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Barata R, Fila M, Dalla-Vale F, Bogarin R, Nunes P, Ramalho J, Rueff J, Calado J. Performance of the ACMG-AMP criteria in a large familial renal glucosuria cohort with identified SLC5A2 sequence variants. Clin Genet 2023; 104:582-586. [PMID: 37349938 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Familial Renal Glucosuria (FRG) is a co-dominantly inherited trait characterized by orthoglycaemic glucosuria. From 2003 to 2015 we have reported several cohorts validating SLC5A2 (16p11.2), encoding SGLT2 (Na+/glucose cotransporter family member 2), as the gene responsible for FRG. The aim of this work was to validate the variants identified in our extended FRG cohort of published, as well more recent unreported cases, according to the ACMG-AMP 2015 criteria. Forty-six variants were evaluated, including 16 novel alleles first described in this study. All are rare, ultra-rare or absent from population databases and most are missense changes. According to the ACMG-AMP standards, only 74% of the variants were classified as P/LP. The lack of descriptions of unrelated patients with similar variants or failing to test additional affected family members, averted a conclusion for pathogenicity in the alleles that scored VUS, highlighting the importance of both family testing and variant reporting. Finally, the cryo-EM structure of the hSGLT2-MAP17 complex in the empagliflozin-bound state improved the ACMG-AMP pathogenicity score by identifying critical/functional protein domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Barata
- Department of Nephrology, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marc Fila
- IGF UMR5203 CNRS INSERM U1191, Montpellier, France
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabienne Dalla-Vale
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Roberto Bogarin
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional de Ninos, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Paula Nunes
- Department of Pediatrics, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Ramalho
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Rueff
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Calado
- Department of Nephrology, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Subbiah U, Ajith A, Venkata Subbiah H. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation of Orthosiphon stamineus against SGLT1 and SGLT2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:13663-13678. [PMID: 36995112 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2193984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Orthosiphon stamineus Benth a traditional medicine used in the treatment of diabetes and kidney diseases. Sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT1 and SGLT2) inhibitors are the novel group of drugs used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study 20 phytochemical compounds from Orthosiphon stamineus Benth were obtained from 3 databases viz Dr.Duke's phytochemical, Ethno botanical database and IMPPAT. They were subjected to physiochemical, drug likeliness, and ADMET and toxicity predictions. Homology modeling and molecular docking against SGLT1 and SGLT2 were performed and the stability of the selected drug molecule was validated by molecular dynamic (MD) simulation for 200 ns. Among the 20 compounds, 14-Dexo-14-O-acetylorthosiphol Y alone showed higher binding affinity with SGLT1 and SGLT2 protein with the binding energy of -9.6 and -11.4 Kcal/mol respectively and had highest affinity towards SGLT2 inhibitor. This compound also satisfied Lipinski rule of 5 and had a good ADMET profile. The compound is non-toxic to marine organisms and to normal cell lines and non-mutagenic. The RMSD value attained equilibrium at 150 ns with the stability around 4.8 Å and no significant deviation was reported from 160 to 200 ns for SGLT2. Our study suggests that 14-Dexo-14-O-acetylorthosiphol Y showed promising results against the SGLT2 and could be considered as a potent anti-diabetic drug.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Subbiah
- Human Genetics Research Centre, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Athira Ajith
- Human Genetics Research Centre, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harini Venkata Subbiah
- Human Genetics Research Centre, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Suzuki D, Yamada H, Yoshida M, Funazaki S, Amamoto M, Morimoto J, Hara K. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors improved time-in-range without increasing hypoglycemia in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes: A retrospective, single-center, pilot study. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:1230-1237. [PMID: 32100964 PMCID: PMC7477508 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Studies have shown that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors increased time-in-range (TIR; percentage of time glucose level remains between 3.9 and 10.0 mmol/L [70-180 mg/dL]) and decreased glycemic variability in patients with type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on TIR, glycemic variability and glucose control in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes in a real clinical setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS We designed a single-arm, retrospective cohort study to analyze data from patients starting to use ipragliflozin or dapagliflozin and who used a sensor-based flash glucose monitoring system between February 2019 and August 2019. We measured TIR, time above range >180 mg/dL (percentage of time with glucose level of >180 mg/dL or >10.0 mmol/L), time below range <70 mg/dL (percentage of time with glucose level of <70 mg/dL or <3.9 mmol/L), mean glucose and standard deviation, and coefficient of variation for glycemic variability, and then compared the data before and after SGLT2 inhibitors treatments. RESULTS We enrolled 15 patients in the study. The total dosages of basal insulin decreased significantly, but the total doses of bolus insulin did not change significantly. TIR increased significantly by approximately 11.6%; the time below range <70 mg/dL remained unchanged; and the mean glucose and standard deviation decreased significantly, whereas the coefficients of variation did not. CONCLUSIONS SGLT2 inhibitors improved TIR and the mean glucose level and standard deviation without increasing the time below range <70 mg/dL in patients with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Suzuki
- Department of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology and MetabolismJichi Medical University Saitama Medical CenterSaitamaJapan
| | - Hodaka Yamada
- Department of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology and MetabolismJichi Medical University Saitama Medical CenterSaitamaJapan
| | - Masashi Yoshida
- Department of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology and MetabolismJichi Medical University Saitama Medical CenterSaitamaJapan
| | - Shunsuke Funazaki
- Department of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology and MetabolismJichi Medical University Saitama Medical CenterSaitamaJapan
| | - Misato Amamoto
- Department of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology and MetabolismJichi Medical University Saitama Medical CenterSaitamaJapan
| | - Jun Morimoto
- Department of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology and MetabolismJichi Medical University Saitama Medical CenterSaitamaJapan
| | - Kazuo Hara
- Department of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology and MetabolismJichi Medical University Saitama Medical CenterSaitamaJapan
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Shivakumar O, Sattar N, Wheeler DC. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor effects on cardiovascular outcomes in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 35:i43-i47. [PMID: 32003831 PMCID: PMC6993195 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce cardiovascular events, specifically those related to heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes. Reductions in major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) outcomes are also observed, but confined largely to patients who have prior cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular outcome benefits extend to patients with type 2 diabetes and reduced estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) rate down to 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 and to patients with heart failure but without diabetes. Ongoing trials are exploring whether patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) but without diabetes will gain similar benefits from this class of agents. Although some safety concerns have emerged, it seems likely that SGLT2 inhibitors will be used more widely in CKD patients to reduce their cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David C Wheeler
- University College London, London, UK
- George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Sharma A, Ezekowitz JA. Role of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibition in the Treatment of Adults With Heart Failure. Can J Diabetes 2019; 44:103-110. [PMID: 31630988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and heart failure (HF) independently contribute to significant cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Both are tremendous burdens to health-care systems. Among patients with established HF, diabetes mellitus is one of the most common comorbidities, present in up to 45% of all patients. Although atherosclerotic CV disease outcomes are thought to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with diabetes, HF death and hospitalization has been recognized as being just as common. However, despite this evidence, HF as an outcome among trials of glucose-lowering therapies has been largely ignored. Now, there are 3 noninferiority CV outcome trials that have demonstrated the efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors to reduce the risk of HF hospitalizations in patients with type 2 diabetes with CV risk factors and/or established atherosclerotic CV disease. The demonstration of a reduction in HF outcomes seen in these CV outcome trials represents a paradigm shift in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic CV disease or CV risk factors. Whether SGLT-2 inhibitors represent a therapeutic strategy to reduce the risk of CV events among patients with established HF remains to be explored. Furthermore, the benefit of SGLT-2 inhibitors in a population of patients with HF yet without diabetes remains to be demonstrated across multiple trials. This review aims to highlight the clinical trial and real-world evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of SGLT-2 inhibitors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and established HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Sharma
- Division of Cardiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Justin A Ezekowitz
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Canadian VIGOUR Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Li X, Li T, Cheng Y, Lu Y, Xue M, Xu L, Liu X, Yu X, Sun B, Chen L. Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on fractures and bone mineral density in type 2 diabetes: An updated meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3170. [PMID: 30983141 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study is to update and determine the effects of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor therapy on fracture and bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS We identified 27 eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors to a placebo in 20 895 T2DM participants, with an average duration of 64.22 weeks. The relative risk (RR) of bone fracture and weighted mean difference (WMD) of changes in the BMD from baseline were determined to evaluate the risk of fracture. The degree of heterogeneity was evaluated by the I2 statistic, and publication bias was estimated using a funnel plot and Egger test. RESULTS The pooled RR was 1.02 (95% CI [0.81, 1.28]) with low heterogeneity, indicating that SGLT2 inhibitor treatment was not correlated with a higher risk of fracture. Additionally, no increased risk was found for patients with different ages, sexes, and levels of HbA1c and some biochemical indicators. Three trials with 1303 patients reported a change in the BMD from baseline. SGLT2 inhibitor treatment did not decrease the BMD at four skeletal sites (lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip, and distal forearm), and the overall WMD was 0.08 (95% CI [-0.09, 0.26]). No significant publication bias was detected. CONCLUSIONS No increased risk for bone fracture was detected in patients with T2DM treated with SGLT2 inhibitors in this meta-analysis. SGLT2 inhibitor therapy did not appear to affect bone health, but more long-term detailed data are needed to validate this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ting Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunhong Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mei Xue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Linxin Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaochen Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bei Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liming Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Pulakazhi Venu VK, El-Daly M, Saifeddine M, Hirota SA, Ding H, Triggle CR, Hollenberg MD. Minimizing Hyperglycemia-Induced Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction by Inhibiting Endothelial Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 and Attenuating Oxidative Stress: Implications for Treating Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes. Can J Diabetes 2019; 43:510-514. [PMID: 30930073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This overview deals with mechanisms whereby hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress compromises vascular endothelial function and provides a background for a recently published study illustrating the beneficial impact of endothelial sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in attenuating hyperglycemia-induced vascular dysfunction in vitro. The data provide new insight that can possibly lead to improved drug therapy for people with type 2 diabetes. The working hypotheses that underpinned the experiments performed are provided, along with the findings of the study. For the causes of hyperglycemia-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction, the findings point to the key roles of: 1) functional endothelial SGLT2; 2) oxidative stress-induced signalling pathways including mammalian sarcoma virus kinase, the EGF receptor-kinase and protein kinase C; and 3) mitochondrial dysfunction triggered by hyperglycemia was mitigated by an SGLT2 inhibitor in the hyperglycemic mouse aorta vascular organ cultures. The overview sums up the approaches implicated by the study that can potentially counteract the detrimental impact of hyperglycemia on vascular function in people with diabetes, including the clinical use of SGLT2 inhibitors for those with type 2 diabetes already being treated, for example, with metformin, along with dietary supplementation with broccoli-derived sulforaphane and tetrahydrobiopterin. The caveats associated with the study for extending the findings from mice to humans are summarized, pointing to the need to validate the work using vascular tissues from humans. Suggestions for future clinical studies are made, including the assessment of the impact of the therapeutic strategies proposed on measurements of blood flow in subjects with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Krishna Pulakazhi Venu
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mahmoud El-Daly
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minya, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Saifeddine
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simon A Hirota
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hong Ding
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | - Chris R Triggle
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Alberta Health Service and University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Abdelgadir E, Rashid F, Bashier A, Al Saeed M, Khalifa A, Alawadi F, Hassanein M. Use of flash glucose monitoring system in assessing safety of the SGLT2 inhibitors during Ramadan fasting in high risk insulin treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2927-2932. [PMID: 31425958 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risks of hypoglycemia, dehydration and kidney injury may theoretically be aggravated by people with type 2 diabetes treated with Insulin and SGLT2 inhibitors during Ramadan. Data on safety and efficacy of SGLT2-I in people with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin is scanty. We aimed to assess the impact of SGLT2 inhibitors during Ramadan in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin, on hypoglycemia, glycemic control and kidney function. METHODS This is a prospective interventional study on high-risk diabetes patients who insisted on fasting. All patients were treated with insulin ± SGLT2I. All patients received a FGMS and Ramadan focused education. All patients attended clinic before and post Ramadan where they were advised on treatment modification as well as biometric and biochemical measurements. RESULTS 95 patients enrolled in the study and 49 of them were on SGLT2i. There was a no significant change in creatinine in both groups. FGMS showed an improvement in the sensor-calculated HbA1c from 7.3 ± 1.5 to 6.8 ± 1.1 and from 8 ± 1.6 to 7.7 ± 1.5 in the SGLT2 group and the non-SGT2i groups, respectively. The hypoglycemia was predominantly reported during Ramadan between 12:00 to 18:00 h, while in pre-Ramadan readings was during 2400-0600 and 1200-1800 slots. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study that assesses the use of SGLT2i along with insulin during Ramadan, using FGMS in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes under optimal care. There was minimal interruption of fasting, significant improvement in glycemic control, and no significant change in the kidney function after Ramadan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fauzia Rashid
- Endocrine Department, Dubai Hospital, United Arab Emirates.
| | | | | | - Azza Khalifa
- Endocrine Department, Dubai Hospital, United Arab Emirates.
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Oranje P, Gouka R, Burggraaff L, Vermeer M, Chalet C, Duchateau G, van der Pijl P, Geldof M, de Roo N, Clauwaert F, Vanpaeschen T, Nicolaï J, de Bruyn T, Annaert P, IJzerman AP, van Westen GJP. Novel natural and synthetic inhibitors of solute carriers SGLT1 and SGLT2. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00504. [PMID: 31384471 PMCID: PMC6664820 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective analogs of the natural glycoside phloridzin are marketed drugs that reduce hyperglycemia in diabetes by inhibiting the active sodium glucose cotransporter SGLT2 in the kidneys. In addition, intestinal SGLT1 is now recognized as a target for glycemic control. To expand available type 2 diabetes remedies, we aimed to find novel SGLT1 inhibitors beyond the chemical space of glycosides. We screened a bioactive compound library for SGLT1 inhibitors and tested primary hits and additional structurally similar molecules on SGLT1 and SGLT2 (SGLT1/2). Novel SGLT1/2 inhibitors were discovered in separate chemical clusters of natural and synthetic compounds. These have IC50-values in the 10-100 μmol/L range. The most potent identified novel inhibitors from different chemical clusters are (SGLT1-IC50 Mean ± SD, SGLT2-IC50 Mean ± SD): (+)-pteryxin (12 ± 2 μmol/L, 9 ± 4 μmol/L), (+)-ε-viniferin (58 ± 18 μmol/L, 110 μmol/L), quinidine (62 μmol/L, 56 μmol/L), cloperastine (9 ± 3 μmol/L, 9 ± 7 μmol/L), bepridil (10 ± 5 μmol/L, 14 ± 12 μmol/L), trihexyphenidyl (12 ± 1 μmol/L, 20 ± 13 μmol/L) and bupivacaine (23 ± 14 μmol/L, 43 ± 29 μmol/L). The discovered natural inhibitors may be further investigated as new potential (prophylactic) agents for controlling dietary glucose uptake. The new diverse structure activity data can provide a starting point for the optimization of novel SGLT1/2 inhibitors and support the development of virtual SGLT1/2 inhibitor screening models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Oranje
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | - Robin Gouka
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | - Lindsey Burggraaff
- Division of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Mario Vermeer
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | - Clément Chalet
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | - Guus Duchateau
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Marian Geldof
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | - Niels de Roo
- Unilever Research & DevelopmentVlaardingenThe Netherlands
| | - Fenja Clauwaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Toon Vanpaeschen
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Johan Nicolaï
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Tom de Bruyn
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. P. van Westen
- Division of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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Hassanabad MF, Abad ZFH. Are SGLT2 inhibitors joining the mainstream therapy for diabetes type 2? Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:1893-1896. [PMID: 31235111 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional therapies to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) complications are only partially effective. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches leading to additional risk reduction are required. While many anti-diabetic medications have been prescribed world-wide for controlling T2DM over the past half-century, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are relatively new. In addition to their plasma glucose lowering effect, SGLT2 inhibitors have been shown to reduce considerably cardiovascular mortality rate in patients with T2DM. AIM Since, a risk and benefit analysis of co-administration of SGLT2 inhibitors and other anti-diabetic agents in patients who suffer from hypertension, heart failure or renal deficiency is currently lacking, the main objective of this article is to review the recent literature and provide the health care professionals with evidence-based opinions on the subject. CONCLUSION SGLT2 inhibitors have relatively safe profiles and can efficiently decrease HbA1c as well as fasting and postprandial glucose levels. Furthermore, SGLT2 inhibitors administrations are not associated with significant hypoglycemic episodes or weight gain. Thus, combination of SGLT2 inhibitors and other less harmful anti-diabetic medicines could be considered if there is no any contraindication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mortaza F Hassanabad
- Faculty of Science, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Zahra F H Abad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emam-Zamaan Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus prevalence is increasing worldwide leading to increased morbidity and mortality through diabetes related microvascular and macrovascular disease. The treatment of hypertension has been shown to be a major therapeutic intervention for the prevention of cardiovascular events and other diabetes related complications in diabetes. Sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibitors (SGLT2i) are newly introduced anti-diabetes drugs that lower blood glucose by the inhibition of glucose reuptake and the induction of glycosuria. However, there is increasing evidence showing their cardiovascular benefit beyond the improvement of glycemic control. Here we review the latest findings on the effect of SGLT2i on blood pressure in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Yaribeygi
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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13
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Fadini GP, Sarangdhar M, De Ponti F, Avogaro A, Raschi E. Pharmacovigilance assessment of the association between Fournier's gangrene and other severe genital adverse events with SGLT-2 inhibitors. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2019; 7:e000725. [PMID: 31641524 PMCID: PMC6777404 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) exert cardiorenal protection in people with diabetes. By inducing glycosuria, SGLT2i predispose to genital infections. In addition, rare occurrence of Fournier's gangrene (FG) has been reported. We aimed to investigate such association through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) adverse event (AE) reporting system (FAERS). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We mined the FAERS up to 2018q3 (before FDA warning about SGLT2i-associated FG) to retrieve reports including FG as an AE and SGLT2i as suspect or concomitant drugs, and calculated proportional reporting ratios (PRR). RESULTS We retrieved 47 cases of FG and 17 cases of other severe AEs of the genital area associated with SGLT2i. Patients with FG were ~10 years older than those with other severe genital AEs. Overall, 77% occurred in men. Three patients were concomitantly treated with systemic immunosuppressive drugs. Increased reporting frequency emerged for SGLT2i compared with other drugs, with a PRR ranging from 5 to 10. The disproportional reporting of FG with SGLT2i remained robust and consistently significant when restricting to the period when SGLT2i were available, to reports filed for glucose-lowering medications or for drugs with the diabetes indication, and after refining the definition of FG. FG was disproportionally associated with psoriasis and with the combination of immunosuppressants and SGLT2i. CONCLUSIONS Although causality cannot be demonstrated, SGLT2i may predispose to FG and other severe genital AEs. Since the use of SGLT2i is expected to increase significantly, clinicians should be aware of these severe, although rare, AEs and their predisposing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayur Sarangdhar
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Fabrizio De Ponti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angelo Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Emanuel Raschi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Takagi S, Li J, Takagaki Y, Kitada M, Nitta K, Takasu T, Kanasaki K, Koya D. Ipragliflozin improves mitochondrial abnormalities in renal tubules induced by a high-fat diet. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9:1025-1032. [PMID: 29352520 PMCID: PMC6123054 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Complete mechanisms of renoprotective effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have not been elucidated yet. Mitochondrial biogenesis is regulated by membrane GTPases, such as optic atrophy factor 1 and mitofusion 2. Here, we investigated whether SGLT2 inhibition in mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) improved mitochondrial morphology and restored mitochondrial biogenesis-related molecules. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were fed a control diet or HFD with or without ipragliflozin treatment. After 16 weeks, the kidneys were taken out and utilized for the analysis. RESULTS HFD-fed mice treated with ipragliflozin showed increased caloric intake and ate more food than the control HFD-fed mice. Body and kidney weights, and blood glucose levels were not altered by ipragliflozin treatment in HFD-fed mice. Histological analysis showed that, compared with control mice, HFD-fed mice displayed tubular vacuolation, dilatation and epithelial cell detachment; ipragliflozin ameliorated these alterations. Furthermore, ultrastructural analysis showed that the tubule mitochondria of HFD-fed mice exhibited significant damage. Again, ipragliflozin reversed the damage to a normal state, and restored optic atrophy factor 1 and mitofusion 2 levels in HFD-fed mice. Increased urine 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in HFD-fed mice were suppressed by ipragliflozin as well. In vitro experiments using HK-2 cells revealed that either high glucose or high palmitate suppressed optic atrophy factor 1 and mitofusion 2 levels. Suppression of SGLT2 by a specific small interfering ribonucleic acid or ipragliflozin restored these GTPase levels to their normal values. CONCLUSIONS SGLT2 inhibition might act directly on tubular cells and protect kidney tubular cells from mitochondrial damage by metabolic insults regardless of blood glucose levels or improvement in bodyweight reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Takagi
- Department of Diabetology & EndocrinologyKanazawa Medical UniversityUchinadaIshikawaJapan
| | - Jinpeng Li
- Department of Diabetology & EndocrinologyKanazawa Medical UniversityUchinadaIshikawaJapan
| | - Yuta Takagaki
- Department of Diabetology & EndocrinologyKanazawa Medical UniversityUchinadaIshikawaJapan
| | - Munehiro Kitada
- Department of Diabetology & EndocrinologyKanazawa Medical UniversityUchinadaIshikawaJapan
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and TechnologyMedical Research InstituteKanazawa Medical UniversityUchinadaIshikawaJapan
| | - Kyoko Nitta
- Department of Diabetology & EndocrinologyKanazawa Medical UniversityUchinadaIshikawaJapan
| | | | - Keizo Kanasaki
- Department of Diabetology & EndocrinologyKanazawa Medical UniversityUchinadaIshikawaJapan
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and TechnologyMedical Research InstituteKanazawa Medical UniversityUchinadaIshikawaJapan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Department of Diabetology & EndocrinologyKanazawa Medical UniversityUchinadaIshikawaJapan
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and TechnologyMedical Research InstituteKanazawa Medical UniversityUchinadaIshikawaJapan
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Packer M. Do sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors prevent heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction by counterbalancing the effects of leptin? A novel hypothesis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:1361-1366. [PMID: 29359851 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce the risk of serious heart failure events in patients with type 2 diabetes, but little is known about mechanisms that might mediate this benefit. The most common heart failure phenotype in type 2 diabetes is obesity-related heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). It has been hypothesized that the synthesis of leptin in this disorder leads to sodium retention and plasma volume expansion as well as to cardiac and renal inflammation and fibrosis. Interestingly, leptin-mediated neurohormonal activation appears to enhance the expression of SGLT2 in the renal tubules, and SGLT2 inhibitors exert natriuretic actions at multiple renal tubular sites in a manner that can oppose the sodium retention produced by leptin. In addition, SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the accumulation and inflammation of perivisceral adipose tissue, thus minimizing the secretion of leptin and its paracrine actions on the heart and kidneys to promote fibrosis. Such fibrosis probably contributes to the impairment of cardiac distensibility and glomerular function that characterizes obesity-related HFpEF. Ongoing clinical trials with SGLT2 inhibitors in heart failure are positioned to confirm or refute the hypothesis that these drugs may favourably influence the course of obesity-related HFpEF by their ability to attenuate the secretion and actions of leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor University, Medical Centre, Dallas, Texas
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Avogaro A, Fadini GP. Counterpoint to the hypothesis that SGLT2 inhibitors protect the heart by antagonizing leptin. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:1367-1368. [PMID: 29377537 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolic Diseases, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Fadini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolic Diseases, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Hashimoto Y, Tanaka M, Yamazaki M, Nakano K, Ushigome E, Okada H, Oda Y, Nakamura N, Fukui M. Caffeine intake enhances the benefits of sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitor. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016; 32:694-699. [PMID: 26891133 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of sodium glucose transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors is dependent on the glomerular filtration rate. It has been reported that caffeine intake increases glomerular filtration rate. However, the effect of caffeine intake on urinary glucose excretion in patients who take SGLT-2 inhibitors is unclear. METHODS Six patients with type 2 diabetes took part in a randomized, open-label, crossover pilot study. The patients took SGLT-2 inhibitors (ipragliflozin) for 9 days. On day 3, 6 and 9, the patients were assigned to one of three studies: Water 500, patients drank 500 mL of water in 3 h; Water 1500, patients drank 1500 mL of water in 3 h; and Caffeine 500, patients drank 500 mL of water with 400 mg of caffeine in 3 h. In all of the studies, the patients' urine was collected over a 6-h period. In addition, we enrolled 60 patients with type 2 diabetes who newly took SGLT-2 inhibitors in a 3-month follow-up cohort study to investigate the effect of caffeine intake on glucose control. Caffeine intake was evaluated using questionnaires. RESULTS The 6-h median (interquartile range) urinary glucose excretion was 9.5 (8.5-9.7) g in Water 500, 12.2 (10.3-27.2) g in Water 1500 and 15.7 (11.4-21.4) g in Caffeine 500 (p = 0.005 vs Water 500). In the cohort study, multiple regression analysis demonstrated that log (caffeine intake) was associated with a change in HbA1c (β = -0.299, p = 0.043) after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSIONS Caffeine intake enhanced the effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hashimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Muhei Tanaka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Nakano
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Yamashiro General Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Emi Ushigome
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okada
- Division of Metabolism, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Oda
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoto Nakamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
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Shiba T. [Mechanisms and efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors]. Nihon Rinsho 2015; 73:438-446. [PMID: 25812370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
SGLT2 is a low affinity, high capacity glucose co-transporter, almost exclusively expressed in the kidney cortex. Inhibition of SGLT2 has been shown to increase the daily 50g or more urinary glucose excretion, as compared to placebo, leading to a reduction in blood glucose levels and indicated only for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In Japan 6 species of SGLT2 inhibitors have already been sold and reported to results in a decrease of FPG by 14.4 to 45.8 (mg/dL), in a reduction of HbA1c by 0.35 to 1.24% and in loss of body weight by 1.29 to 2.50(kg). There is less effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor in diabetic subjects with renal impairment and the reduction in HbA1c and FPG will be approximately half of the average in those with 30 ≤ eGFR ≤ 59. The position of SGLT2 inhibitors would be considered as the drug administered in combination or add-on therapy when the young obese type 2 diabetics without renal impairment has not yet reached to the glycemic target with other drugs although in AACE consensus statement of 2013, it has been shelved for inexperienced use with respect to the positioning of the SGLT2 inhibitors.
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Abstract
The second member of the Na(+)/glucose cotransporter family, SGLT2, is a low-affinity active glucose transporter. In humans, it is predominantly located on the apical membrane of the S1 and S2 segments of renal proximal convoluted tubules, and, thus, may be mainly responsible for the reabsorption of D-glucose from the glomerular filtrate. By BLAST searching the GenBank database, we found expressed sequence tag sequences of SGLT2 in the cDNA library of bovine mammary tissues, indicating its expression in bovine mammary gland. To facilitate study of the mechanism of glucose reabsorption in bovine kidneys in maintenance of glucose homeostasis of lactating cows and the potential role of SGLT2 in the mammary gland, we cloned bovine SGLT2 and examined the distribution of its mRNA expression in bovine tissues. The full length mRNA of bSGLT2 is 2275 bp, and is predicted to encode a protein of 673 amino acids, with a molecular weight of approximately 73 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of bovine SGLT2 is 91, 90, 91, and 90% identical to human, rabbit, mouse, and rat SGLT2, respectively, and is 58 and 48% identical to bovine SGLT1 and SGLT5, respectively. The sequence of bSGLT2 contains several characteristically conserved sodium:solute symporter family signatures. Analysis of current bovine genomic data indicates that the bovine SGLT2 gene may consist of 14 exons. The major in vitro transcription and translation product of bovine SGLT2 cDNA migrated at an apparent molecular weight of 55 kDa. The SGLT2 mRNA was detected predominantly in bovine kidney as a 2.3-kb transcript, and at lower levels in all other bovine tissues examined, including the mammary gland, liver, lung, spleen, intestine, and skeletal muscle, as a 3.0-kb transcript. Expression of SGLT2 mRNA in bovine mammary gland increased more than 10-fold from late pregnancy to early lactation, similar to SGLT1. This indicates that SGLT2 may play a role in milk synthesis in the lactating mammary gland.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Cattle
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Library
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Lactation
- Mammary Glands, Animal/chemistry
- Mammary Glands, Animal/growth & development
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Specificity
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2/chemistry
- Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- F-Q Zhao
- Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, USA.
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