1
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Wilson R, King M, Butler NMH, Carroll DC, Frazer TP, Duff MJ, Higginson A, Dance RJ, Jarrett J, Davidson ZE, Armstrong CD, Liu H, Hawkes SJ, Clarke RJ, Neely D, Gray RJ, McKenna P. Influence of spatial-intensity contrast in ultraintense laser-plasma interactions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1910. [PMID: 35115579 PMCID: PMC8814164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing the intensity to which high power laser pulses are focused has opened up new research possibilities, including promising new approaches to particle acceleration and phenomena such as high field quantum electrodynamics. Whilst the intensity achievable with a laser pulse of a given power can be increased via tighter focusing, the focal spot profile also plays an important role in the interaction physics. Here we show that the spatial-intensity distribution, and specifically the ratio of the intensity in the peak of the laser focal spot to the halo surrounding it, is important in the interaction of ultraintense laser pulses with solid targets. By comparing proton acceleration measurements from foil targets irradiated with by a near-diffraction-limited wavelength scale focal spot and larger F-number focusing, we find that this spatial-intensity contrast parameter strongly influences laser energy coupling to fast electrons. We find that for multi-petawatt pulses, spatial-intensity contrast is potentially as important as temporal-intensity contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wilson
- SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - M King
- SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK.,The Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD, UK
| | - N M H Butler
- SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - D C Carroll
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - T P Frazer
- SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - M J Duff
- SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - A Higginson
- SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - R J Dance
- SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - J Jarrett
- SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - Z E Davidson
- SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - C D Armstrong
- SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK.,Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - H Liu
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK.,Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - S J Hawkes
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - R J Clarke
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - D Neely
- SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK.,Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - R J Gray
- SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - P McKenna
- SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK. .,The Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD, UK.
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2
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Scott GG, Carroll DC, Astbury S, Clarke RJ, Hernandez-Gomez C, King M, Alejo A, Arteaga IY, Dance RJ, Higginson A, Hook S, Liao G, Liu H, Mirfayzi SR, Rusby DR, Selwood MP, Spindloe C, Tolley MK, Wagner F, Zemaityte E, Borghesi M, Kar S, Li Y, Roth M, McKenna P, Neely D. Dual Ion Species Plasma Expansion from Isotopically Layered Cryogenic Targets. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:204801. [PMID: 29864368 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.204801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A dual ion species plasma expansion scheme from a novel target structure is introduced, in which a nanometer-thick layer of pure deuterium exists as a buffer species at the target-vacuum interface of a hydrogen plasma. Modeling shows that by controlling the deuterium layer thickness, a composite H^{+}/D^{+} ion beam can be produced by target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA), with an adjustable ratio of ion densities, as high energy proton acceleration is suppressed by the acceleration of a spectrally peaked deuteron beam. Particle in cell modeling shows that a (4.3±0.7) MeV per nucleon deuteron beam is accelerated, in a directional cone of half angle 9°. Experimentally, this was investigated using state of the art cryogenic targetry and a spectrally peaked deuteron beam of (3.4±0.7) MeV per nucleon was measured in a cone of half angle 7°-9°, while maintaining a significant TNSA proton component.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Scott
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - D C Carroll
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - S Astbury
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - R J Clarke
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - C Hernandez-Gomez
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - M King
- Department of Physics SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - A Alejo
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - I Y Arteaga
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - R J Dance
- Department of Physics SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - A Higginson
- Department of Physics SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - S Hook
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - G Liao
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MoE) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - H Liu
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - S R Mirfayzi
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - D R Rusby
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - M P Selwood
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - C Spindloe
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - M K Tolley
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - F Wagner
- PHELIX group, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
| | - E Zemaityte
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - M Borghesi
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - S Kar
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Y Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - M Roth
- Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64289, Germany
| | - P McKenna
- Department of Physics SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - D Neely
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
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3
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Green JS, Booth N, Dance RJ, Gray RJ, MacLellan DA, Marshall A, McKenna P, Murphy CD, Ridgers CP, Robinson APL, Rusby D, Scott RHH, Wilson L. Time-resolved measurements of fast electron recirculation for relativistically intense femtosecond scale laser-plasma interactions. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29540743 PMCID: PMC5852165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A key issue in realising the development of a number of applications of high-intensity lasers is the dynamics of the fast electrons produced and how to diagnose them. We report on measurements of fast electron transport in aluminium targets in the ultra-intense, short-pulse (<50 fs) regime using a high resolution temporally and spatially resolved optical probe. The measurements show a rapidly (≈0.5c) expanding region of Ohmic heating at the rear of the target, driven by lateral transport of the fast electron population inside the target. Simulations demonstrate that a broad angular distribution of fast electrons on the order of 60° is required, in conjunction with extensive recirculation of the electron population, in order to drive such lateral transport. These results provide fundamental new insight into fast electron dynamics driven by ultra-short laser pulses, which is an important regime for the development of laser-based radiation and particle sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Green
- Central Laser Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK.
| | - N Booth
- Central Laser Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - R J Dance
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - R J Gray
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - D A MacLellan
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - A Marshall
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - P McKenna
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - C D Murphy
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - C P Ridgers
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - A P L Robinson
- Central Laser Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - D Rusby
- Central Laser Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK.,Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - R H H Scott
- Central Laser Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - L Wilson
- Central Laser Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
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4
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Oks E, Dalimier E, Faenov AY, Angelo P, Pikuz SA, Tubman E, Butler NMH, Dance RJ, Pikuz TA, Skobelev IY, Alkhimova MA, Booth N, Green J, Gregory C, Andreev A, Zhidkov A, Kodama R, McKenna P, Woolsey N. Using X-ray spectroscopy of relativistic laser plasma interaction to reveal parametric decay instabilities: a modeling tool for astrophysics. Opt Express 2017; 25:1958-1972. [PMID: 29519045 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.001958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
By analyzing profiles of experimental x-ray spectral lines of Si XIV and Al XIII, we found that both Langmuir and ion acoustic waves developed in plasmas produced via irradiation of thin Si foils by relativistic laser pulses (intensities ~1021 W/cm2). We prove that these waves are due to the parametric decay instability (PDI). This is the first time that the PDI-induced ion acoustic turbulence was discovered by the x-ray spectroscopy in laser-produced plasmas. These conclusions are also supported by PIC simulations. Our results can be used for laboratory modeling of physical processes in astrophysical objects and a better understanding of intense laser-plasma interactions.
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5
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Culfa O, Tallents GJ, Rossall AK, Wagenaars E, Ridgers CP, Murphy CD, Dance RJ, Gray RJ, McKenna P, Brown CDR, James SF, Hoarty DJ, Booth N, Robinson APL, Lancaster KL, Pikuz SA, Faenov AY, Kampfer T, Schulze KS, Uschmann I, Woolsey NC. Plasma scale-length effects on electron energy spectra in high-irradiance laser plasmas. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:043201. [PMID: 27176413 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.043201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of an electron spectrometer used to characterize fast electrons generated by ultraintense (10^{20}Wcm^{-2}) laser interaction with a preformed plasma of scale length measured by shadowgraphy is presented. The effects of fringing magnetic fields on the electron spectral measurements and the accuracy of density scale-length measurements are evaluated. 2D EPOCH PIC code simulations are found to be in agreement with measurements of the electron energy spectra showing that laser filamentation in plasma preformed by a prepulse is important with longer plasma scale lengths (>8 μm).
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Affiliation(s)
- O Culfa
- Department of Physics, Karamanoglu MehmetBey University, Karaman, Turkey
- York Plasma Institute, The Department of Physics, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - G J Tallents
- York Plasma Institute, The Department of Physics, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - A K Rossall
- York Plasma Institute, The Department of Physics, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - E Wagenaars
- York Plasma Institute, The Department of Physics, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - C P Ridgers
- York Plasma Institute, The Department of Physics, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - C D Murphy
- York Plasma Institute, The Department of Physics, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - R J Dance
- York Plasma Institute, The Department of Physics, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - R J Gray
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - P McKenna
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - C D R Brown
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - S F James
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - D J Hoarty
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - N Booth
- CLF, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - A P L Robinson
- CLF, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - K L Lancaster
- York Plasma Institute, The Department of Physics, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
- CLF, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - S A Pikuz
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125412, Russia
| | - A Ya Faenov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125412, Russia
- Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 656-0871, Japan
| | - T Kampfer
- Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - K S Schulze
- Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - I Uschmann
- Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - N C Woolsey
- York Plasma Institute, The Department of Physics, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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6
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Booth N, Robinson APL, Hakel P, Clarke RJ, Dance RJ, Doria D, Gizzi LA, Gregori G, Koester P, Labate L, Levato T, Li B, Makita M, Mancini RC, Pasley J, Rajeev PP, Riley D, Wagenaars E, Waugh JN, Woolsey NC. Laboratory measurements of resistivity in warm dense plasmas relevant to the microphysics of brown dwarfs. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8742. [PMID: 26541650 PMCID: PMC4667641 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the observation of the first brown dwarf in 1995, numerous studies have led to a better understanding of the structures of these objects. Here we present a method for studying material resistivity in warm dense plasmas in the laboratory, which we relate to the microphysics of brown dwarfs through viscosity and electron collisions. Here we use X-ray polarimetry to determine the resistivity of a sulphur-doped plastic target heated to Brown Dwarf conditions by an ultra-intense laser. The resistivity is determined by matching the plasma physics model to the atomic physics calculations of the measured large, positive, polarization. The inferred resistivity is larger than predicted using standard resistivity models, suggesting that these commonly used models will not adequately describe the resistivity of warm dense plasma related to the viscosity of brown dwarfs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Booth
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - A P L Robinson
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - P Hakel
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0208, USA
| | - R J Clarke
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - R J Dance
- Department of Physics, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Heslington York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - D Doria
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT1 4NN, UK
| | - L A Gizzi
- Intense Laser Irradiation Laboratory, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Area della Ricerca del CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX4 3PU, UK
| | - P Koester
- Intense Laser Irradiation Laboratory, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Area della Ricerca del CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - L Labate
- Intense Laser Irradiation Laboratory, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Area della Ricerca del CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - T Levato
- Intense Laser Irradiation Laboratory, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Area della Ricerca del CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - B Li
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - M Makita
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT1 4NN, UK
| | - R C Mancini
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0208, USA
| | - J Pasley
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK.,Department of Physics, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Heslington York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - P P Rajeev
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - D Riley
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT1 4NN, UK
| | - E Wagenaars
- Department of Physics, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Heslington York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - J N Waugh
- Department of Physics, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Heslington York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - N C Woolsey
- Department of Physics, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Heslington York YO10 5DD, UK
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7
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Colgan J, Abdallah J, Faenov AY, Pikuz SA, Wagenaars E, Booth N, Culfa O, Dance RJ, Evans RG, Gray RJ, Kaempfer T, Lancaster KL, McKenna P, Rossall AL, Skobelev IY, Schulze KS, Uschmann I, Zhidkov AG, Woolsey NC. Exotic dense-matter states pumped by a relativistic laser plasma in the radiation-dominated regime. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:125001. [PMID: 25166812 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.125001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In high-spectral resolution experiments with the petawatt Vulcan laser, strong x-ray radiation of KK hollow atoms (atoms without n = 1 electrons) from thin Al foils was observed at pulse intensities of 3 × 10(20) W/cm(2). The observations of spectra from these exotic states of matter are supported by detailed kinetics calculations, and are consistent with a picture in which an intense polychromatic x-ray field, formed from Thomson scattering and bremsstrahlung in the electrostatic fields at the target surface, drives the KK hollow atom production. We estimate that this x-ray field has an intensity of >5 × 10(18) W/cm(2) and is in the 3 keV range.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Colgan
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Abdallah
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A Ya Faenov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125412, Russia and Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - S A Pikuz
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125412, Russia
| | - E Wagenaars
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - N Booth
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - O Culfa
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - R J Dance
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - R G Evans
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - R J Gray
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 ONG, United Kingdom
| | - T Kaempfer
- Helmholtzinstitut Jena, Fröbelstieg 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - K L Lancaster
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - P McKenna
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 ONG, United Kingdom
| | - A L Rossall
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - I Yu Skobelev
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125412, Russia
| | - K S Schulze
- Helmholtzinstitut Jena, Fröbelstieg 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - I Uschmann
- Helmholtzinstitut Jena, Fröbelstieg 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany and Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronic, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien Platz 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - A G Zhidkov
- PPC Osaka University and JST, CREST, 2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - N C Woolsey
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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