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Pickworth LA, Sankari R. Distributed focusing reduces mirror error sensitivity on x-ray beamlines. Appl Opt 2023; 62:4327-4333. [PMID: 37706924 DOI: 10.1364/ao.482601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of very low emittance, high-power synchrotron sources has resulted in ever longer beamlines, often requiring a very weak curvature on the mirrors that transport the beam to the experiment, where the radius of curvature is on the order of kilometers. Manufacturing weakly curved, low figure error grazing incidence mirrors is difficult as the mirrors must be manufactured to an accuracy comparable to the wavelength of the transmitted light. Often the delivered mirrors have figure errors at various length scales (general shape, slope errors, roughness), which compromise image quality. An error in general shape, like the radii of a toroidal mirror, results in long-sighted or short-sighted imaging that is not so simply corrected by changing the distances and incidence angles as the mirror controls the beam focus in both vertical and horizontal directions; for a toroidal mirror, the tangential and sagittal radii need to match correctly for the desired focusing effect. Adaptive downstream optics can compensate for this. In this paper, an alternative method to reduce the sensitivity to a large radius error outside the specified tolerance range in the first mirror of a plane grating monochromator beamline at MAX IV is presented. It is found that distributed focusing by two passive, fixed radius mirrors reduces greatly the sensitivity to the radius errors in both mirrors. The radius tolerance of a mirror initially found to be unacceptable for single stage focusing is easily accommodated on both mirrors in distributed focusing, without compromising the imaging capability.
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2
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Chernenko K, Kivimäki A, Pärna R, Wang W, Sankari R, Leandersson M, Tarawneh H, Pankratov V, Kook M, Kukk E, Reisberg L, Urpelainen S, Käämbre T, Siewert F, Gwalt G, Sokolov A, Lemke S, Alimov S, Knedel J, Kutz O, Seliger T, Valden M, Hirsimäki M, Kirm M, Huttula M. Performance and characterization of the FinEstBeAMS beamline at the MAX IV Laboratory. J Synchrotron Radiat 2021; 28:1620-1630. [PMID: 34475309 PMCID: PMC8415336 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521006032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
FinEstBeAMS (Finnish-Estonian Beamline for Atmospheric and Materials Sciences) is a multidisciplinary beamline constructed at the 1.5 GeV storage ring of the MAX IV synchrotron facility in Lund, Sweden. The beamline covers an extremely wide photon energy range, 4.5-1300 eV, by utilizing a single elliptically polarizing undulator as a radiation source and a single grazing-incidence plane grating monochromator to disperse the radiation. At photon energies below 70 eV the beamline operation relies on the use of optical and thin-film filters to remove higher-order components from the monochromated radiation. This paper discusses the performance of the beamline, examining such characteristics as the quality of the gratings, photon energy calibration, photon energy resolution, available photon flux, polarization quality and focal spot size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Chernenko
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Antti Kivimäki
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Rainer Pärna
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald Street 1, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Weimin Wang
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rami Sankari
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, PO Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mats Leandersson
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hamed Tarawneh
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Pankratov
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga iela, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mati Kook
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald Street 1, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Edwin Kukk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Liis Reisberg
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald Street 1, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Samuli Urpelainen
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Tanel Käämbre
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald Street 1, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Frank Siewert
- BESSY-II, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Gwalt
- BESSY-II, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrey Sokolov
- BESSY-II, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Lemke
- BESSY-II, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Svyatoslav Alimov
- BESSY-II, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeniffa Knedel
- BESSY-II, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Kutz
- BESSY-II, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tino Seliger
- BESSY-II, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mika Valden
- Surface Science Group, Laboratory of Photonics, Physics Unit, Tampere University, PO Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Hirsimäki
- Surface Science Group, Laboratory of Photonics, Physics Unit, Tampere University, PO Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Marco Kirm
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwald Street 1, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marko Huttula
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
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3
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Zhu S, Scardamaglia M, Kundsen J, Sankari R, Tarawneh H, Temperton R, Pickworth L, Cavalca F, Wang C, Tissot H, Weissenrieder J, Hagman B, Gustafson J, Kaya S, Lindgren F, Källquist I, Maibach J, Hahlin M, Boix V, Gallo T, Rehman F, D’Acunto G, Schnadt J, Shavorskiy A. HIPPIE: a new platform for ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at the MAX IV Laboratory. J Synchrotron Radiat 2021; 28:624-636. [PMID: 33650575 PMCID: PMC7941293 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752100103x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
HIPPIE is a soft X-ray beamline on the 3 GeV electron storage ring of the MAX IV Laboratory, equipped with a novel ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) instrument. The endstation is dedicated to performing in situ and operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments in the presence of a controlled gaseous atmosphere at pressures up to 30 mbar [1 mbar = 100 Pa] as well as under ultra-high-vacuum conditions. The photon energy range is 250 to 2200 eV in planar polarization and with photon fluxes >1012 photons s-1 (500 mA ring current) at a resolving power of greater than 10000 and up to a maximum of 32000. The endstation currently provides two sample environments: a catalysis cell and an electrochemical/liquid cell. The former allows APXPS measurements of solid samples in the presence of a gaseous atmosphere (with a mixture of up to eight gases and a vapour of a liquid) and simultaneous analysis of the inlet/outlet gas composition by online mass spectrometry. The latter is a more versatile setup primarily designed for APXPS at the solid-liquid (dip-and-pull setup) or liquid-gas (liquid microjet) interfaces under full electrochemical control, and it can also be used as an open port for ad hoc-designed non-standard APXPS experiments with different sample environments. The catalysis cell can be further equipped with an IR reflection-absorption spectrometer, allowing for simultaneous APXPS and IR spectroscopy of the samples. The endstation is set up to easily accommodate further sample environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyun Zhu
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Kundsen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rami Sankari
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, PO Box 692, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Hamed Tarawneh
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert Temperton
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Louisa Pickworth
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Filippo Cavalca
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Material Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Héloïse Tissot
- Material Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Weissenrieder
- Material Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Hagman
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Gustafson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sarp Kaya
- Department of Chemistry, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Fredrik Lindgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Division of Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida Källquist
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Division of Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Maibach
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Maria Hahlin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Division of Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Virginia Boix
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tamires Gallo
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Foqia Rehman
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Giulio D’Acunto
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Joachim Schnadt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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4
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Kokkonen E, Lopes da Silva F, Mikkelã MH, Johansson N, Huang SW, Lee JM, Andersson M, Bartalesi A, Reinecke BN, Handrup K, Tarawneh H, Sankari R, Knudsen J, Schnadt J, Såthe C, Urpelainen S. Upgrade of the SPECIES beamline at the MAX IV Laboratory. J Synchrotron Radiat 2021; 28:588-601. [PMID: 33650571 PMCID: PMC7941297 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The SPECIES beamline has been transferred to the new 1.5 GeV storage ring at the MAX IV Laboratory. Several improvements have been made to the beamline and its endstations during the transfer. Together the Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering endstations are capable of conducting photoelectron spectroscopy in elevated pressure regimes with enhanced time-resolution and flux and X-ray scattering experiments with improved resolution and flux. Both endstations offer a unique capability for experiments at low photon energies in the vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray range. In this paper, the upgrades on the endstations and current performance of the beamline are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esko Kokkonen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Felipe Lopes da Silva
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Oulu, Box 4300, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Niclas Johansson
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Shih-Wen Huang
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenn-Min Lee
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Margit Andersson
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Benjamin N. Reinecke
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karsten Handrup
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hamed Tarawneh
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rami Sankari
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Tampere University, PO Box 692, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jan Knudsen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Joachim Schnadt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Conny Såthe
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Samuli Urpelainen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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5
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Kivimäki A, Stråhlman C, Sankari R, Richter R. Negative-ion/positive-ion coincidence spectroscopy as a tool to identify anionic fragments: The case of core-excited CHF 3. J Mass Spectrom 2020; 55:e4487. [PMID: 31826309 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the dissociation of the trifluoromethane molecule, CHF3 , into negative ionic fragments at the C 1s and F 1s edges. The measurements were performed by detecting coincidences between negative and positive ions. We observed five different negative ions: F- , H- , C- , CF- , and F2 - . Their production was confirmed by the analysis of triple coincidence events (negative-ion/positive-ion/positive-ion or NIPIPI coincidences) that were recorded with cleaner signals than those of the negative-ion/positive-ion coincidences. The intensities of the most intense NIPIPI coincidence channels were recorded as a function of photon energy across the C 1s and F 1s excitations and ionization thresholds. We also observed dissociation channels involving the formation of one negative ion and three positive ions. Our results demonstrate that negative-ion/positive-ion coincidence spectroscopy is a very sensitive method to observe anions, which at inner-shell edges are up to three orders of magnitude less probable dissociation products than cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Kivimäki
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Stråhlman
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Materials Science and Applied Mathematics, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rami Sankari
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Surface Science Group, Laboratory of Photonics, Physics Unit, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
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6
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Sankari A, Stråhlman C, Sankari R, Partanen L, Laksman J, Kettunen JA, Galván IF, Lindh R, Malmqvist PÅ, Sorensen SL. Non-radiative decay and fragmentation in water molecules after 1a1−14a1 excitation and core ionization studied by electron-energy-resolved electron–ion coincidence spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:074302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5141414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sankari
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, Chemical Center, P.O. Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Stråhlman
- Department of Materials Science and Applied Mathematics, Malmö University, S-20506 Malmö, Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rami Sankari
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Leena Partanen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Physics, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Joakim Laksman
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - J. Antti Kettunen
- Department of Physics, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ignacio Fdez. Galván
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 576, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roland Lindh
- Department of Chemistry – BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 576, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Åke Malmqvist
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, Chemical Center, P.O. Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stacey L. Sorensen
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
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7
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Kivimäki A, Stråhlman C, Richter R, Sankari R. Fragmentation of Methanol Molecules after Core Excitation and Core Ionization Studied by Negative-Ion/Positive-Ion Coincidence Experiments. J Phys Chem A 2017; 122:224-233. [PMID: 29237124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the fragmentation of the methanol molecule after core excitation and core ionization by observing coincidences between negative and positive ions. Five different negative ions (H-, C-, CH-, O-, and OH-) were observed at both the C 1s and O 1s edges. As negative ion formation occurs after resonant and normal Auger decay of core-hole states, it is necessarily linked with the release of positively charged fragments. Our data show that such fragmentation can happen in many different ways: We found approximately 30 negative-ion/positive-ion/positive-ion coincidence (NIPIPICO) channels. All involve only singly charged positive ions. Fragmentation channels leading to atomic ions are the most probable, but positive molecular ions are also frequently found in the context of anion formation. Coincidence yields as a function of photon energy were determined for the most intense NIPIPICO channels. Adding together the data measured at different photon energies, we could also verify the occurrence of four-ion coincidences, which involved one negative ion (H- or O-) and three positive ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Kivimäki
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu , P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University , P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Stråhlman
- Malmö University , 20506 Malmö, Sweden.,MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University , P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert Richter
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste , Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Rami Sankari
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University , P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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Urpelainen S, Såthe C, Grizolli W, Agåker M, Head AR, Andersson M, Huang SW, Jensen BN, Wallén E, Tarawneh H, Sankari R, Nyholm R, Lindberg M, Sjöblom P, Johansson N, Reinecke BN, Arman MA, Merte LR, Knudsen J, Schnadt J, Andersen JN, Hennies F. The SPECIES beamline at the MAX IV Laboratory: a facility for soft X-ray RIXS and APXPS. J Synchrotron Radiat 2017; 24:344-353. [PMID: 28009577 PMCID: PMC5182029 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577516019056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
SPECIES is an undulator-based soft X-ray beamline that replaced the old I511 beamline at the MAX II storage ring. SPECIES is aimed at high-resolution ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS), X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) experiments. The beamline has two branches that use a common elliptically polarizing undulator and monochromator. The beam is switched between the two branches by changing the focusing optics after the monochromator. Both branches have separate exit slits, refocusing optics and dedicated permanent endstations. This allows very fast switching between two types of experiments and offers a unique combination of the surface-sensitive XPS and bulk-sensitive RIXS techniques both in UHV and at elevated ambient-pressure conditions on a single beamline. Another unique property of the beamline is that it reaches energies down to approximately 27 eV, which is not obtainable on other current APXPS beamlines. This allows, for instance, valence band studies under ambient-pressure conditions. In this article the main properties and performance of the beamline are presented, together with selected showcase experiments performed on the new setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuli Urpelainen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Conny Såthe
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Walan Grizolli
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Agåker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, PO Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ashley R. Head
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Margit Andersson
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Shih-Wen Huang
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Brian N. Jensen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Wallén
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hamed Tarawneh
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rami Sankari
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ralf Nyholm
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mirjam Lindberg
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Sjöblom
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Niclas Johansson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Benjamin N. Reinecke
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - M. Alif Arman
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lindsay R. Merte
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Knudsen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Joachim Schnadt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jesper N. Andersen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Franz Hennies
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antti Kivimäki
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche—Istituto Officina dei
Materiali, Laboratorio TASC, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Robert Richter
- Elettra−Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science
Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Rami Sankari
- MAX
IV Laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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Grizolli W, Laksman J, Hennies F, Jensen BN, Nyholm R, Sankari R. Multilayer based soft-x-ray polarimeter at MAX IV Laboratory. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:025102. [PMID: 26931886 DOI: 10.1063/1.4941066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A high precision five rotation-axes polarimeter using transmission multilayers as polarizers and reflection multilayers as analyzers has been designed and manufactured. To cover the extreme ultraviolet regime, Mo/Si, Cr/C, Sc/Cr, and W/B4C multilayers for transmission and reflection have also been designed and produced. The polarimeter mechanics is supported on a hexapod to simplify the alignment relative to photon beam. The instrument is designed so that it can be easily transferred between different beamlines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Franz Hennies
- MAX IV Laboratory, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ralf Nyholm
- MAX IV Laboratory, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rami Sankari
- MAX IV Laboratory, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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Stråhlman C, Sankari R, Kivimäki A, Richter R, Coreno M, Nyholm R. A tandem time-of-flight spectrometer for negative-ion/positive-ion coincidence measurements with soft x-ray excitation. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:013109. [PMID: 26827311 DOI: 10.1063/1.4940425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a newly constructed spectrometer for negative-ion/positive-ion coincidence spectroscopy of gaseous samples. The instrument consists of two time-of-flight ion spectrometers and a magnetic momentum filter for deflection of electrons. The instrument can measure double and triple coincidences between mass-resolved negative and positive ions with high detection efficiency. First results include identification of several negative-ion/positive-ion coincidence channels following inner-shell photoexcitation of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rami Sankari
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Antti Kivimäki
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Laboratorio TASC, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Robert Richter
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marcello Coreno
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Struttura della Materia, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ralf Nyholm
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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12
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Siewert F, Buchheim J, Zeschke T, Störmer M, Falkenberg G, Sankari R. On the characterization of ultra-precise X-ray optical components: advances and challenges in ex situ metrology. J Synchrotron Radiat 2014; 21:968-75. [PMID: 25177985 PMCID: PMC4151678 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577514016221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To fully exploit the ultimate source properties of the next-generation light sources, such as free-electron lasers (FELs) and diffraction-limited storage rings (DLSRs), the quality requirements for gratings and reflective synchrotron optics, especially mirrors, have significantly increased. These coherence-preserving optical components for high-brightness sources will feature nanoscopic shape accuracies over macroscopic length scales up to 1000 mm. To enable high efficiency in terms of photon flux, such optics will be coated with application-tailored single or multilayer coatings. Advanced thin-film fabrication of today enables the synthesis of layers on the sub-nanometre precision level over a deposition length of up to 1500 mm. Specifically dedicated metrology instrumentation of comparable accuracy has been developed to characterize such optical elements. Second-generation slope-measuring profilers like the nanometre optical component measuring machine (NOM) at the BESSY-II Optics laboratory allow the inspection of up to 1500 mm-long reflective optical components with an accuracy better than 50 nrad r.m.s. Besides measuring the shape on top of the coated mirror, it is of particular interest to characterize the internal material properties of the mirror coating, which is the domain of X-rays. Layer thickness, density and interface roughness of single and multilayer coatings are investigated by means of X-ray reflectometry. In this publication recent achievements in the field of slope measuring metrology are shown and the characterization of different types of mirror coating demonstrated. Furthermore, upcoming challenges to the inspection of ultra-precise optical components designed to be used in future FEL and DLSR beamlines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Siewert
- Institut für Nanometer Optik und Technologie, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Buchheim
- Institut für Nanometer Optik und Technologie, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Zeschke
- Institut für Nanometer Optik und Technologie, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Störmer
- Centre for Material Research and Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, Geesthacht 21501, Germany
| | - G. Falkenberg
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - R. Sankari
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
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Karthi S, Sankari R, Shivakumar MS. Ultraviolet-B light induced oxidative stress: Effects on antioxidant response of Spodoptera litura. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2014; 135:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Armelao L, Heigl F, Brunet S, Sammynaiken R, Regier T, Blyth RIR, Zuin L, Sankari R, Vogt J, Sham T. The Origin and Dynamics of Soft X‐Ray‐Excited Optical Luminescence of ZnO. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:3625-31. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Armelao
- Department of Chemistry, ISTM‐CNR and INSTM, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova (Italy), Fax: (+39) 049 827 5227
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6 A 5B7 (Canada), Fax: (+1) 519 661 3022
| | - Franziskus Heigl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6 A 5B7 (Canada), Fax: (+1) 519 661 3022
| | - Sophie Brunet
- Saskatchewan Structural Science Center, University of Saskatchewan, 116 Science Place, Saskatoon S7N 5E2 (Canada)
| | - Ramaswami Sammynaiken
- Saskatchewan Structural Science Center, University of Saskatchewan, 116 Science Place, Saskatoon S7N 5E2 (Canada)
| | - Tom Regier
- Canadian Light Source, University of Saskatchewan, 101 Perimeter Road, Saskatoon S7N 0X4 (Canada)
| | - Robert I. R. Blyth
- Canadian Light Source, University of Saskatchewan, 101 Perimeter Road, Saskatoon S7N 0X4 (Canada)
| | - Lucia Zuin
- Canadian Light Source, University of Saskatchewan, 101 Perimeter Road, Saskatoon S7N 0X4 (Canada)
| | - Rami Sankari
- Canadian Light Source, University of Saskatchewan, 101 Perimeter Road, Saskatoon S7N 0X4 (Canada)
| | - Johannes Vogt
- Canadian Light Source, University of Saskatchewan, 101 Perimeter Road, Saskatoon S7N 0X4 (Canada)
| | - Tsun‐Kong Sham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6 A 5B7 (Canada), Fax: (+1) 519 661 3022
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Kowalik IA, Öhrwall G, Jensen BN, Sankari R, Wallén E, Johansson U, Karis O, Arvanitis D. Description of the new I1011 beamline for magnetic measurements using synchrotron radiation at MAX-lab. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/211/1/012030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Thomas TD, Kukk E, Sankari R, Fukuzawa H, Prümper G, Ueda K, Püttner R, Harries J, Tamenori Y, Tanaka T, Hoshino M, Tanaka H. Recoil excitation of vibrational structure in the carbon 1s photoelectron spectrum of CF4. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:144311. [PMID: 18412449 DOI: 10.1063/1.2897756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Darrah Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.
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Thomas TD, Püttner R, Fukuzawa H, Prümper G, Ueda K, Kukk E, Sankari R, Harries J, Tamenori Y, Tanaka T, Hoshino M, Tanaka H. Boron 1s photoelectron spectrum of B11F3: Vibrational structure and linewidth. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:244309. [PMID: 18163677 DOI: 10.1063/1.2820772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Darrah Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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18
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Feifel R, Tanaka T, Kitajima M, Tanaka H, De Fanis A, Sankari R, Karlsson L, Sorensen S, Piancastelli MN, Prümper G, Hergenhahn U, Ueda K. Probing the valence character of O 1s→Rydberg excited O2 by participator Auger decay measurements and partial ion yield spectroscopy following x-ray absorption. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:174304. [PMID: 17492860 DOI: 10.1063/1.2723745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The valence character of O 1s-->Rydberg excited O2 is investigated by means of participator Auger decay spectroscopy, performed at selected photon energies across the K-shell resonance region, and by means of partial ion yield x-ray absorption spectroscopy. For several of the excitation energies studied, the authors find substantial sigma*(4Sigmau-, 2Sigmau-) valence character being mixed with nssigma and npsigma (4Sigmau-, 2Sigmau-) Rydberg states. An experimental indication of a coupling between the channels associated with quartet and doublet ion cores is considered and discussed. New spectroscopic constants are derived for the singly ionized X 2Pig state of O2 based on the observation of at least 20 vibrational sublevels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Feifel
- Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Box 530, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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Fukuzawa H, Prümper G, Liu X, Kukk E, Sankari R, Hoshino M, Tanaka H, Tamenori Y, Ueda K. Site-selective ion pair production via normal Auger decay of free CH3F molecules studied by electron–ion–ion coincidence spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sankari R, Nyholm R, Aksela S. Update of the Finnish–Swedish beam line I411 at MAX-lab: Simulations of expected performance. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Sankari R, Ehara M, Nakatsuji H, De Fanis A, Aksela H, Sorensen S, Piancastelli M, Kukk E, Ueda K. High resolution O 1s photoelectron shake-up satellite spectrum of H2O. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Sorensen S, Tanaka T, Feifel R, Eland J, Kitajima M, Tanaka H, Sankari R, De Fanis A, Piancastelli M, Karlsson L, Ueda K. Application of an atomic relaxation model for the interpretation of O1s to Rydberg excited Auger electron spectra of molecular oxygen. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sankari R, Ehara M, Nakatsuji H, Senba Y, Hosokawa K, Yoshida H, De Fanis A, Tamenori Y, Aksela S, Ueda K. Vibrationally resolved O 1s photoelectron spectrum of water. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2003.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Ueda K, Kitajima M, De Fanis A, Tamenori Y, Yamaoka H, Shindo H, Furuta T, Tanaka T, Tanaka H, Yoshida H, Sankari R, Aksela S, Fritzsche S, Kabachnik NM. Doppler-free resonant Raman auger spectroscopy of Ne+ 2s2p(5)3p excited states. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:153005. [PMID: 12732034 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.153005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Using very high resolution achieved by the Doppler-free resonant Raman Auger technique, we have resolved the lowest terms of the series of inner-valence excitations 2s2p(5)((1,3)P)np 2S, 2P, and 2D in Ne+. The measured Auger anisotropic parameters and branching ratios help to establish the assignments of these levels. The measured lifetime widths are in reasonable agreements with ab initio calculations available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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