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Macmillan S, Maus S, Bondar T, Chambodut A, Golovkov V, Holme R, Langlais B, Lesur V, Lowes F, Lühr H, Mai W, Mandea M, Olsen N, Rother M, Sabaka T, Thomson A, Wardinski I. Ninth generation international geomagnetic reference field released. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2003eo460004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Steinberger B, Holme R. Mantle flow models with core-mantle boundary constraints and chemical heterogeneities in the lowermost mantle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb005080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- E. E. Woodfield
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences; University of Liverpool; Liverpool U.K
| | - M. W. Dunlop
- Space Science and Technology Department; Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Chilton U.K
| | - R. Holme
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences; University of Liverpool; Liverpool U.K
| | - J. A. Davies
- Space Science and Technology Department; Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Chilton U.K
| | - M. A. Hapgood
- Space Science and Technology Department; Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Chilton U.K
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Wardinski
- Section 2.3, Earth's Magnetic Field; GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam; Potsdam Germany
| | - R. Holme
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
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Holme R. Drinking water contamination in Walkerton, Ontario: positive resolutions from a tragic event. Water Sci Technol 2003; 47:1-6. [PMID: 12638997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In May 2000, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni contaminated the drinking water supply in Walkerton, Ontario. Seven people died and over 2,000 were ill as a result. The Ontario Provincial Government set up a judicial Inquiry into the circumstances surrounding the outbreak and also moved quickly to introduce a new Drinking Water Regulation that incorporated some significant requirements for drinking water providers. The Inquiry itself was in three parts: (a) part 1 related to the events that occurred in Walkerton and why the water contamination occurred; (b) part 1A related specifically to the role of the Provincial Government in the event; and (c) part 2 related to the future of drinking water safety in Ontario with potential to influence regulation on a wider basis. A number of other actions were taken after Walkerton. In August 2000, the Ontario Government, through the Regulatory body, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) (a) re-issued and revised the Ontario Drinking Water Objectives (ODWO) as the Ontario Drinking Water Standards (ODWS) and (b) introduced new regulations governing drinking water in Ontario--the Ontario Drinking Water Protection Regulation. One of the key features of the Drinking Water Protection Regulation was the requirement to produce an independent Engineers' Report on all water systems. This paper provides a unique perspective on the Walkerton tragedy and its aftermath. The author was active in many aspects of the resulting activity (Chair of the Ontario Water Works Association's (a section of the AWWA) Special Committee involved in Part 2 of the Walkerton Inquiry; author of several of the Engineers' Reports mandated by Regulation; reviewer on behalf of the Regulator of Engineers' Reports submitted by others). The Engineers' Reports were of interest because (1) the drinking water providers (mostly municipalities) were mandated by regulation to complete the Reports by specific dates and are paying for the Reports, (2) the work had to be done by a registered professional engineer who is not an employee of the owner or the operator if a different entity and (3) the engineer had to sign a declaration that the Regulator could rely on the accuracy of the Report. In other words, the Municipality retained the Engineer and paid them to produce the Report--the Engineer essentially carried the liability while the Regulator had the final say in the acceptability of the Report, a sort of eternal triangle of responsibilities. The paper will outline how the drinking water profession in North America worked together to provide the Walkerton Inquiry with the benefit of its experience and knowledge of best practices to the benefit of consumers and the drinking water providers. It will also outline the procedures adopted to produce the independent Engineers' Reports and how the findings are being applied to further improve drinking water safety in Ontario, across Canada and in similar situations around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Holme
- Earth Tech Canada, 105 Commerce Valley Drive West, Markham, Ontario L3T 7W3, Canada.
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Michelsen AE, Santi C, Holme R, Lord ST, Simpson-Haidaris PJ, Solum NO, Pedersen TM, Brosstad F. The charge-heterogeneity of human fibrinogen as investigated by 2D electrophoresis. Thromb Res 2000; 100:529-35. [PMID: 11152933 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(00)00359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The charge-heterogeneity of human plasma fibrinogen subunit chains was characterized by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE). Western blotting with antibodies specific for the gamma-chain demonstrated that the gamma-chains focus at varying isoelectric points (pI). This microheterogeneity was also observed in fibrinogen secreted from hepatocytic cells and in recombinant fibrinogen expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Further, covalent gammagamma-dimerization by FXIIIa was not influenced by the charge-heterogeneity, and removal of the carbohydrate did not reduce the number of gamma-chain pI variants. These observations suggest that the microheterogeneity of the gamma-chain is a multifactorial phenomenon that is not due to physiologic modification of the glycoprotein in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Michelsen
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0027, Oslo, Norway.
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Fellowes AP, Brennan SO, Holme R, Stormorken H, Brosstad FR, George PM. Homozygous truncation of the fibrinogen A alpha chain within the coiled coil causes congenital afibrinogenemia. Blood 2000; 96:773-5. [PMID: 10887149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of a novel congenital afibrinogenemia has been determined. The proposita, the only affected member in a consanguineous Norwegian family, suffers from a moderate to severe bleeding disorder due to the total absence of any detectable fibrinogen. Dot blots of solubilized platelets revealed a small amount of gamma chain but no A alpha or B beta chains, whereas no chains were detected in plasma dot blots. DNA sequencing of the A alpha chain gene revealed a homozygous C-->T transversion 557 nucleotides from the transcription initiation site. This nucleotide change predicts the nonsense mutation A alpha 149 Arg (CGA)-->stop (TGA). Early truncation of the A alpha chain appears to result in defective assembly or secretion of fibrinogen, probably due to the removal of the C-terminal disulfide ring residues that are critically required for the formation of a stable 3-chained half molecule. (Blood. 2000;96:773-775)
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Fellowes
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Intracellular regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 has mainly been studied in lymphoid, endothelial, and epithelial cells. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 plays a central role in many immune responses, and we have previously studied its regulation in hepatocytes. Here we report how manipulation of intracellular signal systems influenced its expression. METHODS The constitutive and cytokine-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mRNA and protein was studied in the human hepatocytic cell lines Hep G2 and SK-Hep-1. RESULTS When agonists and antagonists of protein kinase C, calmodulin, and protein kinase A were introduced in addition to prostaglandin E2 and a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, only the protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate resulted in a rapid and dose-dependent increase in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 protein and mRNA. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulated sustained high levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 protein, whereas the corresponding mRNA response was biphasic, peaking at 3 h. Actinomycin D blocked the stimulatory mRNA phase, suggesting that de novo transcription was induced. Coincubation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide gave considerably higher mRNA levels than with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate alone. Protein kinase C may therefore even stimulate synthesis of proteins that speed up the turnover of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mRNA. The protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine abrogated the induction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, indicating that this effect was indeed exerted by protein kinase C. More original was our observation that staurosporine also completely blocked the stimulatory effects of interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1. Recent reports have noted that these cytokines apparently use receptors which activate different intracellular pathways. We also noted that the glucocorticoid dexamethasone partially inhibited the stimulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 by these cytokines. This phenomenon could be important for the immunosuppressive effects of corticosteroids in patients with liver disease. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that a certain level of protein kinase C activity is mandatory for liver cells in cytokine-mediated upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kvale
- Medical Department A, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Norway
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Holme R. Adolescent needs. Care study. Nurs Times 1991; 87:34. [PMID: 1923871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
The synthesis of thromboplastin, a potent trigger of blood coagulation, can be induced in human peripheral blood monocytes. Indirect evidence suggests that newly synthesized thromboplastin becomes in part available on the cell surface. We have attempted to study the localization and availability of thromboplastin more directly by isolating plasma membranes from isolated human peripheral blood monocytes. The specific activities of the plasma membrane markers increased 16-22-fold in these preparations with a recovery of about 15%. The contamination by mitochondria, lysosomes, nuclei and endoplasmic reticulum was low as estimated by marker enzymes and electron microscopy. In both unstimulated and stimulated monocytes thromboplastin was largely recovered in this plasma membrane fraction, providing direct evidence for its membrane localization. Phospholipase C (E.C. 3.1.4.3) is a potent inactivator of thromboplastin through its hydrolysis of the phospholipids necessary for thromboplastin activity [Otnaess, Prydz, Bjørklid & Berre (1972) Eur. J. Biochem. 27, 238-243]. About 70% of the total membrane thromboplastin activity was inactivated when whole cells were treated with phospholipase C and the membranes subsequently isolated. Following stimulation to induce thromboplastin synthesis, the plasma membranes showed a shift in their relative content of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine consistent with a transmethylation process.
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Evensen SA, Blomhoff JP, Nilsen E, Holme R, Letnes H. Effect of high-density lipoproteins on cholesterol efflux and esterification in lipid-enriched human skin fibroblasts. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1985; 107:61-6. [PMID: 3856937 DOI: 10.3109/00365528509099754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to reduce the cholesterol content was studied in cultured fibroblasts enriched with cholesterol esters. Incubation of cholesterol-enriched cells with HDL in a final concentration of 1 g protein/l for 24 h reduced the total and esterified cholesterol content by 23% as compared with control fibroblasts incubated with albumin. Similar cholesterol efflux was obtained with HDL isolated from lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)-deficient plasma. The HDL3 subfraction isolated by rate-zonal ultracentrifugation contained the major part of the cholesterol-depleting effect. HDL or HDL3 decreased CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity to 5% of the level found in control fibroblasts within 8 h of incubation. These findings suggest that ACAT activity is sensitive to a pool of intracellular cholesterol, which can be mobilized by the addition of HDL to the culture medium, and that ACAT activity is a useful measure of cholesterol efflux from cultured fibroblasts.
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Blomhoff JP, Hovig T, Stokke KT, Holme R, Bergan A, Ostrem T, Gjone E. Lipid deposition in kidneys in experimental liver disease: a study in dogs with choledochocaval anastomosis. Eur J Clin Invest 1979; 9:267-80. [PMID: 118018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1979.tb00884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sauar J, Ritland S, Holme R, Horn R. The effect of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase on the electrophoretic mobility of lipoprotein-X. Clin Chim Acta 1978; 88:461-7. [PMID: 699338 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(78)90281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein-X containing plasma from a patient with familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency, was used as substrate and incubated with postheparin plasma or partly purified lipases. LP-X could not be demonstrated by agar gel electrophoresis after incubation with postheparin plasma from a healthy subject, from a patient with chronic active hepatitis deficient in hepatic lipase, or with partly purified lipoprotein lipase. After incubation a marked increase in free fatty acids (FFA) was observed. In contrast LP-X was still present after incubation when postheparin plasma deficient in lipoprotein lipase or partly purified hepatic lipase was added to the substrate. Only minor changes in the concentration of FFA occurred. After addition of oleic acid to the substrate LP-X could not be demonstrated by agar gel electrophoresis. However, in the isolated low density lipoproteins, LP-X like particles were still present as viewed by electron microscopy. Our results strongly suggest that the change in electrophoretic mobility of LP-X was induced by the release of FFA. This was achieved by lipoprotein lipase, but not by hepatic lipase.
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Holme R, Oftebro R, Hovig T. In vitro interaction between cultured cells and human blood platelets. Thromb Haemost 1978; 40:89-102. [PMID: 725854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of washed human cultured cells (tumour cells and Chang liver cells) on human blood platelets in heparinized plasma were studied. Platelet aggregation was induced by suspensions of the tumour cells. Ultrastructural examination showed that the platelets, especially in the central regions of the aggregates, were tightly packed and the alpha-granules were mostly present. In the periphery of the aggregates the platelets appeared swollen and devoid of organelles, and fibrin strands were seen. The platelet aggregation was not completely abolished by incubation with apyrase. The washing fluids from the tumour cells also induced platelet aggregation, but the aggregation could be abolished by incubation with apyrase. When three different lines of the Chang cells were used, suspensions of two lines of these cells induced platelet aggregation, but the third line did not. Presence of ADP could be demonstrated in the washing fluids from the cultured cells, except for the one line of Chang cells which did not induce platelet aggregation. The experiments indicated that the platelet aggregation induced by the various types of cells was mediated via ADP, but with a possible additional effect of coagulation activity.
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Abstract
Hepatic lipase activity and lipoprotein lipase activity were studied in postheparin plasma from 14 patients with various liver disorders. Plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and lipoprotein composition and structure were also estimated. Five patients had lower hepatic lipase activity than the lowest control value, and in three of these no hepatic lipase activity was detected. Lipoprotein lipase was low in 5 patients, but in only one of them was hepatic lipase activity also low. Hepatic lipase was not significantly correlated to the concentration of plasma triglycerides, either in controls or in patients, whereas lipoprotein lipase was negatively correlated with plasma triglycerides both in controls and patients. Lipoprotein lipase and LCAT activity, but not hepatic lipase, was negatively correlated to the triglyceride content of the low density lipoproteins (density 1.019-1.063 g/ml) from the patients. No specific lipid or lipoprotein pattern was found in plasma from the patients with a low or without any hepatic lipase activity. The results suggest an important role of lipoprotein lipase and LCAT, for the increased content of triglycerides in the low density lipoproteins in patients with liver disease. The role of hepatic lipase remains unclear.
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Hovig T, Blomhoff JP, Holme R, Flatmark A, Gjone E. Plasma lipoprotein alterations and morphologic changes with lipid deposition in the kidney of patients with hepatorenal syndrome. J Transl Med 1978; 38:540-9. [PMID: 642455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Four patients with advanced liver disease and progressive renal failure compatible with the diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome have been studied. All four patients had low lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in plasma, and the concentration of cholesteryl esters was markedly reduced. The main lipoprotein classes were abnormal with an increased content of polar lipids. Electron microscopy of negatively stained lipoproteins from two of the patients (H.K. and I.A.) revealed large particles with layered membranes (700 to 2000 A in diameter) corresponding to the large molecular weight fraction of the low density lipoproteins. These structures were not present in the low density lipoproteins from the other two patients. In the renal biopsy from H.K. and in the necropsy specimen from I.A. deposition of osmophilic material was found in the glomeruli (especially located subendothelially), in the basement membrane, and in the mesangial regions. The deposits were similar to those we have previously described in patients with familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency and most probably represent cholesterol and phospholipids. It is suggested that the renal deposition of lipid may be related to the large molecular weight low density lipoprotein fraction and that the mechanisms involved in this lipid deposition are similar to those occurring in familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency.
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Abstract
To study the lipoprotein changes in cholestasis while the capacity for plasma cholesterol esterification was normal, the common bile duct was ligated in dogs and plasma investigated 8 h and 48 h later. The plasma concentration of cholesteryl esters was slightly increased, concomitant with a tendency toward an increase in the activity of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). The content of cholesteryl esters in the main lipoprotein classes was normal. Marked alteration in the low density lipoproteins (LDL) and the high density lipoproteins (HDL) took place and were essentially similar 8 h and 48 h after bile duct ligation. In LDL, (density 1.006--1.019 g/ml) and LDL2 (density 1.019--1.063 g/ml) an increase in the content of polar lipids was observed, and in LDL2 heterogeneity in particle size was demonstrated by gelfiltration on 2% agarose and by electron microsopcy. Large myelin structures, flattened disc-shaped particles, and particles with the appearance of normal LDL2 were present. HDL isolated after operation was characterized by a decreased protein/lipid ratio and an increased content of phospholipids. By gelfiltration on Sephadex G-200 and by electron microscopy changes in particle size were observed, with the presence of disc-shaped particles with a tendency in form rouleaux. These results demonstrate that marked lipoprotein changes occur as early as 8 h after bile duct-ligation in dogs and indicate that a deficient LCAT mechanism is present in cholestasis even with normal or high plasma LCAT activity.
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Abstract
After incubation whole plasma and low density lipoproteins (LDL) taken before and 10 min after intravenous administration of heparin, from a patient with primary biliary cirrhosis and a patient with familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency, have been tested for the presence of lipoprotein X (LP-X) by agar gel electrophoresis. LP-X was present in preheparin whole plasma and LDL. No precipitation lines on the cathodal side of the wells, indicating the absence of LP-X, were seen after electrophoresis of postheparin plasma and LDL. Immunodiffusion revealed the presence of apo-beta-lipoproteins and LP-X in preheparin as well as postheparin LDL. After gel filtration three subfractions and similar patterns were observed in the preheparin and postheparin LDL. Electronmicroscopical examination of the intermediate subfractions showed LP-X-like particles in preheparin and postheparin samples. These observations indicate a changed electrophoretic mobility in agar gel of postheparin LP-X, giving a false negative LP-X test by the conventional agar gel electrophoresis.
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Abstract
Granules were isolated from the cytoplasm of the amebocytes of Limulus polyphemus, the horseshoe crab, by disruption of cells obtained from blood which had been drawn into 2 mM propranolol. The granules subsequently were purified by centrifugation through a sucrose gradient that contained heparin. Extracts of the granules were prepared by freezing and thawing the granule preparations in distilled water. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the granules revealed round or ovoid particles. However, only one type of granule appeared to be present. The ultraviolet spectrum of the extract of amebocyte granules demonstrated a peak at 277 nm at pH 7.4, and a shift into two peaks of 281 nm and 290 nm at alkaline pH. Analytical ultracentrifugation revealed a pattern similar to that observed with lysates prepared from intact amebocytes. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in the presence of urea at pH 4.5, demonstrated patterns similar to those observed with amebocyte lysate. Extracts of the granules were gelled by bacterial endotoxin. The blood of the horseshoe crab contains only one type of cell, the amebocyte. Previous studies have shown that the blood coagulation mechanism of Limulus is contained entirely within amebocytes. The current studies suggest that the granules, which pack the cytoplasm of these cells, contain all of the factors required for the coagulation of blood, including the clottable protein. The intracellularly localized coagulation system is released from amebocytes when their granules rupture during cell aggregation.
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French PC, Holme R. A method for blood platelet homogenization using the Aminco-French pressure cell. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1974; 32:432-40. [PMID: 4450196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Holme R, Solum NO. Electron microscopy of the gel protein formed by clotting of Limulus polyphemus hemocyte extracts. J Ultrastruct Res 1973; 44:329-38. [PMID: 4128205 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(73)90001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Mürer EH, Holme R. A study of the release of calcium from human blood platelets and its inhibition by metabolic inhibitors. N-ethylmaleimide and aspirin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1970; 222:197-205. [PMID: 5474535 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(70)90365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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