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Dunkelberger JR, Serão NVL, Niederwerder MC, Kerrigan MA, Lunney JK, Rowland RRR, Dekkers JCM. Effect of a major quantitative trait locus for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) resistance on response to coinfection with PRRS virus and porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b) in commercial pigs, with or without prior vaccination for PRRS. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:584-598. [PMID: 28380604 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A major QTL for host response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) infection was identified in a previous study. Single nucleotide polymorphism WUR10000125 (WUR), which is in complete linkage disequilibrium with the putative causative mutation, can be used as a tag SNP for the QTL. However, the effect of WUR following PRRS vaccination and/or coinfection with other pathogens is not known. Therefore, objectives of this study were to estimate the effect of WUR on host response following PRRS vaccination and coinfection of PRRSV with porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b), to estimate genetic parameters for host response to vaccination and coinfection, and to estimate the effect of previously identified candidate SNP under PRRSV-only or PCV2b-only infection on host response to coinfection. Data from 2 trials, comprising a total of 396 commercial crossbred nursery pigs from a single genetic source, were used for all analyses. Pigs were preselected based on WUR genotype: approximately half AA and half AB, where B is the favorable and dominant allele. At weaning, pigs were shipped to Kansas State University, where half of the pigs were vaccinated with a PRRS modified live virus vaccine. Four weeks later, all pigs were coinfected with field strains of PRRSV and PCV2b and followed for 42 d. Body weight and serum viremia measurements were collected following vaccination and coinfection to calculate ADG and viral load (VL), respectively. Average heritability estimates for PRRS VL, PCV2b VL, and ADG were 0.29, 0.09, and 0.40, respectively. After vaccination, AB pigs had lower vaccination VL ( = 0.03) and faster gain ( = 0.004) than AA pigs, as expected. After coinfection, AB pigs had lower PRRSV VL ( < 0.001) but did not significantly differ from AA pigs in growth rate ( = 0.86). For PCV2b VL, suggestive evidence of an interaction between vaccination and WUR genotype ( = 0.11) was detected, where AB pigs had significantly lower PCV2b VL when vaccinated ( = 0.007) but not when they were not vaccinated ( = 0.87). In addition to WUR, several PRRS-associated SNP and a PCV2b-associated SNP had significant effects on host response to coinfection. In conclusion, marker-assisted selection based on WUR genotype alone, or along with other candidate SNP for PRRSV and PCV2b infection, is a promising strategy to select for improved host response to not just PRRS but also coinfection of PRRSV with PCV2b and perhaps other pathogens.
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Hay EHA, Choi I, Xu L, Zhou Y, Rowland RRR, Lunney JK, Liu GE. CNV Analysis of Host Responses to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection. J Genomics 2017; 5:58-63. [PMID: 28611852 PMCID: PMC5457943 DOI: 10.7150/jgen.20358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a devastating disease with a significant impact on the swine industry causing major economic losses. The objective of this study is to examine copy number variations (CNVs) associated with the group-specific host responses to PRRS virus infection. We performed a genome-wide CNV analysis using 660 animals genotyped with on the porcine SNP60 BeadChip and discovered 7097 CNVs and 271 CNV regions (CNVRs). For this study, we used two established traits related to host response to the virus, i.e. viral load (VL, area under the curve of log-transformed serum viremia from 0 to 21 days post infection) and weight gain (WG42 from 0 to 42 days post infection). To investigate the effects of CNVs on differential host responses to PRRS, we compared groups of animals with extreme high and low estimated breeding values (EBVs) for both traits using a case-control study design. For VL, we identified 163 CNVRs (84 Mb) from the high group and 159 CNVRs (76 Mb) from the low group. For WG42, we detected 126 (68 Mb) and 156 (79 Mb) CNVRs for high and low groups, respectively. Based on gene annotation within group-specific CNVRs, we performed network analyses and observed some potential candidate genes. Our results revealed these group-specific genes are involved in regulating innate and acquired immune response pathways. Specifically, molecules like interferons and interleukins are closely related to host responses to PRRS virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Hamidi A Hay
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Igseo Choi
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC East, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Lingyang Xu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.,Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Robert R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Joan K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC East, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - George E Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
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Walker K, Hong L, Reecy JM, Fritz-Waters E, Dong Q, Rowland RRR, Ireland DD, Verthelyi D, Tuggle CK, Dekkers JC, Lunney JK. Probing host immune response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection using 3′RNAseq and NanoString arrays. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.226.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is economically the most important disease of pigs worldwide and, when combined with porcine circovirus (PCV2) coinfection, increases severity of disease. Our goal is to assess the role of host genetics in determining efficacy of PRRS vaccine responses and on resistance/susceptibility to coinfection challenge. We performed 3′RNA-seq and NanoString analyses to explore the blood transcriptome and identify mechanisms and biomarkers involved. We used a nursery pig model in which 50% of 200 pigs received a PRRS vaccination (Vx); after 28 days all were challenged with PRRSV and PCV2. Each pig was genotyped (80K SNP chip) and deeply phenotyped, including repeated blood sampling for viremia level (VL), and immune proteins, and weight gain (WG). Blood RNA was analyzed to identify differentially expressed (DE) genes associated with anti-viral response phenotypes. Previous work identified a PRRS resistance marker on swine chromosome 4 (SSC4) so, for these studies, samples from 7 sib sets (AA or AB for SSC4 marker; with/without Vx; 28 pigs total) were used for RNA preparation from Tempus tube-preserved blood samples collected following vaccination (4, 7, 11, 14, 21 days) and challenge (0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 21, 28 days). Samples were subjected to 3′RNA-seq and swine immune-focused, 220 gene NanoString codeset analyses. Data will be presented on DE gene expression, and particularly on immune related genes, that may contribute to controlling PRRS vaccination and PRRSV and PCV2 challenge responses. Further studies are aimed at identifying genes and biomarkers that regulate anti-viral response phenotypes. Funding: USDA ARS, USDA NIFA grant # 2013-68004-20362.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Walker
- 1USDA-ARS, BARC, APDL, Building 1040, Beltsville 20705, MD, USA
| | - Linjun Hong
- 1USDA-ARS, BARC, APDL, Building 1040, Beltsville 20705, MD, USA
| | - James M. Reecy
- 2Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames 50011, IA, USA
| | - Elyn Fritz-Waters
- 2Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames 50011, IA, USA
| | - Qian Dong
- 2Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames 50011, IA, USA
| | - Robert R. R. Rowland
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K-231 Mosier Hall, Manhattan 66506, KS, USA
| | - Derek D.C. Ireland
- 4Laboratory of Immunology, DBRRIII, OBP, CDER, FDA, Building 52, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- 4Laboratory of Immunology, DBRRIII, OBP, CDER, FDA, Building 52, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Christopher K. Tuggle
- 2Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames 50011, IA, USA
| | - Jack C.M. Dekkers
- 2Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames 50011, IA, USA
| | - Joan K. Lunney
- 1USDA-ARS, BARC, APDL, Building 1040, Beltsville 20705, MD, USA
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Waide EH, Tuggle CK, Serão NVL, Schroyen M, Hess A, Rowland RRR, Lunney JK, Plastow G, Dekkers JCM. Genomewide association of piglet responses to infection with one of two porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:16-38. [PMID: 28177360 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.0874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a devastating disease in the swine industry. Identification of host genetic factors that enable selection for improved performance during PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection would reduce the impact of this disease on animal welfare and production efficiency. We conducted genomewide association study (GWAS) analyses of data from 13 trials of approximately 200 commercial crossbred nursery-age piglets that were experimentally infected with 1 of 2 type 2 isolates of PRRSV (NVSL 97-7985 [NVSL] and KS2006-72109 [KS06]). Phenotypes analyzed were viral load (VL) in blood during the first 21 d after infection (dpi) and weight gain (WG) from 0 to 42 dpi. We accounted for the previously identified QTL in the region on SSC4 in our models to increase power to identify additional regions. Many regions identified by single-SNP analyses were not identified using Bayes-B, but both analyses identified the same regions on SSC3 and SSC5 to be associated with VL in the KS06 trials and on SSC6 in the NVSL trials ( < 5 × 10); for WG, regions on SSC5 and SSC17 were associated in the NVSL trials ( < 3 × 10). No regions were identified with either method for WG in the KS06 trials. Except for the region on SSC4, which was associated with VL for both isolates (but only with WG for NVSL), identified regions did not overlap between the 2 PRRSV isolate data sets, despite high estimates of the genetic correlation between isolates for traits based on these data. We also identified genomic regions whose associations with VL or WG interacted with either PRRSV isolate or with genotype at the SSC4 QTL. Gene ontology (GO) annotation terms for genes located near moderately associated SNP ( < 0.003) were enriched for multiple immunologically (VL) and metabolism- (WG) related GO terms. The biological relevance of these regions suggests that, although it may increase the number of false positives, the use of single-SNP analyses and a relaxed threshold also increased the identification of true positives. In conclusion, although only the SSC4 QTL was associated with response to both PRRSV isolates, genes near associated SNP were enriched for the same GO terms across PRRSV isolates, suggesting that host responses to these 2 isolates are affected by the actions of many genes that function together in similar biological processes.
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Kommadath A, Bao H, Choi I, Reecy JM, Koltes JE, Fritz-Waters E, Eisley CJ, Grant JR, Rowland RRR, Tuggle CK, Dekkers JCM, Lunney JK, Guan LL, Stothard P, Plastow GS. Genetic architecture of gene expression underlying variation in host response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46203. [PMID: 28393889 PMCID: PMC5385538 DOI: 10.1038/srep46203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that inter-individual variation in host response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has a heritable component, yet little is known about the underlying genetic architecture of gene expression in response to PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection. Here, we integrated genome-wide genotype, gene expression, viremia level, and weight gain data to identify genetic polymorphisms that are associated with variation in inter-individual gene expression and response to PRRSV infection in pigs. RNA-seq analysis of peripheral blood samples collected just prior to experimental challenge (day 0) and at 4, 7, 11 and 14 days post infection from 44 pigs revealed 6,430 differentially expressed genes at one or more time points post infection compared to the day 0 baseline. We mapped genetic polymorphisms that were associated with inter-individual differences in expression at each day and found evidence of cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) for 869 expressed genes (qval < 0.05). Associations between cis-eQTL markers and host response phenotypes using 383 pigs suggest that host genotype-dependent differences in expression of GBP5, GBP6, CCHCR1 and CMPK2 affect viremia levels or weight gain in response to PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kommadath
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5, AB, Canada
| | - Hua Bao
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5, AB, Canada
- Department of Research and Development, Geneseeq Technology Inc., Toronto M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | - Igseo Choi
- USDA-ARS, BARC, APDL, Building1040, Beltsville 20705, MD, USA
| | - James M. Reecy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames 50011, IA, USA
| | - James E. Koltes
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames 50011, IA, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, AFLS B106D, Fayetteville, AR, 72703, USA
| | - Elyn Fritz-Waters
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames 50011, IA, USA
| | - Chris J. Eisley
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames 50011, IA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, 1121 Snedecor Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jason R. Grant
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5, AB, Canada
| | - Robert R. R. Rowland
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K-231 Mosier Hall, Manhattan 66506, KS, USA
| | - Christopher K. Tuggle
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames 50011, IA, USA
| | - Jack C. M. Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames 50011, IA, USA
| | - Joan K. Lunney
- USDA-ARS, BARC, APDL, Building1040, Beltsville 20705, MD, USA
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5, AB, Canada
| | - Paul Stothard
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5, AB, Canada
| | - Graham S. Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5, AB, Canada
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Schroyen M, Eisley C, Koltes JE, Fritz-Waters E, Choi I, Plastow GS, Guan L, Stothard P, Bao H, Kommadath A, Reecy JM, Lunney JK, Rowland RRR, Dekkers JCM, Tuggle CK. Bioinformatic analyses in early host response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) reveals pathway differences between pigs with alternate genotypes for a major host response QTL. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:196. [PMID: 26951612 PMCID: PMC4782518 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A region on Sus scrofa chromosome 4 (SSC4) surrounding single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker WUR10000125 (WUR) has been reported to be strongly associated with both weight gain and serum viremia in pigs after infection with PRRS virus (PRRSV). A proposed causal mutation in the guanylate binding protein 5 gene (GBP5) is predicted to truncate the encoded protein. To investigate transcriptional differences between WUR genotypes in early host response to PRRSV infection, an RNA-seq experiment was performed on globin depleted whole blood RNA collected on 0, 4, 7, 10 and 14 days post-infection (dpi) from eight littermate pairs with one AB (favorable) and one AA (unfavorable) WUR genotype animal per litter. Results Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of transcripts that were differentially expressed (DE) between dpi across both genotypes revealed an inflammatory response for all dpi when compared to day 0. However, at the early time points of 4 and 7dpi, several GO terms had higher enrichment scores compared to later dpi, including inflammatory response (p < 10-7), specifically regulation of NFkappaB (p < 0.01), cytokine, and chemokine activity (p < 0.01). At 10 and 14dpi, GO term enrichment indicated a switch to DNA damage response, cell cycle checkpoints, and DNA replication. Few transcripts were DE between WUR genotypes on individual dpi or averaged over all dpi, and little enrichment of any GO term was found. However, there were differences in expression patterns over time between AA and AB animals, which was confirmed by genotype-specific expression patterns of several modules that were identified in weighted gene co-expression network analyses (WGCNA). Minor differences between AA and AB animals were observed in immune response and DNA damage response (p = 0.64 and p = 0.11, respectively), but a significant effect between genotypes pointed to a difference in ion transport/homeostasis and the participation of G-coupled protein receptors (p = 8e-4), which was reinforced by results from regulatory and phenotypic impact factor analyses between genotypes. Conclusion We propose these pathway differences between WUR genotypes are the result of the inability of the truncated GBP5 of the AA genotyped pigs to inhibit viral entry and replication as quickly as the intact GBP5 protein of the AB genotyped pigs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2547-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Schroyen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Christopher Eisley
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, 1121 Snedecor Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - James E Koltes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, AFLS B106D, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Eric Fritz-Waters
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Igseo Choi
- USDA-ARS, BARC, APDL, Bldg.1040, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Graham S Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Leluo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Paul Stothard
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Hua Bao
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Arun Kommadath
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - James M Reecy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Joan K Lunney
- USDA-ARS, BARC, APDL, Bldg.1040, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Robert R R Rowland
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K-231 Mosier Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Christopher K Tuggle
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Schroyen M, Steibel JP, Koltes JE, Choi I, Raney NE, Eisley C, Fritz-Waters E, Reecy JM, Dekkers JCM, Rowland RRR, Lunney JK, Ernst CW, Tuggle CK. Whole blood microarray analysis of pigs showing extreme phenotypes after a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:516. [PMID: 26159815 PMCID: PMC4496889 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of variability in the response of pigs to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSv) infection, and recent demonstration of significant genetic control of such responses, leads us to believe that selection towards more disease resistant pigs could be a valid strategy to reduce its economic impact on the swine industry. To find underlying molecular differences in PRRS susceptible versus more resistant pigs, 100 animals with extremely different growth rates and viremia levels after PRRSv infection were selected from a total of 600 infected pigs. A microarray experiment was conducted on whole blood RNA samples taken at 0, 4 and 7 days post infection (dpi) from these pigs. From these data, we examined associations of gene expression with weight gain and viral load phenotypes. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker WUR10000125 (WUR) on the porcine 60 K SNP chip was shown to be associated with viral load and weight gain after PRRSv infection, and so the effect of the WUR10000125 (WUR) genotype on expression in whole blood was also examined. Results Limited information was obtained through linear modeling of blood gene differential expression (DE) that contrasted pigs with extreme phenotypes, for growth or viral load or between animals with different WUR genotype. However, using network-based approaches, molecular pathway differences between extreme phenotypic classes could be identified. Several gene clusters of interest were found when Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) was applied to 4dpi contrasted with 0dpi data. The expression pattern of one such cluster of genes correlated with weight gain and WUR genotype, contained numerous immune response genes such as cytokines, chemokines, interferon type I stimulated genes, apoptotic genes and genes regulating complement activation. In addition, Partial Correlation and Information Theory (PCIT) identified differentially hubbed (DH) genes between the phenotypically divergent groups. GO enrichment revealed that the target genes of these DH genes are enriched in adaptive immune pathways. Conclusion There are molecular differences in blood RNA patterns between pigs with extreme phenotypes or with a different WUR genotype in early responses to PRRSv infection, though they can be quite subtle and more difficult to discover with conventional DE expression analyses. Co-expression analyses such as WGCNA and PCIT can be used to reveal network differences between such extreme response groups. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1741-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Schroyen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Juan P Steibel
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - James E Koltes
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Igseo Choi
- APDL, BARC, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA.
| | - Nancy E Raney
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | | | | | - James M Reecy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Robert R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
| | | | - Catherine W Ernst
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Rowland RRR, Morrison RB. Challenges and opportunities for the control and elimination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 59 Suppl 1:55-9. [PMID: 25471243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The control and elimination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) represent two of the most challenging tasks facing the pig industry worldwide. Several factors related to the biology of the virus make disease detection and elimination difficult. Efforts are further hampered by the lack of vaccines that can protect naïve herds from infection. With this in mind, elimination efforts are being initiated which incorporate existing tools and knowledge. A new approach extends herd control strategies to the level of a region. One example of success in PRRSV regional elimination is the Stevens County project in Minnesota.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Koltes JE, Fritz-Waters E, Eisley CJ, Choi I, Bao H, Kommadath A, Serão NVL, Boddicker NJ, Abrams SM, Schroyen M, Loyd H, Tuggle CK, Plastow GS, Guan L, Stothard P, Lunney JK, Liu P, Carpenter S, Rowland RRR, Dekkers JCM, Reecy JM. Identification of a putative quantitative trait nucleotide in guanylate binding protein 5 for host response to PRRS virus infection. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:412. [PMID: 26016888 PMCID: PMC4446061 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previously, we identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for host response to Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) with SNP rs80800372 on Sus scrofa chromosome 4 (SSC4). Results Within this QTL, guanylate binding protein 5 (GBP5) was differentially expressed (DE) (p < 0.05) in blood from AA versus AB rs80800372 genotyped pigs at 7,11, and 14 days post PRRSV infection. All variants within the GBP5 transcript in LD with rs80800372 exhibited allele specific expression (ASE) in AB individuals (p < 0.0001). A transcript re-assembly revealed three alternatively spliced transcripts for GBP5. An intronic SNP in GBP5, rs340943904, introduces a splice acceptor site that inserts five nucleotides into the transcript. Individuals homozygous for the unfavorable AA genotype predominantly produced this transcript, with a shifted reading frame and early stop codon that truncates the 88 C-terminal amino acids of the protein. RNA-seq analysis confirmed this SNP was associated with differential splicing by QTL genotype (p < 0.0001) and this was validated by quantitative capillary electrophoresis (p < 0.0001). The wild-type transcript was expressed at a higher level in AB versus AA individuals, whereas the five-nucleotide insertion transcript was the dominant form in AA individuals. Splicing and ASE results are consistent with the observed dominant nature of the favorable QTL allele. The rs340943904 SNP was also 100 % concordant with rs80800372 in a validation population that possessed an alternate form of the favorable B QTL haplotype. Conclusions GBP5 is known to play a role in inflammasome assembly during immune response. However, the role of GBP5 host genetic variation in viral immunity is novel. These findings demonstrate that rs340943904 is a strong candidate causal mutation for the SSC4 QTL that controls variation in host response to PRRSV. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1635-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Koltes
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Eric Fritz-Waters
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Chris J Eisley
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA. .,Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, 1121 Snedecor Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Igseo Choi
- USDA-ARS, BARC, APDL, Building1040, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Hua Bao
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Arun Kommadath
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Nick V L Serão
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | | | - Sam M Abrams
- USDA-ARS, BARC, APDL, Building1040, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Martine Schroyen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Hyelee Loyd
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Chris K Tuggle
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Graham S Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Leluo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Paul Stothard
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - Joan K Lunney
- USDA-ARS, BARC, APDL, Building1040, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, 1121 Snedecor Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Susan Carpenter
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Robert R R Rowland
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K-231 Mosier Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - James M Reecy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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10
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Ewen CL, Cino-Ozuna AG, He H, Kerrigan MA, Dekkers JCM, Tuggle CK, Rowland RRR, Wyatt CR. Analysis of blood leukocytes in a naturally occurring immunodeficiency of pigs shows the defect is localized to B and T cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 162:174-9. [PMID: 25454085 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is the result of a set of inherited genetic defects which render components of the immune response nonfunctional. In Arabian horses, Jack Russell terriers, and mice, the disorder is a consequence of the absence of T and B lymphocytes, while natural killer (NK) cell and other leukocyte populations remain intact. Preliminary analysis of a naturally acquired form of inherited SCID in a line of pigs showed several defects in the architecture and composition of secondary lymphoid organs. In this study, a quantitative assessment of lymphocyte populations in affected and normal littermates showed depleted T or B lymphocyte populations in affected pigs; however, NK cells and neutrophils were present in numbers comparable to unaffected littermates. The results indicate that the immune defect in pigs shares the same features as other SCID-affected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Ewen
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - A G Cino-Ozuna
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - H He
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - M A Kerrigan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - J C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - C K Tuggle
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - R R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - C R Wyatt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
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11
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Boddicker NJ, Garrick DJ, Rowland RRR, Lunney JK, Reecy JM, Dekkers JCM. Validation and further characterization of a major quantitative trait locus associated with host response to experimental infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Anim Genet 2013; 45:48-58. [PMID: 23914972 DOI: 10.1111/age.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are costly to the swine industry; porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is the most devastating. In earlier work, a quantitative trait locus associated with resistance/susceptibility to PRRS virus was identified on Sus scrofa chromosome 4 using approximately 560 experimentally infected animals from a commercial cross. The favorable genotype was associated with decreased virus load and increased weight gain (WG). The objective here was to validate and further characterize the association of the chromosome 4 region with PRRS resistance using data from two unrelated commercial crossbred populations. The validation populations consisted of two trials each of approximately 200 pigs sourced from different breeding companies that were infected with PRRS virus and followed for 42 days post-infection. Across all five trials, heritability estimates were 0.39 and 0.34 for viral load (VL; area under the curve of log-transformed viremia from 0 to 21 days post-infection) and WG to 42 days post-infection respectively. Effect estimates of SNP WUR10000125 in the chromosome 4 region were in the same directions and of similar magnitudes in the two new trials as had been observed in the first three trials. Across all five trials, the 1-Mb region on chromosome 4 explained 15 percent of genetic variance for VL and 11 percent for WG. The effect of the favorable minor allele at SNP WUR10000125 was dominant. Ordered genotypes for SNP WUR10000125 showed that the effect was present irrespective of whether the favorable allele was paternally or maternally inherited. These results demonstrate that selection for host response to PRRS virus infection could reduce the economic impact of PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Boddicker
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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12
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Basel MT, Balivada S, Beck AP, Kerrigan MA, Pyle MM, Dekkers JCM, Wyatt CR, Rowland RRR, Anderson DE, Bossmann SH, Troyer DL. Human xenografts are not rejected in a naturally occurring immunodeficient porcine line: a human tumor model in pigs. Biores Open Access 2013; 1:63-8. [PMID: 23514746 PMCID: PMC3559234 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.9902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models for cancer therapy are invaluable for preclinical testing of potential cancer treatments; however, therapies tested in such models often fail to translate into clinical settings. Therefore, a better preclinical model for cancer treatment testing is needed. Here we demonstrate that an immunodeficient line of pigs can host and support the growth of xenografted human tumors and has the potential to be an effective animal model for cancer therapy. Wild-type and immunodeficient pigs were injected subcutaneously in the left ear with human melanoma cells (A375SM cells) and in the right ear with human pancreatic carcinoma cells (PANC-1). All immunodeficient pigs developed tumors that were verified by histology and immunohistochemistry. Nonaffected littermates did not develop tumors. Immunodeficient pigs, which do not reject xenografted human tumors, have the potential to become an extremely useful animal model for cancer therapy because of their similarity in size, anatomy, and physiology to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Basel
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
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13
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Arceo ME, Ernst CW, Lunney JK, Choi I, Raney NE, Huang T, Tuggle CK, Rowland RRR, Steibel JP. Characterizing differential individual response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection through statistical and functional analysis of gene expression. Front Genet 2013; 3:321. [PMID: 23335940 PMCID: PMC3546301 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated differences in gene expression in pigs from the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Host Genetics Consortium initiative showing a range of responses to PRRS virus infection. Pigs were allocated into four phenotypic groups according to their serum viral level and weight gain. RNA obtained from blood at 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 28, and 42 days post-infection (DPI) was hybridized to the 70-mer 20K Pigoligoarray. We used a blocked reference design for the microarray experiment. This allowed us to account for individual biological variation in gene expression, and to assess baseline effects before infection (0 DPI). Additionally, this design has the flexibility of incorporating future data for differential expression analysis. We focused on evaluating transcripts showing significant interaction of weight gain and serum viral level. We identified 491 significant comparisons [false discovery rate (FDR) = 10%] across all DPI and phenotypic groups. We corroborated the overall trend in direction and level of expression (measured as fold change) at 4 DPI using qPCR (r = 0.91, p ≤ 0.0007). At 4 and 7 DPI, network and functional analyses were performed to assess if immune related gene sets were enriched for genes differentially expressed (DE) across four phenotypic groups. We identified cell death function as being significantly associated (FDR ≤ 5%) with several networks enriched for DE transcripts. We found the genes interferon-alpha 1(IFNA1), major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 1 (SLA-DQA1), and major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR alpha (SLA-DRA) to be DE (p ≤ 0.05) between phenotypic groups. Finally, we performed a power analysis to estimate sample size and sampling time-points for future experiments. We concluded the best scenario for investigation of early response to PRRSV infection consists of sampling at 0, 4, and 7 DPI using about 30 pigs per phenotypic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Arceo
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
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14
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Endale Ahanda ML, Fritz ER, Estellé J, Hu ZL, Madsen O, Groenen MAM, Beraldi D, Kapetanovic R, Hume DA, Rowland RRR, Lunney JK, Rogel-Gaillard C, Reecy JM, Giuffra E. Prediction of altered 3'- UTR miRNA-binding sites from RNA-Seq data: the swine leukocyte antigen complex (SLA) as a model region. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48607. [PMID: 23139801 PMCID: PMC3490867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
THE SLA (swine leukocyte antigen, MHC: SLA) genes are the most important determinants of immune, infectious disease and vaccine response in pigs; several genetic associations with immunity and swine production traits have been reported. However, most of the current knowledge on SLA is limited to gene coding regions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of a large number of protein-coding genes in metazoans, and are suggested to play important roles in fine-tuning immune mechanisms and disease responses. Polymorphisms in either miRNAs or their gene targets may have a significant impact on gene expression by abolishing, weakening or creating miRNA target sites, possibly leading to phenotypic variation. We explored the impact of variants in the 3'-UTR miRNA target sites of genes within the whole SLA region. The combined predictions by TargetScan, PACMIT and TargetSpy, based on different biological parameters, empowered the identification of miRNA target sites and the discovery of polymorphic miRNA target sites (poly-miRTSs). Predictions for three SLA genes characterized by a different range of sequence variation provided proof of principle for the analysis of poly-miRTSs from a total of 144 M RNA-Seq reads collected from different porcine tissues. Twenty-four novel SNPs were predicted to affect miRNA-binding sites in 19 genes of the SLA region. Seven of these genes (SLA-1, SLA-6, SLA-DQA, SLA-DQB1, SLA-DOA, SLA-DOB and TAP1) are linked to antigen processing and presentation functions, which is reminiscent of associations with disease traits reported for altered miRNA binding to MHC genes in humans. An inverse correlation in expression levels was demonstrated between miRNAs and co-expressed SLA targets by exploiting a published dataset (RNA-Seq and small RNA-Seq) of three porcine tissues. Our results support the resource value of RNA-Seq collections to identify SNPs that may lead to altered miRNA regulation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Endale Ahanda
- INRA, UMR 1313 de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- CEA, DSV, IRCM, SREIT, Laboratoire de Radiobiologie et Etude du Génome, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, Laboratoire de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eric R. Fritz
- Department of Animal Science and Center for Integrated Animal Genomics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jordi Estellé
- INRA, UMR 1313 de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- CEA, DSV, IRCM, SREIT, Laboratoire de Radiobiologie et Etude du Génome, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, Laboratoire de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Zhi-Liang Hu
- Department of Animal Science and Center for Integrated Animal Genomics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ole Madsen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martien A. M. Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dario Beraldi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Ronan Kapetanovic
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Robert R. R. Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Joan K. Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Claire Rogel-Gaillard
- INRA, UMR 1313 de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- CEA, DSV, IRCM, SREIT, Laboratoire de Radiobiologie et Etude du Génome, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, Laboratoire de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - James M. Reecy
- Department of Animal Science and Center for Integrated Animal Genomics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Elisabetta Giuffra
- INRA, UMR 1313 de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- CEA, DSV, IRCM, SREIT, Laboratoire de Radiobiologie et Etude du Génome, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, Laboratoire de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ozuna AGC, Rowland RRR, Nietfeld JC, Kerrigan MA, Dekkers JCM, Wyatt CR. Preliminary findings of a previously unrecognized porcine primary immunodeficiency disorder. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:144-6. [PMID: 22903400 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812457790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Weaned pigs from a line bred for increased feed efficiency were enrolled in a study of the role of host genes in the response to infection with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV). Four of the pigs were euthanatized early in the study due to weight loss with illness and poor body condition; 2 pigs before PRRSV infection and the other 2 pigs approximately 2 weeks after virus inoculation. The 2 inoculated pigs failed to produce PRRSV-specific antibodies. Gross findings included pneumonia, absence of a detectable thymus, and small secondary lymphoid tissues. Histologically, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and Peyer's patches were sparsely cellular with decreased to absent T and B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Cino Ozuna
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5606, USA
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16
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Balivada S, Basel MT, Pyle M, Beck AP, Cino-Ozuna AG, Kerrigan MA, Hill JL, Wyatt CR, Rowland RRR, Troyer DL. Abstract LB-116: Immunodeficient pigs as a large animal model for human tumors. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-lb-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Currently, SCID mice are the major biomedical model for the study of human cancer and other diseases; however, they can be a poor model because there is a large discrepancy in body size and physiology between rodents and humans. Since most new anticancer drugs are first evaluated in rodents, most fail in phase I and phase II clinical trials. Thus, there is a tremendous demand for more sophisticated animal models, which may improve the translation efficiency from preclinical to clinical studies. We recently identified pigs that are severely immunocompromised. Here we tested these pigs as a model for human tumors. Three immunodeficient (ID) pigs and three normal (WT) pigs, six weeks of age, were tested for their ability to allow xenotransplanted human tumors to grow. Each pig was transplanted with 4 million A375 human malignant melanoma cells subcutaneously into the left ear and 4 million PANC-1 human pancreatic carcinoma cells subcutaneously into the right ear on day 0. The ID pigs were euthanized 6, 14, or 23 days after cell transplantation, based on their health condition. Palpable melanoma tumors were identified on day 13 after cell transplantation in the two remaining ID pigs. After euthanasia, full necropsy was performed on all pigs; tissues were collected from ears and other organs for histopathological analysis. Melanoma and pancreatic tumor xenotransplants were identified histologically in all three ID pigs. The presence of human cancer cells in these pigs was further verified with anti-human mitochondrial immunohistochemistry. No transplanted tumors were found, grossly, histologically, or immunohistochemically, in the WT pigs. We propose that this genetic line of ID pigs may prove to be a useful large animal model for human tumors.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-116. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-116
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17
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Boddicker N, Waide EH, Rowland RRR, Lunney JK, Garrick DJ, Reecy JM, Dekkers JCM. Evidence for a major QTL associated with host response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus challenge. J Anim Sci 2011; 90:1733-46. [PMID: 22205662 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) causes decreased reproductive performance in breeding animals and increased respiratory problems in growing animals, which result in significant economic losses in the swine industry. Vaccination has generally not been effective in the prevention of PRRS, partially because of the rapid mutation rate and evolution of the virus. The objective of the current study was to discover the genetic basis of host resistance or susceptibility to the PRRS virus through a genome-wide association study using data from the PRRS Host Genetics Consortium PRRS-CAP project. Three groups of approximately 190 commercial crossbred pigs from 1 breeding company were infected with PRRS virus between 18 and 28 d of age. Blood samples and BW were collected up to 42 d post infection (DPI). Pigs were genotyped with the Illumina Porcine 60k Beadchip. Whole-genome analysis focused on viremia at each day blood was collected and BW gains from 0 to 21 DPI (WG21) or 42 DPI (WG42). Viral load (VL) was quantified as area under the curve from 0 to 21 DPI. Heritabilities for WG42 and VL were moderate at 0.30 and litter accounted for an additional 14% of phenotypic variation. Genomic regions associated with VL were found on chromosomes 4 and X and on 1, 4, 7, and 17 for WG42. The 1-Mb region identified on chromosome 4 influenced both WG and VL, exhibited strong linkage disequilibrium, and explained 15.7% of the genetic variance for VL and 11.2% for WG42. Despite a genetic correlation of -0.46 between VL and WG42, genomic EBV for this region were favorably and nearly perfectly correlated. The favorable allele for the most significant SNP in this region had a frequency of 0.16 and estimated allele substitution effects were significant (P < 0.01) for each group when the SNP was fitted as a fixed covariate in a model that included random polygenic effects with overall estimates of -4.1 units for VL (phenotypic SD = 6.9) and 2.0 kg (phenotypic SD = 3 kg) for WG42. Candidate genes in this region on SSC4 include the interferon induced guanylate-binding protein gene family. In conclusion, host response to experimental PRRS virus challenge has a strong genetic component, and a QTL on chromosome 4 explains a substantial proportion of the genetic variance in the studied population. These results could have a major impact in the swine industry by enabling marker-assisted selection to reduce the impact of PRRS but need to be validated in additional populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Boddicker
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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18
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Ho CS, Lunney JK, Lee JH, Franzo-Romain MH, Martens GW, Rowland RRR, Smith DM. Molecular characterization of swine leucocyte antigen class II genes in outbred pig populations. Anim Genet 2010; 41:428-32. [PMID: 20121817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The highly polymorphic swine leucocyte antigen (SLA) genes are among the most important determinants of swine immune responses to disease and vaccines. Accurate and effective SLA genotyping methods are required to understand how SLA gene polymorphisms affect immunity, especially in outbred pigs with diverse genetic backgrounds. In this study, we present a simple and rapid molecular-based typing system for characterizing SLA class II alleles of the DRB1, DQB1 and DQA loci. This system utilizes a set of 47 sequence-specific PCR primers developed to differentiate alleles by groups that share similar sequence motifs. We applied this typing method to investigate the SLA class II diversity in four populations of outbred pigs (n = 206) and characterized a total of 19 SLA class II haplotypes, six of which were shared by at least three of the sampled pig populations. We found that Lr-0.1 (DRB1*01XX-DQB1*01XX-DQA*01XX) was the most prevalent haplotype with a combined frequency of 16.0%, followed by Lr-0.2 (DRB1*02XX-DQB1*02XX-DQA*02XX) with 14.6% and Lr-0.15b (DRB1*04XX-DQB1*0202-DQA*02XX) with 14.1%. Over 70% of the pigs (n = 147) had at least one copy of one of these three haplotypes. The PCR-based typing system described in this study demonstrates a reliable and unambiguous detection method for SLA class II alleles. It will be a valuable tool for studying the influence of SLA diversity on various immunological, pathological and physiological traits in outbred pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-S Ho
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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19
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Ho CS, Lunney JK, Franzo-Romain MH, Martens GW, Lee YJ, Lee JH, Wysocki M, Rowland RRR, Smith DM. Molecular characterization of swine leucocyte antigen class I genes in outbred pig populations. Anim Genet 2009; 40:468-78. [PMID: 19392823 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The highly polymorphic swine leucocyte antigen (SLA) genes are one of the most important determinants in swine immune responses to infectious diseases, vaccines, and in transplantation success. Study of SLA influence requires accurate and effective typing methods. We developed a simple and rapid method to type alleles at the three classical SLA class I loci (SLA-1, SLA-3 and SLA-2) using the PCR-sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) strategy. This typing system relies on 47 discriminatory PCR primer pairs designed to amplify the SLA class I alleles by groups that have similar sequence motifs. We applied this low-resolution group-specific typing method to characterize the SLA class I alleles present in three outbred pig populations (n = 202). Alleles from 24 class I allele groups corresponding to 56 class I genotypes were detected. We also identified 23 low-resolution SLA class I haplotypes in these pigs and found haplotypes Lr-1.0 (SLA-1*01XX-SLA-3*01XX-SLA-2*01XX) and Lr-4.0 (SLA-1*04XX-SLA-3*04XX-SLA-2*04XX) in all three pig populations with a high prevalence. Over 80% of the pigs examined (n = 162) were found to bear at least one of these haplotypes, resulting in a combined haplotype frequency of nearly 50%. This PCR-SSP-based typing system demonstrates a reliable and unambiguous detection of SLA class I alleles, and can be used to effectively investigate the SLA diversity in outbred pig populations. It will help to identify the role of SLA antigens in disease-resistant pigs and may facilitate the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-S Ho
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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20
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Molina RM, Nelson EA, Christopher-Hennings J, Hesse R, Rowland RRR, Zimmerman JJ. Evaluation of the risk of PRRSV transmission via ingestion of muscle from persistently infected pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2008; 56:1-8. [PMID: 18771459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this experiment were to determine how long porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) could be detected in muscle tissues of experimentally infected pigs and to evaluate the transmissibility of PRRSV to pigs via ingestion of quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)-positive muscle tissues. Serum, lymphoid tissues, and muscle (M. longissimus dorsi) samples were collected from 135 pigs (89 PRRSV-inoculated pigs and 46 negative control). Between 28 and 202 days post-inoculation, 13 of 89 (14.6%) muscle samples were positive by qRT-PCR. Among these 13, PRRSV was isolated from four of the 13 corresponding serum samples and three of 13 lymphoid tissue samples. In addition, infectious virus was detected in lymphoid tissue homogenates of six of 13 pigs by intramuscular bioassay. Swine transmissibility studies were performed by feeding thirteen 3-week-old PRRSV-naive pigs (recipient pigs) qRT-PCR-positive muscle and then monitoring recipients for evidence of PRRSV viremia by qRT-PCR. No transmission of PRRSV to recipient pigs via consumption of muscle samples was observed. These data suggested that qRT-PCR detected non-infectious PRRSV in pig meat and/or PRRSV is not highly transmissible to susceptible pigs via consumption of PRRSV-contaminated meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Molina
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 1250 , USA
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Molina RM, Cha SH, Chittick W, Lawson S, Murtaugh MP, Nelson EA, Christopher-Hennings J, Yoon KJ, Evans R, Rowland RRR, Wu WH, Zimmerman JJ. Immune response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus during acute and chronic infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 126:283-92. [PMID: 18835044 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A significant obstacle to the prevention and control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the inability of current diagnostic tests to provide information concerning the stage of PRRSV infection. To explore possible prognostic combinations of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, 3-week-old pigs (n=10) were intramuscularly (IM) inoculated with PRRSV isolate VR-2332 and followed for 193 days post-inoculation (DPI). Negative control pigs (n=10) were IM inoculated with minimum essential medium (MEM). At approximately 2-week intervals, blood samples were collected from all animals and tested for the number of interferon (IFN)-gamma-secreting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot, Elispot), PRRSV viremia (quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, qRT-PCR), and serum antibodies using PRRSV protein ELISAs (N, GP5 3', GP5 5', M 5', M 3', GP5-M, and nsp2p) and a commercial PRRSV ELISA (IDEXX Laboratories Inc.). All pigs were viremic by 7 days post-inoculation, with 50% of the pigs resolving viremia by 56 DPI. A PRRSV-specific IFN-gamma response was detected at DPI 28, reached a plateau at 42 DPI, declined slightly, and remained relatively stable from 56 to 193 DPI. On the basis of ROC area under the curve (AUC) analysis, the ELISAs that most reliably differentiated PRRSV-inoculated pigs from negative control pigs were the commercial ELISA (AUC=0.97), the N ELISA (AUC=0.96), and the M 3' ELISA (AUC=0.93). Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between the immune response and the duration and level of viremia. With all antibody assays and Elispot included in the models, the analysis determined that the serum-virus neutralizing antibody response was the best predictor of both level and duration of viremia. It was concluded that humoral antibody responses, particularly the commercial ELISA, N ELISA, and M 3' ELISA were good predictors of prior exposure to PRRSV, but provided little information regarding the ontogeny of the protective immune response. Likewise, cell-mediated immunity based on the number of IFN-gamma-secreting lymphocytes was a poor prognosticator of PRRSV infection status.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Molina
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, United States
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Fang Y, Schneider P, Zhang WP, Faaberg KS, Nelson EA, Rowland RRR. Diversity and evolution of a newly emerged North American Type 1 porcine arterivirus: analysis of isolates collected between 1999 and 2004. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1009-17. [PMID: 17323198 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-0936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
European-like Type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates, known as North American (NA) Type 1 PRRSV, appeared in United States (U.S.) swine herds in 1999. Their diversity and evolution were studied over a five-year period by constructing phylogenetic trees using nsp2 and ORF5 sequences of 20 NA Type 1 isolates, including the only known isolate from Hawaii. All but two of the isolates possessed the same 51-nt deletion in nsp2, suggesting a clonal origin. Parsimony and distance analysis showed that viruses could be placed into two distinct sub-clades, which were similar for both nsp2 and ORF5. An incongruity between the two trees identified one isolate, 04-41, as the product of recombination. Recombination analysis using SimPlot identified a break point located downstream of the nsp2/3 junction. Results from this study suggest that NA Type 1 PRRSV in the U.S. is a well-established and rapidly evolving group. However, the forces driving genetic diversity and separation are complex and remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Vaccinology, Department of Veterinary Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
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Plagemann PGW, Rowland RRR, Faaberg KS. The primary neutralization epitope of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus strain VR-2332 is located in the middle of the GP5 ectodomain. Arch Virol 2002; 147:2327-47. [PMID: 12491101 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-002-0887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pigs infected with porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) strain VR-2332 were found to generate high levels of antibodies (Abs) that bound in an indirect ELISA to synthetic peptides representing segments of the primary envelope glycoprotein (GP5) ectodomain of this virus. Use of overlapping GP5 ectodomain peptides of various length indicated that the epitope recognized by the Abs was located in the middle of the ectodomain (amino acids 36-52), in the same relative segment that contains the single linear neutralization epitope of the closely related mouse arterivirus, lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV). The VR-2332 GP5 segment exhibits 77% amino acid homology with the corresponding GP5 ectodomain segments of both the European PRRSV strain Lelystad virus (LV) and LDV. This explains some observed crossreaction between the pig Abs and neutralizing anti-LDV monoclonal Abs with peptides representing the GP5 ectodomains of VR-2332, LV and LDV. The GP5 binding Abs of pigs seem to be the primary PRRSV neutralizing Abs, since the well timed appearance in sera of all VR-2332 infected pigs of GP5 peptide binding Abs correlated 100% with the appearance of neutralizing Abs and earlier studies indicated that GP5 of PRRSV, like that of other arteriviruses, contains the main neutralization epitope of PRRSV. In addition, one neutralizing anti-LDV monoclonal Ab that is specific for the GP5 ectodomain epitope of LDV also strongly neutralized both PRRSV strains, VR-2332 and LV. The PRRSV GP5 epitope is associated with an N-glycan that is conserved in both PRRSV genotypes and all LDV isolates. This N-glycan may impede the humoral immune control of PRRSV in infected pigs and might be responsible for the low immunogenicity of PRRSV when injected into mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G W Plagemann
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA.
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