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Oranje P, Gouka R, Burggraaff L, Vermeer M, Chalet C, Duchateau G, van der Pijl P, Geldof M, de Roo N, Clauwaert F, Vanpaeschen T, Nicolaï J, de Bruyn T, Annaert P, IJzerman AP, van Westen GJP. Novel natural and synthetic inhibitors of solute carriers SGLT1 and SGLT2. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00504. [PMID: 31384471 PMCID: PMC6664820 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective analogs of the natural glycoside phloridzin are marketed drugs that reduce hyperglycemia in diabetes by inhibiting the active sodium glucose cotransporter SGLT2 in the kidneys. In addition, intestinal SGLT1 is now recognized as a target for glycemic control. To expand available type 2 diabetes remedies, we aimed to find novel SGLT1 inhibitors beyond the chemical space of glycosides. We screened a bioactive compound library for SGLT1 inhibitors and tested primary hits and additional structurally similar molecules on SGLT1 and SGLT2 (SGLT1/2). Novel SGLT1/2 inhibitors were discovered in separate chemical clusters of natural and synthetic compounds. These have IC50-values in the 10-100 μmol/L range. The most potent identified novel inhibitors from different chemical clusters are (SGLT1-IC50 Mean ± SD, SGLT2-IC50 Mean ± SD): (+)-pteryxin (12 ± 2 μmol/L, 9 ± 4 μmol/L), (+)-ε-viniferin (58 ± 18 μmol/L, 110 μmol/L), quinidine (62 μmol/L, 56 μmol/L), cloperastine (9 ± 3 μmol/L, 9 ± 7 μmol/L), bepridil (10 ± 5 μmol/L, 14 ± 12 μmol/L), trihexyphenidyl (12 ± 1 μmol/L, 20 ± 13 μmol/L) and bupivacaine (23 ± 14 μmol/L, 43 ± 29 μmol/L). The discovered natural inhibitors may be further investigated as new potential (prophylactic) agents for controlling dietary glucose uptake. The new diverse structure activity data can provide a starting point for the optimization of novel SGLT1/2 inhibitors and support the development of virtual SGLT1/2 inhibitor screening models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Oranje
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | - Robin Gouka
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | - Lindsey Burggraaff
- Division of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Mario Vermeer
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | - Clément Chalet
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | - Guus Duchateau
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Marian Geldof
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | - Niels de Roo
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | - Fenja Clauwaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Toon Vanpaeschen
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Johan Nicolaï
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Tom de Bruyn
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. P. van Westen
- Division of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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Burggraaff L, Oranje P, Gouka R, van der Pijl P, Geldof M, van Vlijmen HWT, IJzerman AP, van Westen GJP. Identification of novel small molecule inhibitors for solute carrier SGLT1 using proteochemometric modeling. J Cheminform 2019; 11:15. [PMID: 30767155 PMCID: PMC6689890 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-019-0337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1) is a solute carrier responsible for active glucose absorption. SGLT1 is present in both the renal tubules and small intestine. In contrast, the closely related sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2), a protein that is targeted in the treatment of diabetes type II, is only expressed in the renal tubules. Although dual inhibitors for both SGLT1 and SGLT2 have been developed, no drugs on the market are targeted at decreasing dietary glucose uptake by SGLT1 in the gastrointestinal tract. Here we aim at identifying SGLT1 inhibitors in silico by applying a machine learning approach that does not require structural information, which is absent for SGLT1. We applied proteochemometrics by implementation of compound- and protein-based information into random forest models. We obtained a predictive model with a sensitivity of 0.64 ± 0.06, specificity of 0.93 ± 0.01, positive predictive value of 0.47 ± 0.07, negative predictive value of 0.96 ± 0.01, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.49 ± 0.05. Subsequent to model training, we applied our model in virtual screening to identify novel SGLT1 inhibitors. Of the 77 tested compounds, 30 were experimentally confirmed for SGLT1-inhibiting activity in vitro, leading to a hit rate of 39% with activities in the low micromolar range. Moreover, the hit compounds included novel molecules, which is reflected by the low similarity of these compounds with the training set (< 0.3). Conclusively, proteochemometric modeling of SGLT1 is a viable strategy for identifying active small molecules. Therefore, this method may also be applied in detection of novel small molecules for other transporter proteins.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Burggraaff
- Division of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Oranje
- Unilever Research & Development, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Gouka
- Unilever Research & Development, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter van der Pijl
- Unilever Research & Development, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Geldof
- Unilever Research & Development, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Herman W T van Vlijmen
- Division of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J P van Westen
- Division of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Peters HP, Koppenol W, Schuring EA, Gouka R, Mela DJ, Blom WA. The effect of two weeks ingestion of a bitter tastant mixture on energy intake in overweight females. Appetite 2016; 107:268-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Le Nevé B, Foltz M, Daniel H, Gouka R. The steroid glycoside H.g.-12 from Hoodia gordonii activates the human bitter receptor TAS2R14 and induces CCK release from HuTu-80 cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G1368-75. [PMID: 20930049 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00135.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Steroid glycosides extracted from the succulent plant Hoodia gordonii are suggested to have appetite-suppressant effects both in animals and humans. Yet, the mechanisms underlying the putative satiety action of Hoodia steroid glycosides are not fully understood. We found that H.g.-12, a steroid glycoside purified from H. gordonii extract, initiated cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion both ex vivo in rat intestine and in vitro in the human enteroendocrine (EC) cell line HuTu-80. CCK is known to exert central effects on appetite suppression via the vagus nerve which afferents terminate in the gut wall. Recent data show that G protein-coupled receptors signaling bitter taste (T2Rs) are expressed in both rodent and human gastrointestinal tract. It was further demonstrated that bitter sensing is functional in mouse STC-1 EC cells and leads to CCK secretion via increased intracellular Ca²(+) concentrations. Based on the bitter taste of H. gordonii purified extracts, we assessed whether H.g.-12 could activate human bitter receptors. The steroid glycoside activated selectively TAS2R7 and TAS2R14, both heterologously expressed in HEK 293 cells. Removing an essential structural feature from the steroid glycoside inhibited H.g.-12-induced Ca²(+) increase in TAS2R14-expressing HEK cells and abolished H.g.-12-induced CCK secretion from human EC cells. Similarly, a nonspecific bitter receptor antagonist abolished H.g.-12-induced CCK secretion in HuTu-80 cells. These results point to a potential route of action by which components of Hoodia might influence appetite control. Our data also provide additional evidence that bitter taste-sensing mechanisms are coupled to hormone release from EC cells in the intestine. Moreover, we identified a natural agonist of TAS2R7 and TAS2R14 for further studies on the role of bitter receptors in satiety control and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Le Nevé
- Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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von Buchholtz L, Elischer A, Tareilus E, Gouka R, Kaiser C, Breer H, Conzelmann S. RGS21 is a novel regulator of G protein signalling selectively expressed in subpopulations of taste bud cells. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:1535-44. [PMID: 15066150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abstract G-protein-mediated signalling processes are involved in sweet and bitter taste transduction. In particular, the G protein alpha-subunit gustducin has been implicated in these processes. One of the limiting factors for the time-course of cellular responses induced by tastants is therefore the intrinsic GTPase activity of alpha-gustducin, which determines the lifetime of the active G protein complex. In several signalling systems specific 'regulator of G protein signalling' (RGS) proteins accelerate the GTPase activity of G protein alpha-subunits. Using differential screening approaches, we have identified a novel RGS protein termed RGS21, which represents the smallest known member of this protein family. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization experiments demonstrated that RGS21 is expressed selectively in taste tissue where it is found in a subpopulation of sensory cells. Furthermore, it is coexpressed in individual taste cells with bitter and sweet transduction components including alpha-gustducin, phospholipase Cbeta2, T1R2/T1R3 sweet taste receptors and T2R bitter taste receptors. In vitro binding assays demonstrate that RGS21 binds alpha-gustducin in a conformation-dependent manner and has the potential to interact with the same Galpha subtypes as T1R receptors. These results suggest that RGS21 could play a regulatory role in bitter as well as sweet taste transduction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars von Buchholtz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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