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Spagnoletti FN, Kronberg F, Spedalieri C, Munarriz E, Giacometti R. Protein corona on biogenic silver nanoparticles provides higher stability and protects cells from toxicity in comparison to chemical nanoparticles. J Environ Manage 2021; 297:113434. [PMID: 34400389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of environmentally friendly new procedures for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is one of the main goals of nanotechnology. Proteins and enzymes from plants, filamentous fungi, yeast, and bacteria to produce nanoparticles are both valuable and viable alternatives to conventional synthesis of nanomaterials due to their high efficiency and the low cost to scale up and generate large quantities. The aim of this work is to compare biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) obtained from cell-free filtrates from the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina to conventional chemical AgNPs, in biocidal activity and toxicity. Our results show that bio-AgNPs displayed similar bactericidal activity than chemical AgNPs, but less toxicity in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. We employed biochemical and proteomic techniques to profile the unique surface chemistry of the capping in the bio-AgNPs and therefore to identify the proteins involved in their synthesis and stability. These results not only suggest that the proteins involved in the synthesis of the nanoparticles and corona formation in the bio-AgNPs are responsible for keeping the silver core preserved making them more stable in time, but also masking and protecting eukaryotic cells from metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico N Spagnoletti
- CONICET-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas / Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Kronberg
- CONICET-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas / Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Spedalieri
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eliana Munarriz
- CONICET-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas / Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Giacometti
- CONICET-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas / Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Giacometti R, Jacobi V, Kronberg F, Panagos C, Edison AS, Zavala JA. Digestive activity and organic compounds of Nezara viridula watery saliva induce defensive soybean seed responses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15468. [PMID: 32963321 PMCID: PMC7508886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The stink bug Nezara viridula is one of the most threatening pests for agriculture in North and South America, and its oral secretion may be responsible for the damage it causes in soybean (Glycine max) crop. The high level of injury to seeds caused by pentatomids is related to their feeding behavior, morphology of mouth parts, and saliva, though information on the specific composition of the oral secretion is scarce. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the biochemical damage produced by herbivory to developing soybean seeds. We measured metabolites and proteins to profile the insect saliva in order to understand the dynamics of soybean-herbivore interactions. We describe the mouth parts of N. viridula and the presence of metabolites, proteins and active enzymes in the watery saliva that could be involved in seed cell wall modification, thus triggering plant defenses against herbivory. We did not detect proteins from bacteria, yeasts, or soybean in the oral secretion after feeding. These results suggest that the digestive activity and organic compounds of watery saliva may elicit a plant self-protection response. This study adds to our understanding of stink bug saliva plasticity and its role in the struggle against soybean defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Giacometti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas / Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Jacobi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas / Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Kronberg
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas / Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Charalampos Panagos
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Arthur S Edison
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (CCRC), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jorge A Zavala
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas / Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Spagnoletti FN, Spedalieri C, Kronberg F, Giacometti R. Extracellular biosynthesis of bactericidal Ag/AgCl nanoparticles for crop protection using the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. J Environ Manage 2019; 231:457-466. [PMID: 30388644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles using natural products and living organisms has drawn a lot of interest owing to economic prospects and potential applicability in different fields. For this work we used the exudate of the soil fungus Macrophomina phaseolina for a low-cost method of green synthesis to obtain stable silver-silver chloride nanoparticles (Ag/AgCl-NPs). Reaction parameters including media and AgNO3 concentration were further optimized for NPs production. Spectral analysis revealed a peak at 420 nm that corresponds to the surface plasmon resonance of silver NPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis unveiled NPs spherical morphology with a size range of 5-30 nm. The crystalline nature of the synthesized NPs was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The green synthesized NPs showed activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. No effect in fungi or yeast cells was detected, though a high inhibitory effect was observed on bacteria growth kinetics. Interaction of bacteria with Ag/AgCl-NPs led to cell membrane damage as observed by SEM, followed by an increase in oxidative stress, being this the possible mechanism behind the strong bactericidal activity depicted. In order to test its possible applicability as a seed protection agent the effect of Ag/AgCl-NPs dosage on soybean (Glycine max L.) seed's germination was also examined. Interestingly, not only the germination process was not affected by the NPs dosage or time of seeds incubation, but also no oxidative damage was detected in seeds after exposure to the biogenic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico N Spagnoletti
- INBA-Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales / CONICET-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Marín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Spedalieri
- INQUIMAE-Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, y DQIAQF-Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Kronberg
- INBA-Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales / CONICET-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Marín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Giacometti
- INBA-Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales / CONICET-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Marín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Spagnoletti FN, Balestrasse K, Lavado RS, Giacometti R. Arbuscular mycorrhiza detoxifying response against arsenic and pathogenic fungus in soybean. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2016; 133:47-56. [PMID: 27400063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Uptake of Arsenic (As) in plant tissues can affect metabolism, causing physiological disorders, even death. As toxicity, but also pathogen infections trigger a generalised stress response called oxidative stress; however knowledge on the response of soybean (Glycine max L.) under multiple stressors is limited so far. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance the tolerance of host plants to abiotic and biotic stress. Thus, we investigated the effects of the AMF Rhizophagus intraradices on soybean grown in As-contaminated soils as well as in the presence of the pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina (charcoal rot of the stem). Plant parameters and degree of mycorrhizal colonization under the different assessed treatments were analyzed. Content of As in roots and leaves was quantified. Increasing As level in the soil stopped plant growth, but promoted plant As uptake. Inoculation of soybean plants with M. phaseolina accentuated As effect at all physiological levels. In the presence of mycorrhizal symbiosis biomass dramatically increased, and significantly reduced the As concentration in plant tissues. Mycorrhization decreased oxidative damage in the presence of both As and the pathogen. Furthermore, transcription analysis revealed that the high-affinity phosphate transporter from R. intraradices RiPT and the gene encoding a putative arsenic efflux pump RiArsA were up-regulated under higher As doses. These results suggest that R. intraradices is most likely to get involved in the defense response against M. phaseolina, but also in the reduction of arsenate to arsenite as a possible detoxification mechanism in AMF associations in soybean. CAPSULE ABSTRACT R. intraradices actively participates in the soybean antioxidant defense response against arsenic stress and M. phaseolina infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico N Spagnoletti
- INBA/CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Balestrasse
- INBA/CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raúl S Lavado
- INBA/CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Giacometti
- INBA/CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Giacometti R, Barneto J, Barriga LG, Sardoy PM, Balestrasse K, Andrade AM, Pagano EA, Alemano SG, Zavala JA. Early perception of stink bug damage in developing seeds of field-grown soybean induces chemical defences and reduces bug attack. Pest Manag Sci 2016; 72:1585-94. [PMID: 26593446 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Southern green stink bugs (Nezara viridula L.) invade field-grown soybean crops, where they feed on developing seeds and inject phytotoxic saliva, which causes yield reduction. Although leaf responses to herbivory are well studied, no information is available about the regulation of defences in seeds. RESULTS This study demonstrated that mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6 are expressed and activated in developing seeds of field-grown soybean and regulate a defensive response after stink bug damage. Although 10-20 min after stink bug feeding on seeds induced the expression of MPK3, MPK6 and MPK4, only MPK6 was phosphorylated after damage. Herbivory induced an early peak of jasmonic acid (JA) accumulation and ethylene (ET) emission after 3 h in developing seeds, whereas salicylic acid (SA) was also induced early, and at increasing levels up to 72 h after damage. Damaged seeds upregulated defensive genes typically modulated by JA/ET or SA, which in turn reduced the activity of digestive enzymes in the gut of stink bugs. Induced seeds were less preferred by stink bugs. CONCLUSION This study shows that stink bug damage induces seed defences, which is perceived early by MPKs that may activate defence metabolic pathways in developing seeds of field-grown soybean. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Giacometti
- Cátedra de Bioquímica/Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesica Barneto
- Cátedra de Bioquímica/Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia G Barriga
- Cátedra de Biomoléculas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro M Sardoy
- CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Zoología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Balestrasse
- Cátedra de Bioquímica/Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea M Andrade
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Eduardo A Pagano
- Cátedra de Bioquímica/Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio G Alemano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Jorge A Zavala
- Cátedra de Bioquímica/Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Romagnoli R, Martini S, Giacometti R, David E, Martina MC, D'Errico A, Grigioni WF, Strignano P, Rizza G, Mirabella S, Amoroso A, Salizzoni M. Successful Urgent Liver Retransplantation for Donor-Transmitted Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:1938-9. [PMID: 26752588 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Romagnoli
- Liver Transplantation Center, General Surgery Unit 2U, Molinette Hospital, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - S Martini
- Liver Transplantation Center, Gastrohepatology Unit, Molinette Hospital, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - R Giacometti
- Regional Transplantation Center, Piedmont, Molinette Hospital, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - E David
- Pathology Unit, Molinette Hospital, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - M C Martina
- Radiology Unit 3U, Molinette Hospital, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - A D'Errico
- Department of Specialty, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), "F. Addarii" Institute of Oncology and Transplant Pathology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - W F Grigioni
- Department of Specialty, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), "F. Addarii" Institute of Oncology and Transplant Pathology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - P Strignano
- Liver Transplantation Center, General Surgery Unit 2U, Molinette Hospital, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - G Rizza
- Liver Transplantation Center, General Surgery Unit 2U, Molinette Hospital, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - S Mirabella
- Liver Transplantation Center, General Surgery Unit 2U, Molinette Hospital, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A Amoroso
- Regional Transplantation Center, Piedmont, Molinette Hospital, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - M Salizzoni
- Liver Transplantation Center, General Surgery Unit 2U, Molinette Hospital, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Pastor-Flores D, Schulze JO, Bahí A, Giacometti R, Ferrer-Dalmau J, Passeron S, Engel M, Süß E, Casamayor A, Biondi RM. PIF-pocket as a target for C. albicans Pkh selective inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2283-92. [PMID: 23911092 DOI: 10.1021/cb400452z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1, PDK1, is a master kinase that phosphorylates the activation loop of up to 23 AGC kinases. S. cerevisiae has three PDK1 orthologues, Pkh1-3, which also phosphorylate AGC kinases (e.g., Ypk, Tpk, Pkc1, and Sch9). Pkh1 and 2 are redundant proteins involved in multiple essential cellular functions, including endocytosis and cell wall integrity. Based on similarities with the budding yeast, the Pkh of fungal infectious species was postulated as a novel target for antifungals. Here, we found that depletion of Pkh eventually induces oxidative stress and DNA double-strand breaks, leading to programmed cell death. This finding supports Pkh as an antifungal target since pharmacological inhibition of Pkh would lead to the death of yeast cells, the ultimate goal of antifungals. It was therefore of interest to further investigate the possibility to develop Pkh inhibitors with selectivity for Candida Pkh that would not inhibit the human ortholog. Here, we describe C. albicans Pkh2 biochemically, structurally and by using chemical probes in comparison to human PDK1. We found that a regulatory site on the C. albicans Pkh2 catalytic domain, the PIF-pocket, diverges from human PDK1. Indeed, we identified and characterized PS77, a new small allosteric inhibitor directed to the PIF-pocket, which has increased selectivity for C. albicans Pkh2. Together, our results describe novel features of the biology of Pkh and chemical biology approaches that support the validation of Pkh as a drug target for selective antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pastor-Flores
- Research Group PhosphoSites,
Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai
7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jörg O. Schulze
- Research Group PhosphoSites,
Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai
7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anna Bahí
- Departament de Bioquímica
i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina,
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola 08193, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Romina Giacometti
- Cátedra de
Bioquímica,
Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE
Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jofre Ferrer-Dalmau
- Departament de Bioquímica
i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina,
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola 08193, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Susana Passeron
- Cátedra de
Bioquímica,
Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE
Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matthias Engel
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 151150, D-66041 Saarbrücken,
Germany
| | - Evelyn Süß
- Research Group PhosphoSites,
Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai
7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Antonio Casamayor
- Departament de Bioquímica
i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina,
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola 08193, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Ricardo M. Biondi
- Research Group PhosphoSites,
Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai
7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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Giacometti R, Kronberg F, Biondi RM, Hernández AI, Passeron S. Cross regulation between Candida albicans catalytic and regulatory subunits of protein kinase A. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 49:74-85. [PMID: 22198055 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In the pathogen Candida albicans protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunit is encoded by two genes TPK1 and TPK2 and the regulatory subunit by one gene, BCY1. PKA mediates several cellular processes such as cell cycle regulation and the yeast to hyphae transition, a key factor for C. albicans virulence. The catalytic isoforms Tpk1p and Tpk2p share redundant functions in vegetative growth and hyphal development, though they differentially regulate glycogen metabolism, the stress response pathway and pseudohyphal formation. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae it was earlier reported that BCY1 overexpression not only increased the amount of TPK3 mRNA but also its catalytic activity. In C. albicans a significant decrease in Bcy1p expression levels was already observed in tpk2Δ null strains. In this work we showed that the upregulation in Bcy1p expression was observed in a set of strains having a TPK1 or TPK2 allele reintegrated in its own locus, as well as in strains expressing the TPKs under the control of the constitutive ACT1 promoter. To confirm the cross regulation event between Bcy1p and Tpkp expression we generated a mutant strain with the lowest PKA activity carrying one TPK1 and a unique BCY1 allele with the aim to obtain two derived strains in which BCY1 or TPK1 were placed under their own promoters inserted in the RPS10 neutral locus. We found that placing one copy of BCY1 upregulated the levels of Tpk1p and its catalytic activity; while TPK1 insertion led to an increase in BCY1 mRNA, Bcy1p and in a high cAMP binding activity. Our results suggest that C. albicans cells were able to compensate for the increased levels of either Tpk1p or Tpk2p subunits with a corresponding elevation of Bcy1 protein levels and vice versa, implying a tightly regulated mechanism to balance holoenzyme formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Giacometti
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INBA-CONICET, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kronberg F, Giacometti R, Ruiz-Herrera J, Passeron S. Characterization of the regulatory subunit of Yarrowia lipolytica cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Evidences of a monomeric protein. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 509:66-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Giacometti R, Kronberg F, Biondi RM, Passeron S. Candida albicans Tpk1p and Tpk2p isoforms differentially regulate pseudohyphal development, biofilm structure, cell aggregation and adhesins expression. Yeast 2011; 28:293-308. [PMID: 21456055 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans undergoes a reversible morphological transition from single yeast cells to pseudohyphal and hyphal filaments. In this organism, cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), coded by two catalytic subunits (TPK1 and TPK2) and one regulatory subunit (BCY1), mediates basic cellular processes, such as the yeast-to-hypha transition and cell cycle regulation. It is known that both Tpk isoforms play positive roles in vegetative growth and filamentation, although distinct roles have been found in virulence, stress response and glycogen storage. However, little is known regarding the participation of Tpk1p and/or Tpk2p in pseudohyphal development. This point was addressed using several C. albicans PKA mutants having heterozygous or homozygous deletions of TPK1 and/or TPK2 in different BCY1 genetic backgrounds. We observed that under hypha-only inducing conditions, all BCY1 heterozygous strains shifted growth toward pseudohyphal morphology; however, the pseudohypha:hypha ratio was higher in strains devoid of TPK2. Under pseudohypha-only inducing conditions, strains lacking TPK2 were prone to develop short and branched pseudohyphae. In tpk2 Δ/tpk2 Δ strains, biofilm architecture was markedly less dense, composed of short pseudohyphae and blastospores with reduced adhesion ability to abiotic material, suggesting a significant defect in cell adherence. Immunolabelling assays showed a decreased expression of adhesins Als1p and Als3p only in the tpk2 Δ/tpk2 Δ strain. Complementation of this mutant with a wild-type copy of TPK2 restored all the altered functions: pseudohyphae elongation, biofilm composition, cell aggregation and adhesins expression. Our study suggests that the Tpk2p isoform may be part of a mechanism underlying not only polarized pseudohyphal morphogenesis but also cell adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Giacometti
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INBA-CONICET, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Giacometti R, Kronberg F, Biondi RM, Passeron S. Catalytic isoforms Tpk1 and Tpk2 of Candida albicans PKA have non-redundant roles in stress response and glycogen storage. Yeast 2009; 26:273-85. [PMID: 19391100 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is coded by two catalytic subunits (TPK1 and TPK2) and one regulatory subunit (BCY1). In this organism the cAMP/PKA signalling pathway mediates basic cellular processes, such as the yeast-to-hyphae transition and cell cycle regulation. In the present study, we investigated the role of C. albicans PKA in response to saline, heat and oxidative stresses as well as in glycogen storage. To fine-tune the analysis, we performed the studies on several C. albicans PKA mutants having heterozygous or homozygous deletions of TPK1 and/or TPK2 in a different BCY1 genetic background. We observed that tpk1Delta/tpk1Delta strains developed a lower tolerance to saline exposure, heat shock and oxidative stress, while wild-type and tpk2Delta/tpk2Delta mutants were resistant to these stresses, indicating that both isoforms play different roles in the stress response pathway. We also found that regardless of the TPK background, heterozygous and homozygous BCY1 mutants were highly sensitive to heat treatment. Surprisingly, we observed that those strains devoid of one or both TPK1 alleles were defective in glycogen storage, while strains lacking Tpk2 accumulated higher levels of the polysaccharide, indicating that Tpk1 and Tpk2 have opposite roles in carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Giacometti
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IBYF-CONICET, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Souto G, Giacometti R, Silberstein S, Giasson L, Cantore ML, Passeron S. Expression of TPK1 and TPK2 genes encoding PKA catalytic subunits during growth and morphogenesis in Candida albicans. Yeast 2006; 23:591-603. [PMID: 16823887 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcript levels of Candida albicans TPK1 and TPK2 genes, encoding PKA catalytic subunits, as well as phosphotransferase activity, were measured in the parental strain CAI4 and in homozygous tpk1Delta and tpk2Delta mutants during vegetative growth and during yeast-to-mycelial transition in N-acetylglucosamine liquid inducing medium at 37 degrees C. We observed two TPK2 transcripts, a major one of 1.8 kb and a minor one of 1.4 kb, and established by 3'-RACE that they originate from the recognition of the three polyadenylation signals present in the 3' untranslated region of the gene. During vegetative growth of CAI4 strain, the expression profiles of TPK1 and TPK2 varied similarly, reaching maximal expression at the late logarithmic phase. TPK1 mRNA levels were lower than those of TPK2 at all stages measured. In the corresponding homozygous tpk mutants, mRNA levels and the expression patterns of TPK1 and TPK2 were similar to those of CAI4, suggesting that the loss of one catalytic isoform is not compensated by overexpression of the other. Changes in PKA specific activity roughly correlated with fluctuations of mRNA expression levels. During yeast-to-mycelial transition, a sharp increase in TPK1 mRNA levels and in PKA-specific activity correlated with the onset of germ-tube formation in strain tpk2Delta. We also showed that tpk1Delta strain exhibited a delayed morphogenetic shift in comparison with CAI4 and tpk2Delta strains in several liquid inducing media, reinforcing the idea that Tpk1p is important for faster germ-tube appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Souto
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IBYF-CONICET, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Giacometti R, Souto G, Silberstein S, Giasson L, Cantore ML, Passeron S. Expression levels and subcellular localization of Bcy1p in Candida albicans mutant strains devoid of one BCY1 allele results in a defective morphogenetic behavior. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 2006; 1763:64-72. [PMID: 16473139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated expression, functionality and subcellular localization of C. albicans Bcy1p, the PKA regulatory subunit, in mutant strains having one BCY1 allele fused to a green fluorescent protein (GFP). DE-52 column chromatography of soluble extracts of yeast cells from strains bearing one BCY1 allele (fused or not to GFP) showed co-elution of Bcy1p and Bcy1p-GFP with phosphotransferase activity, suggesting that interaction between regulatory and catalytic subunits was not impaired by the GFP tag. Subcellular localization of Bcy1p-GFP supports our previous hypothesis on the nuclear localization of the regulatory subunit, which can thus tether the PKA catalytic subunit to the nucleus. Protein modeling of CaBcy1p, showed that the fusion of the GFP tag to Bcy1p C-terminus did not significantly disturb its proper folding. Bcy1p levels in mutant strains having one or both BCY1 alleles, led us to establish a direct correlation between the amount of protein and the number of alleles, indicating that deletion of one BCY1 allele is not fully compensated by overexpression of the other. The morphogenetic behavior of several C. albicans mutant strains bearing one or both BCY1 alleles, in a wild-type and in a TPK2 null genetic background, was assessed in N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) liquid medium at 37 degrees C. Strains with one BCY1 allele tagged or not, behaved similarly, displaying pseudohyphae and true hyphae. In contrast, hyphal morphology was almost exclusive in strains having both BCY1 alleles, irrespective of the GFP insertion. It can be inferred that a tight regulation of PKA activity is needed for hyphal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Giacometti
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IBYF-CONICET, Avda. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ciccone G, Prastaro C, Ivaldi C, Giacometti R, Vineis P. Access to hospital care, clinical stage and survival from colorectal cancer according to socio-economic status. Ann Oncol 2000; 11:1201-4. [PMID: 11061620 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008352119907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Ciccone
- Ospedale S. Giovanni Battista e Università di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Italy
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Fonio P, Cassinis MC, Giacometti R, Cura-Curà G, Oronzo P, Avignone S, Gandini G. [Intraluminal ultrasonography of the biliary ducts]. Radiol Med 1997; 93:720-5. [PMID: 9411520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report our 4 years' experience with intraluminal US of the biliary ducts performed on 24 patients via a biliary transhepatic-duodenal drainage catheter or a surgically inserted T tube (2 cases). The final diagnosis was a malignant disease in 16 patients and a benign disease in 8 patients. We used an Intra Vascular Ultra Sound (Diasonics) unit with a 20 MHz transducer inserted into a 9 F catheter with closed tip, which in turn was pushed through the biliary ducts in a 12 F sheathed introducer which provides a safety metal guide wire in the duodenum. US examinations lasted only a few minutes and caused no additional patient discomfort; no complications followed. Intraluminal US confirmed the results of other clinical and instrumental tests in 18/24 patients and improved the diagnostic yield in assessing lesion nature and operability in 6 cases (25%). Its cost is high, but the Intra Vascular Ultra Sound includes a 3.5 MHz and a 7 MHz probes and can therefore be used for all the other US examinations needed in interventional radiology rooms and in the study of the biliary ducts. To decrease the cost, we used the Intra Vascular Ultra Sound in less than 10% of the patients treated for biliary obstruction in the same period of time, namely those with questionable diagnosis and operability. We conclude that intraluminal US of the biliary ducts is a useful tool in the centers using interventional radiology to treat many obstructive jaundice patients by a transhepatic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fonio
- Istituto di Radiologia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Torino
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Vineis P, Fornero G, Magnino A, Giacometti R, Ciccone G. Diagnostic delay, clinical stage, and social class: a hospital based study. J Epidemiol Community Health 1993; 47:229-31. [PMID: 8350037 PMCID: PMC1059772 DOI: 10.1136/jech.47.3.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To measure delay in admission to a large hospital and to study the role of social class and other potential determinants of delay. DESIGN Interview of a 10% sample of newly diagnosed patients admitted to medical or surgical wards, and all those admitted for external hernia or colon cancer between June 1989 and May 1990. SETTING The largest hospital in an Italian region of five million inhabitants. SUBJECTS The study population consisted of 330 patients with a range of different medical and surgical conditions, 83 patients with external hernias, and 97 patients with colon cancers. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS After patient interview and discharge from hospital, the clinical record was consulted for information on the length of stay and the diagnosis, and in particular for the staging of hernia or colon cancer (according to the protocol of the Jefferson Medical College). Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. There was an association between advanced disease at hospital admission and the patient's educational level. In each of the three groups of patients, those with the highest educational level had a 30% or lower probability of being admitted to hospital with advanced disease compared with those with the lowest education level (after allowance for sex, age, area of residence, and marital status). CONCLUSION Lower social class was associated with a more advanced clinical stage of hernia or colon cancer, and with a higher probability of urgent admission to the hospital for a newly diagnosed disease. Delay in seeking care, did not however, seem to explain the social class differentials for disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vineis
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Main Hospital, Turin, Italy
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