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Wang W, Haberer G, Gundlach H, Gläßer C, Nussbaumer T, Luo MC, Lomsadze A, Borodovsky M, Kerstetter RA, Shanklin J, Byrant DW, Mockler TC, Appenroth KJ, Grimwood J, Jenkins J, Chow J, Choi C, Adam C, Cao XH, Fuchs J, Schubert I, Rokhsar D, Schmutz J, Michael TP, Mayer KFX, Messing J. The Spirodela polyrhiza genome reveals insights into its neotenous reduction fast growth and aquatic lifestyle. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3311. [PMID: 24548928 PMCID: PMC3948053 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The subfamily of the Lemnoideae belongs to a different order than other monocotyledonous species that have been sequenced and comprises aquatic plants that grow rapidly on the water surface. Here we select Spirodela polyrhiza for whole-genome sequencing. We show that Spirodela has a genome with no signs of recent retrotranspositions but signatures of two ancient whole-genome duplications, possibly 95 million years ago (mya), older than those in Arabidopsis and rice. Its genome has only 19,623 predicted protein-coding genes, which is 28% less than the dicotyledonous Arabidopsis thaliana and 50% less than monocotyledonous rice. We propose that at least in part, the neotenous reduction of these aquatic plants is based on readjusted copy numbers of promoters and repressors of the juvenile-to-adult transition. The Spirodela genome, along with its unique biology and physiology, will stimulate new insights into environmental adaptation, ecology, evolution and plant development, and will be instrumental for future bioenergy applications. Spirodela, or duckweed, is a basal monocotyledonous plant with both pharmaceutical and commercial value. Here, the authors sequence the genome of Spirodela polyrhiza, suggesting its genome has evolved by neotenous reduction and clonal propagation, and provide a platform for future comparative genomic studies in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wang
- 1] Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, 190 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA [2]
| | - G Haberer
- 1] MIPS/IBIS, Institute for Bioinformatics and System Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany [2]
| | - H Gundlach
- 1] MIPS/IBIS, Institute for Bioinformatics and System Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany [2]
| | - C Gläßer
- 1] MIPS/IBIS, Institute for Bioinformatics and System Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany [2]
| | - T Nussbaumer
- MIPS/IBIS, Institute for Bioinformatics and System Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M C Luo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, 265 Hunt Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - A Lomsadze
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - M Borodovsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - R A Kerstetter
- 1] Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, 190 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA [2]
| | - J Shanklin
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - D W Byrant
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975N Warson Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - T C Mockler
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975N Warson Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - K J Appenroth
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - J Grimwood
- 1] DOE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA [2] HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way NW, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - J Jenkins
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way NW, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - J Chow
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
| | - C Choi
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
| | - C Adam
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
| | - X-H Cao
- Department of Cytogenetics and Genome Analysis, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - J Fuchs
- Department of Cytogenetics and Genome Analysis, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - I Schubert
- Department of Cytogenetics and Genome Analysis, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - D Rokhsar
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
| | - J Schmutz
- 1] DOE Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA [2] HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way NW, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - T P Michael
- 1] Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, 190 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA [2]
| | - K F X Mayer
- MIPS/IBIS, Institute for Bioinformatics and System Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J Messing
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, 190 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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