Birth weight and refractive state measured by Spot Vision Screener in children aged 40 months

Objectives

Children with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) often have myopia. Even without ROP, birth weight and refractive state are related immediately after birth, but this relationship is reduced with increasing age. Here, we examined whether refractive state and birth weight were associated in 40-month-old children.

Methods and analysis

Of 541 children aged 40 months in Tsubame City, Japan, who underwent a medical examination between April 2018 and March 2019, this cross-sectional study enrolled 411 whose birth weights were available (76% of all).We measured the non-cycloplegic refraction using a Spot Vision Screener and correlated this with birth weight. Children were divided into three groups according to normal (2500-3500 g), high (>3500 g) or low (<2500 g) birth weights, and mean differences in spherical equivalent (SE) between the groups were analysed.

Results

The average SE for the right eye was 0.34 D (95% CI 0.28 to 0.40). Average birth weight was 3032.1 g (95% CI 2990.2 to 3073.9). Birth weight did not correlate with SE for the right eye (Pearson's correlation, r=-0.015, p=0.765) or with the degree of anisometropia (Pearson's correlation, r=-0.05, p=0.355). Furthermore, the mean SE showed no significant difference across the three groups of children with different birth weights (one-way analysis of variance, p=0.939).

Conclusion

Data on refractive states and birth weight for 411 children of similar age in one Japanese city were analysed, showing that birth weight did not influence SE, J0, J45 and the absolute degree of anisometropia at about 40 months of age.

[The present conditions and future of National Sanatorium Kikuchi Keifuen]

National Sanatorium Kikuchi Keifuen (NSKK), housing 286 residents as of May 2015, is one of the biggest and oldest Hansen's disease sanatoriums in Japan. Located near the center of Kumamoto city, NSKK has maintained an excellent working relationship with Kumamoto University along with other neighboring medical institutions over the years. However, despite its advantages in standing, it may suffer the same problems as other sanatoriums: continually declining numbers of residents combined with the increasing frailty and dementia of existing residents due to aging and an increasing difficulty in maintaining a competent medical staff into the future. By placing our social exchange hall/historical museum as the focal point for the production and dissemination of information, we are producing an educational DVD that records an oral history through actual testimony on film as a cooperative effort between the residents' association and NSKK. Both perspectives are very important to verify the historical problems that Hansen's disease has encountered. One expected benefit of this project is the catharsis found in reminiscing over the past thus promoting the spiritual care of the residents; a matter which remains as a top priority in our sanatorium's "ending period".

Clinical efficacy of basic fibroblast growth factor on pressure ulcers: case-control pairing study using a new evaluation method

A basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) case and a control case whose total scores of Pressure Ulcer Healing Process-Ohura (PUHP-Ohura) and risk factors for pressure ulcers, and level of care for pressure ulcers were equivalent were paired. Twenty-three such eligible pairs were enrolled in this study. Both cases in each pair were treated under conditions in which extrinsic factors such as the use of a pressure-relief mattress and the frequency of postural change were equivalent. The efficacy of bFGF was assessed by analyzing the data obtained over time as the scores of PUHP-Ohura for nine observation items using the SAS MIXED procedure. Treatment of pressure ulcers with bFGF accelerated wound healing over time more significantly than the control in six observation items (exudate volume, ulcer depth, granulation formation, wound edge, epithelialization, total score of the PUHP-Ohura). These data suggest that it may be possible to evaluate drugs for the treatment of pressure ulcers using the PUHP-Ohura wound-assessment tool.

[Guideline for the treatment of Hansen's disease in Japan (Second edition)]

ad hoc committee of Japanese Leprosy Association recommends revised standard treatment protocol of leprosy in Japan, which is a modification of World Health Organization's multidrug therapy (WHO/MDT, 1997). For paucibacillary (PB) leprosy, 6 months treatment by rifampicin and dapsone (MDT/PB) is enough. However, for high bacterial load multibacillary (MB) leprosy, 12 months treatment seems insufficient. Thus, (A) For MB with bacterial index (BI) > or = 3 before treatment, 2 years treatment by rifampicin, dapsone and clofazimine (MDT/MB) is necessary. When BI become negative and active lesion is lost within 2 years, no maintenance therapy is necessary. When BI is still positive, one year of MDT/MB is added (3 years in total), followed by maintenance therapy by dapsone and clofazimine until BI negativity and loss of active lesions. (B) For MB with BI < 3 or fresh MB (less than 6 months after the onset of the disease) with BI > or = 3, 1 year treatment by MDT/MB is necessary. When BI become negative and active lesion is lost within one year, no maintenance therapy is necessary. When BI is still positive or active lesion is remaining, additional therapy with MDT/MB for one more year is recommended. This is a simplification of first version in 2000. Brief summary of diagnosis, purpose of therapy, character of drugs, and prevention of deformity is also described.

[Guideline for the treatment of leprosy by new quinolones]

Ofloxacin(OFLX) is often applied today as a substitution drug of MDT for drug resistance to dapsone, rifampicin or clofazimine. However, OFLX resistance is also becoming a great concern. Low and/or irregular administration are considered to be the major causes of OFLX resistance. OFLX should be used as a combined therapy, and minimal daily dose of 400 mg of OFLX or 200-300 mg of levofloxacin is required. Quinolone resistance should be considered when no improvement of clinical and/or bacterial index is observed after the treatment for 6 months. In such cases, resistance gene detection is necessary.

[Survey of newly diagnosed leprosy patients in Japan (1993-2000)]

We analyzed the medical and social problems of newly registered leprosy patients in the past 8 years from 1993 to 2000 in a low endemic country, Japan. There were 56 registered Japanese patients (males, 32; females, 24), and 76 registered foreign patients (males, 56; females, 20). The number of Japanese patients in each year was between 5 and 9, and 2/3 of them were from Okinawa Prefecture, located in subtropical zone. But the number of foreign patients in each year was between 5 and 18, and 2/5 of them were from Brazil. The number of foreign patients was greater than that of Japanese patients. Male/female ratio has decreased among the Japanese.

Bone mineral measurement in Japan

Various methods for evaluating bone mineral in appendicular, and axial bone or in the whole skeleton have recently become available. As bone mineral is one of the major determinants of bone strength, its exact measurement should be useful for the diagnosis of osteoporosis, as well as for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of therapeutical response. The aims of this paper are to review the fundamental performance of bone mineral measurements, the improvements in DXA systems, and the progress in site-specific bone mineral instruments for the radius and calcaneus used in Japan, and to introduce diagnostic criteria for primary osteoporosis, and report on annual rates of bone loss in Japanese females.

Scleroderma-like changes in a patient with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

A 38-year-old Japanese woman with diabetes showed sclerosis of the hands, a short sublingual frenulum, and hypomotility of the esophagus. She had been on insulin therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus since the age of 15. For the previous one year, the proximal interphalangeal joints had become painful and swollen with sclerosis of the hands. Although these findings are also seen in PSS, this case was assumed to be due to diabetes mellitus. The patient had a high serum level of HbA1c, which may reflect a poor control of diabetes and non-enzymatic glycosylation of collagen fibers, resulting in an accumulation of collagen in the dermis.

Febrile ulceronecrotic Mucha-Habermann's disease

Febrile ulceronecrotic Mucha-Habermann's disease (FUMH) was first described by Degos in 1966. In the literature, nine cases of FUMH have been reported in both children and adults. We report a 16-year-old boy with the febrile ulceronecrotic type. A review of the nine cases in the literature showed acute necrotic lesions, as well as rare complications such as fever, superinfected lesions and viral infection which are not as common in pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta. There is no definitive treatment, but systemic corticosteroid, methotrexate, antibiotics (tetracycline, erythromycin), aciclovir, and 4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) have been frequently used. The most common histologic feature is mononuclear perivascular infiltrates consisting of T lymphocytes. The etiology is not known, but a hypersensitivity reaction, possibly to an infectious agent, is suggested.

Fournier's gangrene: report of a case associated with paralytic and mechanical ileus throughout the management of the gangrene

A 65-year-old Japanese male, who was treated for Fournier's gangrene, developed an enlarged erythema over the right thigh and right lower quadrant. The area was surgically debrided, and he was given antibiotics. However, he complained of abdominal swelling with a metallic bowel sound, pain, and vomiting and was then treated for paralytic ileus. Although his symptoms initially improved, he complained again of the same symptoms and underwent surgery for mechanical ileus occurring at the site of a surgical scar from an appendectomy 43 years earlier. This is a very rare case of Fournier's gangrene which caused mechanical ileus of the small intestine and adherence to a peritoneal scare after paralytic ileus due to inflammation of the abdominal fascia following scrotal gangrene.

A case of CD8+ T cell lymphoma occurring during treatment for in situ malignant melanoma of the palate

A 53-year-old Japanese male noticed pigmented lesions on his right upper gingiva and hard palate in February of 1986. Histological examination revealed in situ malignant melanoma. Chemotherapy, beta-interferon, and oral BCG were given. However, tumors subsequently developed in the nasal cavity in March of 1989. The patient died in April of 1990 after developing Garcin's syndrome and the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Autopsy revealed aggressively infiltrating, whitish tumor masses invading the hard palate, the nasal cavity, the paranasal sinuses, the base of the skull, cranial nerves I-X, and the pituitary body, as well as severe necrosis of the soft palate. However, there was no evidence of malignant melanoma. Instead, these oval tumor cells had atypical nuclei and scanty cytoplasm. They contained no melanin granules, were negative for S-100 protein, and were also negative for various melanoma-associated antigens. They were positive for CD2, CD3, and CD8 by avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex immunohistochemistry. It was concluded that the patient had CD8+ non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma (diffuse, large cell type) of the nasopharyngeal region, which was preceded by in situ malignant melanoma of the palate.

A case of progressive systemic sclerosis associated with sarcoidosis and esophageal adenocarcinoma

A 50-year-old Japanese female with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS, CREST syndrome) is reported. During treatment for PSS, she was diagnosed by clinical and laboratory findings as having sarcoidosis, which was confirmed by histological examination of the skin and lymph nodes in July of 1991. She complained of back pain in August of 1991. Reflux esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus, found by endoscopy, progressed into a well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma. This is a very rare case of PSS associated with sarcoidosis and esophageal adenocarcinoma developing from Barrett's esophagus.

BCC-associated amyloidosis with a peculiar pattern of deposition

An 83-year-old Japanese woman with lepromatous leprosy had been treated in a leprosarium. More than 10 years ago, she developed a dome-like brown tumor on the dorsum of the nose which showed the histology of basal cell carcinoma. The lesion was a well bordered, rounded tumor with tumor cell nests on its periphery extending toward the center as cords of tumor nest and with amyloid depositions between the cords. The tumor nests and amyloid lessened toward the center of the tumor, being replaced by collagen fibers. Amyloidosis showing this peculiar pattern of transition was reported with a review of published cases.

A case of dermatomyositis associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei originating from mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix

A 69-year-old Japanese woman with erythema, severe edema on the face, Gottron's papules and poikiloderma was diagnosed as having dermatomyositis. She also noticed muscle weakness in her extremities, although her electromyogram showed neurogenic patterns. Her levels of CA19-9 and CEA were elevated and a CT of her abdomen revealed a giant, multilobular, cystic lesion in the pelvis. This tumor was diagnosed as pseudomyxoma peritonei originating from a mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix.

Squamous-cell carcinoma arising in solar keratosis of a leprosy patient: relationship with positive skin smear examination

A 70-year-old Japanese female with lepromatous leprosy developed squamous-cell carcinoma within a long standing area showing solar keratoses on her head. Alopecia had been present at least for the preceding 34 years on her forehead and frontal area of the head, and solar keratoses had existed at least for the previous 9 years. Skin smear examination for acid-fast bacilli which had continually been negative for the previous 2 years (during which 8 examinations were done) became positive. We assume that there may be some relationship between the onset of the tumor and the positive skin smear examination, although the exact connection remains unclarified.

Purification of a 51 kDa endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Staphylococcus aureus

A bacteriolytic enzyme obtained from the culture fluid of Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209P was purified to homogeneity utilizing dye-ligand affinity column chromatography, hydrophobic interaction high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and hydroxyapatite HPLC. Subsequent characterizations indicated that the purified enzyme acted as endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. The molecular weight determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was 51,000 and the isoelectric point was higher than 10. The optimum pH for the enzyme activity on whole cells of Micrococcus luteus as a substrate was 8.0. Some heavy metal cations (Cu2+ and Zn2+) inhibited the enzyme activity at a concentration of 0.1 mM and others (Ba2+, Mg2+ and Co2+) showed a stimulating effect at a concentration of 1 mM.

Glycosaminoglycan content in the media of cultured dermal fibroblasts derived from burn scar and normal skin

The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of the extracellular matrix of burn scar in humans has been reported to differ from that of normal skin. In order to investigate whether the GAG content altered as a result of functional changes in fibroblasts, the GAG content was determined in culture media of fibroblasts derived from growing burn scar, mature scar, and normal skin tissue. No statistical differences were observed in the population doubling-times of scar and normal skin. Mature scar showed significantly higher values for all the concentrations of uronic acid, hexosamine, and sulfate measured in the glycosaminoglycan, as compared with normal skin values, and the concentrations from growing scar were slightly higher than those for normal skin. The above results may suggest an increase in glycosaminoglycan sulfate synthesis following the hyperplasia of the matrix in burn scar tissue.

Complicating systemic amyloidosis in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, recessive type

An autopsy case of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, recessive type, complicated by systemic secondary amyloidosis is described. The patient had developed multiple bullous lesions and erosions from birth, followed by repeated infection. At autopsy, chronic persistent inflammation was observed in the skin and in various visceral organs, accompanied by systemic amyloidosis. By the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method, amyloid deposits stained positively for anti-AA-protein antiserum. In the present case, we concluded that the systemic amyloidosis was of the AA type, and developed secondarily to the chronic persistent inflammation in the prolonged course of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, recessive type.

Immunochemical properties of glucosyltransferases from Streptococcus mutans

Antiserum against purified mutansynthetase (EC 2.4.1.?) of Streptococcus mutans 6715 (serotype g), which is responsible for the synthesis of water-insoluble glucan (ISG) in the presence of both sucrose and water-soluble glucan, was prepared. The specificity of the antiserum was tested by using crude enzyme preparations (CEPs) of S. mutans strains of various serotypes. On immunodiffusion, the antiserum cross-reacted with CEPs from strains of serotypes a (HS-6 and AHT), d (OMZ176), and g (OMZ65 and KIR), but not with those from strains of serotypes b (BHT and FA-1) and c (GS-5 and Ingbritt). The antiserum inhibited the synthesis of ISG by crude or purified mutansynthetase of S. mutans 6715. The activities of ISG synthesis by CEPs from the strains antigenically related in the foregoing immunodiffusion were inhibited by the antiserum against strain 6715 mutansynthetase. The antiserum, however, also inhibited the enzyme activity of the strains of serotype b. The finding that the antiserum against purified dextransucrase of S. mutans HS-6 inhibited ISG synthesis by a CEP of strain HS-6 and also by CEPs of antigenically related strains suggested that dextransucrase activity is involved in ISG synthesis.