insulin, notch, Hippo, and Wnt signaling pathways for growth and development. Our data highlight the abundance of miRNA changes (conserved and potentially novel) in the different life stages of H. longicornis. In particular, stage-specific miRNAs, as observed, are essential regulators for the development of H. longicornis.

Characterization of an MLP Homologue from Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks

Members of the cysteine-rich protein (CRP) family are known to participate in muscle development in vertebrates. Muscle LIM protein (MLP) belongs to the CRP family and has an important function in the differentiation and proliferation of muscle cells. In this study, the full-length cDNA encoding MLP from Haemaphysalis longicornis (H. longicornis; HLMLP) ticks was obtained by 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). To verify the transcriptional status of MLP in ticks, HLMLP gene expression was assessed during various developmental stages by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Interestingly, HLMLP expression in the integument was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than that observed in other tested tissues of engorged adult ticks. In addition, HLMLP mRNA levels were significantly downregulated in response to thermal stress at 4 °C for 48 h. Furthermore, recombinant HLMLP was expressed in Escherichia coli, and Western blot analysis showed that rabbit antiserum against H. longicornis adults recognized HLMLP and MLPs from different ticks. Ten 3-month-old rabbits that had never been exposed to ticks were used for the immunization and challenge experiments. The rabbits were divided into two groups of five rabbits each, where rabbits in the first group were immunized with HLMLP, while those in the second group were immunized with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) diluent as controls. The vaccination of rabbits with the recombinant HLMLP conferred partial protective immunity against ticks, resulting in 20.00% mortality and a 17.44% reduction in the engorgement weight of adult ticks. These results suggest that HLMLP is not ideal as a candidate for use in anti-tick vaccines. However, the results of this study generated novel information on the MLP gene in H. longicornis and provide a basis for further investigation of the function of this gene that could potentially lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of myofiber determination and transformation.

Biology and applications of Clonostachys rosea

Clonostachys rosea is a promising saprophytic filamentous fungus that belongs to phylum Ascomycota. Clonostachys rosea is widespread around the world and exists in many kinds of habitats, with the highest frequency in soil. As an excellent mycoparasite, C. rosea exhibits strong biological control ability against numerous fungal plant pathogens, nematodes and insects. These behaviours are based on the activation of multiple mechanisms such as secreted cell-wall-degrading enzymes, production of antifungal secondary metabolites and induction of plant defence systems. Besides having significant biocontrol activity, C. rosea also functions in the biodegradation of plastic waste, biotransformation of bioactive compounds, as a bioenergy sources and in fermentation. This mini review summarizes information about the biology and various applications of C. rosea and expands on its possible uses.

[Spectomycin B1 induces VEGFR2 de-SUMO modification to inhibit angiogenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma]

Objective:To explore the new mechanism of spectomycin B1 in inhibiting angiogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and to provide a theoretical basis for targeted gene therapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Method:Human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE1 cells were divided into two groups, the control group and spectomycin B1 group. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of small ubiquitin-related modified protein（SUMO） 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2（VEGFR2）. The angiogenesis assay was used to detect the angiogenic ability of CNE1 cells, and the apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The model of nasopharyngeal carcinoma-bearing mice was established, spectomycin B1 was administered, tumor volume and weight were measured, and protein expression of CD31 was detected by immunohistochemistry and microvessel density was compared. Result:Spectomycin B1 could reduce deSUMOylation of VEGFR2 protein by 4.05 times, significantly reduce the angiogenic ability of CNE1 cells, and increase the apoptosis rate by 20.68%. In the tumor-bearing mouse model, spectomycin B1 treatment could inhibit subcutaneous tumor growth rate and weight, and the blood vessel density decreased by 40.04%. Conclusion:Spectomycin B1 can inhibit neovascularization of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by inducing deSUMOylation of VEGFR2 protein.

Chronic peripheral ghrelin injection exerts antifibrotic effects by increasing growth differentiation factor 15 in rat hearts with myocardial fibrosis induced by isoproterenol

This study aimed to investigate the anti-fibrotic effects of ghrelin in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial fibrosis and the underlying mechanism. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to control, ISO, and ISO + ghrelin groups. ISO (2 mg/kg per day, subcutaneous) or vehicle was administered once daily for 7 days, then ghrelin (100 microg/kg per day, subcutaneous) was administered once daily for the next 3 weeks. Ghrelin treatment greatly improved the cardiac function of ISO-treated rats. Ghrelin also decreased plasma brain natriuretic peptide level and ratios of heart weight to body weight and left ventricular weight to body weight. Ghrelin significantly reduced myocardial collagen area and hydroxyproline content, accompanied by decreased mRNA levels of collagen type I and III. Furthermore, ghrelin increased plasma level of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and GDF15 mRNA and protein levels in heart tissues, which were significantly decreased with ISO alone. The phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 and GSK-3beta at Ser9 was decreased with ISO, and ghrelin significantly reversed the downregulation of p-Akt and p-GSK-3beta. Mediated by GDF15, ghrelin could attenuate ISO-induced myocardial fibrosis via Akt-GSK-3beta signaling.

Genetic determinates for conjugated linolenic acid production in Lactobacillus plantarum ZS2058

AIMS

To investigate the genetic determinates for conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) production in Lactobacillus plantarum ZS2058, a high CLNA producer.

METHODS AND RESULTS

After culturing with α-linolenic acid (ALA) in the medium, the fatty acid compositions of supernatant fluid and cell pellets were analysed via GC-MS. cis9,trans11,cis15-CLNA was identified to be the predominant isomer. And during CLNA production, 10-hydroxy-cis12-cis15-octadecenoic acid (10-HOEA) and 10-oxo-cis12-cis15-octadecenoic acid (10-OXOA) were accumulated. The E. coli recombinants harbouring genes encoding myosin-cross-reactive antigen (MCRA), short-chain dehydrogenase/oxidoreductase (DH) and acetoacetate decarboxylase (DC), respectively, were analysed for their roles in CLNA production. The results indicated that MCRA converted ALA to 10-HOEA, following converted to 10-OXOA by DH. While with the combination of three recombinants, ALA could be transformed into CLNA plus 10-HOEA and 10-OXOA. When the three genes were deleted, none of the L. plantarum ZS2058 knockout mutants could produce any CLNA, after complementation, and all the complementary mutants recovered the CLNA-production ability at similar levels as the wild strain.

CONCLUSIONS

Lactobacillus plantarum ZS2058 produced CLNA from ALA with 10-HOEA and 10-OXOA as intermediates. The triple-component isomerase of MCRA, DH and DC was the unique genetic determinant for CLNA generation.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

The current results firstly provided conclusive evidence that the triple-component isomerase complex was shared by both CLA and CLNA production in lactobacilli.

Identification and comparative profiling of gonadal microRNAs in the adult pigeon (Columba livia)

1. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNA molecules that play crucial roles in gene expression. However, the comparative profiling of testicular and ovarian microRNAs in birds are rarely reported, particularly in pigeon.2. In this study, Illumina next-generation sequencing technology was used to sequence miRNA libraries of the gonads from six healthy adult utility pigeons. A total of 344 conserved known miRNAs and 32 novel putative miRNAs candidates were detected. Compared with those of ovaries, 130 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were identified in the testes. Among them, 70 miRNAs showed down-regulation in the ovaries, while another 60 miRNAs were up-regulated.3. Combining the results of the expression of target gene measurements and pathway enrichment analyses, it was revealed that some DEmiRNAs from the gonad samples involved in sexual differentiation and development (such as cli-miR-210-3p and cli-miR-214-3p) could down-regulate AR (androgen receptor). Cli-miR-181b-5p, cli-miR-9622-3p and cli-miR-145-5p were highly expressed in both the ovaries and testes, which could co-target HOXC9, and were related to regulation of primary metabolic processes. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that DEmiRNAs may play biological and sex-related roles in pigeon gonads.4. The expression profiles of testicular and ovarian miRNA in adult pigeon gonads are presented for the first time, and the findings may contribute to a better understanding of gonadal expression in poultry.

[Hypoxia increases chemotherapy resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma via inducing CDK6 deSUMOylation]

Objective: To understand the mechanism of chemotherapy resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma under hypoxic conditions through the perspective of protein SUMOylation modification. Methods: Cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)) was used to establish the hypoxic model of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE1 cells. Then, the cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry, and the expression level of small ubiquitin-related modifier(SUMO) and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) proteins were detected by western blotting. MTT assay was used to determine the median lethal dose (IC(50)) of cancer cells against cisplatin, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level. Results: The cell cycle of CNE1 induced by hypoxia was arrested in G0/G1 phase.The results of Western blot showed that the protein expression level of CDK6 in CNE1 cells was lower than that in the control group (0.83±0.25 vs. 0.43±0.21, t=14.67, P=0.003). The protein level of conjugated SUMO1 was significantly lower than that in the control group (2.69±0.48 vs. 1.38±0.31, t=17.22, P=0.001), while the level of free SUMO1 protein was significantly higher than that in the control group (2.01±0.43 vs. 2.60±0.59, t=15.45, P=0.002).The LC50 of CNE1 cells in the control group was significantly lower than that in the hypoxic group (29.44 μg/ml vs. 97.72 μg/ml, t=12.79, P=0.001). After CNE1 cells received 50 μg/ml cisplatin for 48 h, the LDH content in the supernatant of the control group was significantly higher than that in the hypoxic group ((541.49±64.59) ng/ml vs. (234.67±41.03) ng/ml, t=11.94, P=0.007)). The apoptosis rate of CNE1 cells in the control group was significantly higher than that in the hypoxic group ((76.64±5.37)% vs. (32.84±4.77) ng/ml, t=8.49, P=0.003)). Conclusion: Hypoxia can dissociate the covalent modification of CDK6 and SUMO1, inhibit cell cycle and increase the chemotherapy resistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

MicroRNA let-7 regulates the expression of ecdysteroid receptor (ECR) in Hyalomma asiaticum (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks

Background

Ticks are blood-sucking arthropods that can transmit diseases to humans and animals. These arthropods are the second most important vectors of pathogens. MicroRNAs are a class of conserved small noncoding RNAs that play regulatory roles in gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Molting is an important biological process in arthropods. Research on the molting process is important for understanding tick physiology and control.

Methods

Dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to assess the role of miRNA let-7 in ecdysteroid receptor (ECR) biology. The expression levels of ECR and let-7 were measured by real-time qPCR before and after tick molting. To explore the function of let-7 and ECR, we performed overexpression and knocking down of let-7 and RNAi of ECR in tick nymphs. The biological function of let-7 in molting was explored by injecting nymphs, ten days after engorgement, with let-7 agomir for overexpression and let-7 antagomir for knocking down. The rate of molting was then determined. ECR dsRNA was injected into ticks to evaluate the function of ECR by gene silencing. The expression of ECR and let-7 was measured using RT-qPCR. All data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism v.6.

Results

The results of the luciferase assay using a eukaryotic expression system revealed that ECR was a natural target of let-7. Let-7 overexpressed by agomir affected the rate of molting (P < 0.01) and the period of molting (P < 0.01). Let-7 antagomir for knockdown affected the period of molting (P < 0.01), but there was no effect on the rate of molting (P = 0.27). ECR dsRNA gene silencing significantly affected the rate of molting (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that let-7 can regulate the expression of ECR and that let-7 can affect molting in ticks. Our results help to understand the regulation of let-7 by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and will provide a reference for functional analysis studies of microRNAs in ticks.

Comparative analysis of microRNA profiles between wild and cultured Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari, Ixodidae) ticks

The miRNA profiles of a Haemaphysalis longicornis wild-type (HLWS) and of a Haemaphysalis longicornis cultured population (HLCS) were sequenced using the Illumina Hiseq 4000 platform combined with bioinformatics analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A total of 15.63 and 15.48 million raw reads were acquired for HLWS and HLCS, respectively. The data identified 1517 and 1327 known conserved miRNAs, respectively, of which 342 were differentially expressed between the two libraries. Thirty-six novel candidate miRNAs were predicted. To explain the functions of these novel miRNAs, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was performed. Target gene function prediction identified a significant set of genes related to salivary gland development, pathogen-host interaction and regulation of the defence response to pathogens expressed by wild H. longicornis ticks. Cellular component biogenesis, the immune system process, and responses to stimuli were represented at high percentages in the two tick libraries. GO enrichment analysis showed that the percentages of most predicted functions of the target genes of miRNA were similar, as were certain specific categories of functional enhancements, and that these genes had different numbers and specific functions (e.g., auxiliary transport protein and electron carrier functions). This study provides novel findings showing that miRNA regulation affects the expression of immune genes, indicating a considerable influence of environment-induced stressful stimulation on immune homeostasis. Differences in the living environments of ticks can lead to differences in miRNAs between ticks and provide a basis and a convenient means to screen for genes encoding immune factors in ticks.

Regulation of hippocampal long term depression by Neuroligin 1

Neuroligins (NLGs) are postsynaptic adhesion molecules known to play essential roles in synapse development and maturation, but their effects on synaptic plasticity at mature synapses remain unclear. In this study, we investigate the involvement of NLG1 in hippocampal long-term depression (LTD), a key form of long lasting synaptic plasticity, critical for memory formation and brain disorders, by using mice deficient in the expression of NLG1. We find that although NLG1 homozygous (NLG1-/-) mice show no impairments in either NMDA receptor- (NMDAR-LTD) or metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent LTD (mGluR-LTD), the heterozygous (NLG1+/-) mice are significantly altered in both forms of LTD characterized by the absence of NMDAR-LTD but enhanced mGluR-LTD. Accordingly, the NLG1+/-, but not the NLG1-/- mice are altered in synaptic proteins, including PSD95, GluA2 and phosphorylated GluA1 at serine 845, all of which are involved in the expression of LTD. The NLG1+/- mice also exhibit autistic-like behaviors including increased grooming and impaired recognition memory. We further show that the expression of NLG3, a close family member of NLG1, is elevated in the NLG1-/-, but not in NLG1+/- mice, suggesting that the lack of LTD deficits in the NLG1-/- mice might be due to the increased NLG3. Our results reveal a gene dosage dependent role for NLG1 in the regulation of LTD and suggest that moderate changes in NLG1 protein level may be sufficient to cause synaptic and behavior deficits in brain disorders where copy number variants and hemizygosity of gene mutations are common.

Molecular detection and genetic diversity of Theileria orientalis in cattle in China

The apicomplexan parasite Theileria orientalis is a tick-borne intracellular protozoan parasite that is widely distributed throughout China. It causes bovine theileriosis in infected cattle, which results in huge economic losses to the cattle industry. In this study, the infection status of T. orientalis was determined in 260 blood samples from cattle from seven provinces across China. Results of a major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP)-PCR assay revealed that an average of 36.5% (95/260) of cattle was positive for T. orientalis infection. Based on the MPSP gene sequences, phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolates of T. orientalis comprised of eight MPSP types, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, N1, and N2. This is the first report of new T. orientalis MPSP genotypes N1 and N2 in cattle in China.

Optimization of Growth Temperature of β-Ga₂O₃ Thin Films for Solar-Blind Photodetectors

Monoclinic gallium oxide thin films were deposited on c-plane sapphire substrates at various substrate temperatures ranging from 450 °C to 700 °C by radio frequency magnetron sputtering technology. X-ray diffraction results showed that the deposited β-Ga2O3 films were oriented at ( 2 ¯ 01) direction. As the substrate temperature increased, the intensity of β-Ga2O3 peaks increased and bandgap decreased accordingly. Metal/semiconductor/metal structured solar-blind photodetectors based on β-Ga2O3 thin films growing at various substrate temperatures had been fabricated. The growth temperatures of thin films had no obvious influence on dark current and response to 365 nm light illuminations. The photoelectric properties such as responsivity and response speed of the thin films to 254 nm light illuminations were growth temperature dependent. At an applied bias of 50 V, the photodetectors prepared with 450 °C grown film had the highest responsivity of 2.18 A/W, and the photodetectors prepared with 700 °C grown film had the shortest rising time of 0.95 s under 254 nm light illuminations.

Effects of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release from polylactide-poly (ethylene glycol)-polylactide (PELA) microcapsule-based scaffolds on bone

Multiple growth factors can be administered to mimic the natural process of bone healing in bone tissue engineering. We investigated the effects of sequential release of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from polylactide-poly (ethylene glycol)-polylactide (PELA) microcapsule-based scaffolds on bone regeneration. To improve the double emulsion/solvent evaporation technique, VEGF was encapsulated in PELA microcapsules, to which BMP-2 was attached. The scaffold (BMP-2/PELA/VEGF) was then fused to these microcapsules using the dichloromethane vapor method. The bioactivity of the released BMP-2 and VEGF was then quantified in rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs). Immunoblotting analysis showed that BMP-2/PELA/VEG promoted the differentiation of rMSCs into osteoblasts via the MAPK and Wnt pathways. Osteoblast differentiation was assessed through alkaline phosphatase expression. When compared with simple BMP-2 plus VEGF group and pure PELA group, osteoblast differentiation in BMP-2/PELA/VEGF group significantly increased. An MTT assay indicated that BMP-2-loaded PELA scaffolds had no adverse effects on cell activity. BMP-2/PELA/VEG promoted the differentiation of rMSCs into osteoblast via the ERK1/2 and Wnt pathways. Our findings indicate that the sequential release of BMP-2 and VEGF from PELA microcapsule-based scaffolds is a promising approach for the treatment of bone defects.

MicroRNA-275 and its target Vitellogenin-2 are crucial in ovary development and blood digestion of Haemaphysalis longicornis

Background

The hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis is widely distributed in eastern Asia, New Zealand and Australia and is considered the major vector of Theileria and Babesia, harmful parasites to humans and animals. Female ticks need successful blood meals to complete the life-cycle. Therefore, elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms of H. longicornis development and reproduction is considered important for developing control strategies against the tick and tick-borne pathogens.

Methods

Luciferase assays were used to identify the targets of micro RNA miR-275 in vitro. RNAi of Vitellogenin (Vg) was used in phenotype rescue experiments of ticks with miR-275 inhibition, and these analyses were used to identify the authentic target of miR-275 in vivo. The expression of miR-275 in different tissues and developmental stages of ticks was assessed by real-time PCR. To elucidate the functions of miR-275 in female ticks, we injected a miR-275 antagomir into female ticks and observed the phenotypic changes. Statistical analyses were performed with GraphPad5 using Student’s t-test.

Results

In this study, we identified Vg-2 as an authentic target of miR-275 both in vitro and in vivo by luciferase assays and phenotype rescue experiments. miR-275 plays the regulatory role in a tissue-specific manner and differentially in developmental stages. Silencing of miR-275 resulted in blood digestion problems, substantially impaired ovary development and significantly reduced egg mass (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, RNAi silencing of Vg-2 not only impacted the blood meal uptake (P < 0.05) but also the egg mass (P < 0.05). Significant rescue was observed in miR-275 knockout ticks when RNAi was applied to Vg-2.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this study is the first demonstration that miR-275 targets Vg-2 in H. longicornis and regulates the functions of blood digestion and ovary development. These findings improve the molecular understanding of tick development and reproduction.

Altered expression of BDNF, BDNF pro-peptide and their precursor proBDNF in brain and liver tissues from psychiatric disorders: rethinking the brain-liver axis

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has a role in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. The precursor proBDNF is converted to mature BDNF and BDNF pro-peptide, the N-terminal fragment of proBDNF; however, the precise function of these proteins in psychiatric disorders is unknown. We sought to determine whether expression of these proteins is altered in the brain and peripheral tissues from patients with psychiatric disorders. We measured protein expression of proBDNF, mature BDNF and BDNF pro-peptide in the parietal cortex, cerebellum, liver and spleen from control, major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) groups. The levels of mature BDNF in the parietal cortex from MDD, SZ and BD groups were significantly lower than the control group, whereas the levels of BDNF pro-peptide in this area were significantly higher than controls. In contrast, the levels of proBDNF and BDNF pro-peptide in the cerebellum of MDD, SZ and BD groups were significantly lower than controls. Moreover, the levels of mature BDNF from the livers of MDD, SZ and BD groups were significantly higher than the control group. The levels of mature BDNF in the spleen did not differ among the four groups. Interestingly, there was a negative correlation between mature BDNF in the parietal cortex and mature BDNF in the liver in all the subjects. These findings suggest that abnormalities in the production of mature BDNF and BDNF pro-peptide in the brain and liver might have a role in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, indicating a brain-liver axis in psychiatric disorders.

Multidisciplinary Cooperation in a Simultaneous Combined Liver and Kidney Transplantation Patient of Primary Hyperoxaluria 1

Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 is an autosomal recessive hereditary glyoxylate metabolism disorder characterized by excessive production of oxalate, caused by the deficiency of liver specific peroxisomal enzyme: alanineglyoxylate aminotransferase. For patients with end-stage renal disease, combined liver and kidney transplantation was needed. This report describes one patient, with a diagnosis of end-stage renal disease and primary hyperoxaluria 1 confirmed by PCR and direct sequencing with genomic DNA, received the simultaneous combined liver and kidney transplantation after seven months' waiting. However, there were several complications observed post surgery, such as protracted bleeding, common bile duct anastomotic stenosis, biliary calculi and recurrence of urolithiasis. All these were well solved by relevant department, and finally a satisfactory outcome was achieved. Multidisciplinary cooperation plays an important role on the PH1 patient management, especially when multiple complications are encountered.