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Cavallari LH, Van Driest SL, Prows CA, Bishop JR, Limdi NA, Pratt VM, Ramsey LB, Smith DM, Tuteja S, Duong BQ, Hicks JK, Lee JC, Obeng AO, Beitelshees AL, Bell GC, Blake K, Crona DJ, Dressler L, Gregg RA, Hines LJ, Scott SA, Shelton RC, Weitzel KW, Johnson JA, Peterson JF, Empey PE, Skaar TC. Multi-site investigation of strategies for the clinical implementation of CYP2D6 genotyping to guide drug prescribing. Genet Med 2019; 21:2255-2263. [PMID: 30894703 PMCID: PMC6754805 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: A number of institutions have clinically implemented CYP2D6 genotyping to guide drug prescribing. We compared implementation strategies of early adopters of CYP2D6 testing, barriers faced by both early adopters and institutions in the process of implementing CYP2D6 testing, and approaches taken to overcome these barriers. Methods: We surveyed eight early adopters of CYP2D6 genotyping and eight institutions in the process of adoption. Data were collected on testing approaches, return of results procedures, applications of genotype results, challenges faced, and lessons learned. Results: Among early adopters, CYP2D6 testing was most commonly ordered to assist with opioid and antidepressant prescribing. Key differences among programs included test ordering and genotyping approaches, result reporting, and clinical decision support. However, all sites tested for copy number variation and 9 common variants, and reported results in the medical record. Most sites provided automatic consultation and had designated personnel to assist with genotype-informed therapy recommendations. Primary challenges were related to stakeholder support, CYP2D6 gene complexity, phenotype assignment, and sustainability. Conclusion: There are specific challenges unique to CYP2D6 testing given the complexity of the gene and its relevance to multiple medications. Consensus lessons learned may guide those interested in pursuing similar clinical pharmacogenetic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa H Cavallari
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Sara L Van Driest
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cynthia A Prows
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Bishop
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nita A Limdi
- Department of Neurology and Hugh Kaul Personalized Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Victoria M Pratt
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Laura B Ramsey
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - D Max Smith
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sony Tuteja
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin Q Duong
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J Kevin Hicks
- Department of Individualized Cancer Management, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - James C Lee
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aniwaa Owusu Obeng
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Gillian C Bell
- Personalized Medicine Program, Mission Health, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Kathryn Blake
- Center for Pharmacogenomics and Translational Research, Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel J Crona
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lynn Dressler
- Personalized Medicine Program, Mission Health, Asheville, NC, USA
| | | | - Lindsay J Hines
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND; Sanford Brain and Spine Center and Sanford Imagenetics, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Stuart A Scott
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY and Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Richard C Shelton
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kristin Wiisanen Weitzel
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Julie A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Josh F Peterson
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Philip E Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Todd C Skaar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Simmons SJ, Gregg RA, Tran FH, Mo L, von Weltin E, Barker DJ, Gentile TA, Watterson LR, Rawls SM, Muschamp JW. Comparing rewarding and reinforcing properties between 'bath salt' 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and cocaine using ultrasonic vocalizations in rats. Addict Biol 2018; 23:102-110. [PMID: 27910188 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abuse of synthetic psychostimulants like synthetic cathinones has risen in recent years. 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is one such synthetic cathinone that demonstrates a mechanism of action similar to cocaine. Compared to cocaine, MDPV is more potent at blocking dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake and is readily self-administered by rodents. The present study compared the rewarding and reinforcing properties of MDPV and cocaine using systemic injection dose-response and self-administration models. Fifty kilohertz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) were recorded as an index of positive affect throughout experiments. In Experiment 1, MDPV and cocaine dose-dependently elicited 50-kHz USVs upon systemic injection, but MDPV increased USVs at greater rates and with greater persistence relative to cocaine. In Experiment 2, latency to begin MDPV self-administration was shorter than latency to begin cocaine self-administration, and self-administered MDPV elicited greater and more persistent rates of 50-kHz USVs versus cocaine. MDPV-elicited 50-kHz USVs were sustained over the course of drug load-up whereas cocaine-elicited USVs waned following initial infusions. Notably, we observed a robust presence of context-elicited 50-kHz USVs from both MDPV and cocaine self-administering rats. Collectively, these data suggest that MDPV has powerfully rewarding and reinforcing effects relative to cocaine at one-tenth doses. Consistent with prior work, we additionally interpret these data in supporting that MDPV has significant abuse risk based on its potency and subjectively positive effects. Future studies will be needed to better refine therapeutic strategies targeted at reducing the rewarding effects of cathinone analogs in efforts to ultimately reduce abuse liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Simmons
- Center for Substance Abuse Research; Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University; USA
| | - Ryan A. Gregg
- Center for Substance Abuse Research; Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University; USA
| | - Fionya H. Tran
- Center for Substance Abuse Research; Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University; USA
| | - Lili Mo
- Center for Substance Abuse Research; Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University; USA
| | - Eva von Weltin
- Center for Substance Abuse Research; Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University; USA
| | - David J. Barker
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Neuronal Networks Section; National Institutes of Health; USA
| | - Taylor A. Gentile
- Center for Substance Abuse Research; Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University; USA
| | - Lucas R. Watterson
- Center for Substance Abuse Research; Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University; USA
| | - Scott M. Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research; Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University; USA
| | - John W. Muschamp
- Center for Substance Abuse Research; Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University; USA
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Hicks C, Gregg RA, Nayak SU, Cannella LA, Schena GJ, Tallarida CS, Reitz AB, Smith GR, Rawls SM. Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) inhibitor 2-PMPA reduces rewarding effects of the synthetic cathinone MDPV in rats: a role for N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG). Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1671-1681. [PMID: 28251297 PMCID: PMC5433920 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Metabotropic glutamate 2 and 3 (mGluR2/3) receptors are implicated in drug addiction as they limit excessive glutamate release during relapse. N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) is an endogenous mGluR2/3 agonist that is inactivated by the glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) enzyme. GCPII inhibitors, and NAAG itself, attenuate cocaine-seeking behaviors. However, their effects on the synthetic cathinone 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) have not been examined. OBJECTIVES We determined whether withdrawal following repeated MDPV administration alters GCPII expression in corticolimbic regions. We also examined whether a GCPII inhibitor (2-(phosphonomethyl)-pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA)), and NAAG, reduce the rewarding and locomotor-stimulant effects of MDPV in rats. METHODS GCPII was assessed following repeated MDPV exposure (7 days). The effects of 2-PMPA and NAAG on acute MDPV-induced hyperactivity were determined using a locomotor test. We also examined the inhibitory effects of 2-PMPA and NAAG on MDPV-induced place preference, and whether the mGluR2/3 antagonist LY341495 could prevent these effects. RESULTS MDPV withdrawal reduced GCPII expression in the prefrontal cortex. Systemic injection of 2-PMPA (100 mg/kg) did not affect the hyperactivity produced by MDPV (0.5-3 mg/kg). However, nasal administration of NAAG did reduce MDPV-induced ambulation, but only at the highest dose (500 μg/10 μl). We also showed that 2-PMPA (10-30 mg/kg) and NAAG (10-500 μg/10 μl) dose-dependently attenuated MDPV place preference, and that the effect of NAAG was blocked by LY341495 (3 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that MDPV withdrawal produces dysregulation in the endogenous NAAG-GCPII signaling pathway in corticolimbic circuitry. Systemic administration of the GCPII inhibitor 2-PMPA, or NAAG, attenuates MDPV reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Hicks
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan A Gregg
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunil U Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lee Anne Cannella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Giana J Schena
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher S Tallarida
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allen B Reitz
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Garry R Smith
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Scott M Rawls
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Gregg RA, Hicks C, Nayak SU, Tallarida CS, Nucero P, Smith GR, Reitz AB, Rawls SM. Synthetic cathinone MDPV downregulates glutamate transporter subtype I (GLT-1) and produces rewarding and locomotor-activating effects that are reduced by a GLT-1 activator. Neuropharmacology 2016; 108:111-9. [PMID: 27085607 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones produce dysregulation of monoamine systems, but their effects on the glutamate system and the influence of glutamate on behavioral effects related to cathinone abuse are unknown. A principal regulator of glutamate homeostasis is glutamate transporter subtype 1 (GLT-1), an astrocytic protein that clears glutamate from the extracellular space and influences behavioral effects of established psychostimulants. We hypothesized that repeated administration of the synthetic cathinone, MDPV (3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone), would affect GLT-1 expression in the corticolimbic circuit, and that a GLT-1 activator (ceftriaxone, CTX) would reduce rewarding and locomotor-stimulant effects of MDPV in rats. GLT-1 protein expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), but not prefrontal cortex (PFC), was decreased following withdrawal (2, 5 and 10 days) from repeated MDPV treatment, but not immediately after the last MDPV injection. CTX (200 mg/kg) pretreatment did not affect acute locomotor activation produced by MDPV (0.5, 1, 3 mg/kg). However, CTX (200 mg/kg) administered during a 7-day MDPV treatment paradigm attenuated the development of MDPV-induced sensitization of repetitive movements in rats challenged with MDPV following 11 days of drug abstinence. Pretreatment with CTX (200 mg/kg) during a 4-day MDPV (2 mg/kg) conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm reduced the development of place preference produced by MDPV. The present data demonstrate dysregulation of corticolimbic glutamate transport systems during withdrawal from chronic MDPV exposure, and show that a GLT-1 transporter activator disrupts behavioral effects of MDPV that are related to synthetic cathinone abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Gregg
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Callum Hicks
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sunil U Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christopher S Tallarida
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Paul Nucero
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Garry R Smith
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Doylestown, PA, United States
| | - Allen B Reitz
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Doylestown, PA, United States
| | - Scott M Rawls
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Gregg RA, Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Bonano JS, Vouga A, Tallarida CS, Velvadapu V, Smith GR, Peet MM, Reitz AB, Negus SS, Rawls SM. Stereochemistry of mephedrone neuropharmacology: enantiomer-specific behavioural and neurochemical effects in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:883-94. [PMID: 25255824 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Synthetic cathinones, commonly referred to as 'bath salts', are a group of amphetamine-like drugs gaining popularity worldwide. 4-Methylmethcathinone (mephedrone, MEPH) is the most commonly abused synthetic cathinone in the UK, and exerts its effects by acting as a substrate-type releaser at monoamine transporters. Similar to other cathinone-related compounds, MEPH has a chiral centre and exists stably as two enantiomers: R-mephedrone (R-MEPH) and S-mephedrone (S-MEPH). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Here, we provide the first investigation into the neurochemical and behavioural effects of R-MEPH and S-MEPH. We analysed both enantiomers in rat brain synaptosome neurotransmitter release assays and also investigated their effects on locomotor activity (e.g. ambulatory activity and repetitive movements), behavioural sensitization and reward. KEY RESULTS Both enantiomers displayed similar potency as substrates (i.e. releasers) at dopamine transporters, but R-MEPH was much less potent than S-MEPH as a substrate at 5-HT transporters. Locomotor activity was evaluated in acute and repeated administration paradigms, with R-MEPH producing greater repetitive movements than S-MEPH across multiple doses. After repeated drug exposure, only R-MEPH produced sensitization of repetitive movements. R-MEPH produced a conditioned place preference whereas S-MEPH did not. Lastly, R-MEPH and S-MEPH produced biphasic profiles in an assay of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), but R-MEPH produced greater ICSS facilitation than S-MEPH. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data are the first to demonstrate stereospecific effects of MEPH enantiomers and suggest that the predominant dopaminergic actions of R-MEPH (i.e. the lack of serotonergic actions) render this stereoisomer more stimulant-like when compared with S-MEPH. This hypothesis warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Gregg
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Vouga A, Gregg RA, Haidery M, Ramnath A, Al-Hassani HK, Tallarida CS, Grizzanti D, Raffa RB, Smith GR, Reitz AB, Rawls SM. Stereochemistry and neuropharmacology of a 'bath salt' cathinone: S-enantiomer of mephedrone reduces cocaine-induced reward and withdrawal in invertebrates. Neuropharmacology 2014; 91:109-16. [PMID: 25496724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about the neuropharmacology of mephedrone (MEPH) applies primarily to the racemate, or street form of the drug, but not to its individual enantiomers. Here, through chemical isolation of MEPH enantiomers and subsequent behavioral characterization in established invertebrate (planarian) assays, we began separating adverse effects of MEPH from potential therapeutic actions. We first compared stereotypical and environmental place conditioning (EPC) effects of racemic MEPH, S-MEPH, and R-MEPH. Stereotypy was enhanced by acute treatment (100-1000 μM) with each compound; however, S-MEPH was less potent and efficacious than racemate and R-MEPH. Both R-MEPH (10, 100, 250 μM) and racemate (100 μM) produced EPC, but S-MEPH was ineffective at all concentrations (10-100 μM). After showing that S-MEPH lacked rewarding efficacy, we investigated its ability to alter three of cocaine's behavioral effects (EPC, withdrawal, and stereotypy). Cocaine (1 μM) produced EPC that was abolished when S-MEPH (100 μM) was administered after cocaine conditioning. Spontaneous withdrawal from chronic cocaine exposure caused a reduction in motility that was not evident during acute or continuous cocaine treatment but was attenuated by S-MEPH (100 μM) treatment during the cocaine abstinence interval. Acute stereotypy produced by 1 mM cocaine, nicotine or racemic MEPH was not affected by S-MEPH (10-250 μM). The present results obtained using planarian assays suggest that the R-enantiomer of MEPH is predominantly responsible for its stimulant and rewarding effects and the S-enantiomer is capable of antagonizing cocaine's addictive-like behaviors without producing rewarding effects of its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vouga
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan A Gregg
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maryah Haidery
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anita Ramnath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hassan K Al-Hassani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher S Tallarida
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Grizzanti
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert B Raffa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Garry R Smith
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center Inc., Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Allen B Reitz
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center Inc., Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Scott M Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Gregg RA, Tallarida CS, Reitz A, McCurdy C, Rawls SM. Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone), a principal constituent of psychoactive bath salts, produces behavioral sensitization in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 133:746-50. [PMID: 23890492 PMCID: PMC3989200 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study tested the hypothesis that mephedrone (MEPH) produces behavioral sensitization (i.e., a progressive increase in motor response during repeated psychostimulant exposure) in rats. METHODS MEPH was administered in two paradigms: (1) a 7-day variable-dosing paradigm (15 mg/kg on the first day, 30 mg/kg for 5 days, 15 mg/kg on the last day) and (2) a 5-day constant-dosing paradigm (15 mg/kg for 5 days). Following 10 days of drug absence, rats were challenged with MEPH (15 mg/kg). RESULTS MEPH challenge produced enhancement of repetitive movement compared to acute MEPH exposure in both paradigms. Sensitization of repetitive movements to MEPH was also detected following a shorter (2-day) absence interval, before initiation of an absence interval (i.e., following repeated daily exposure), and across context-independent and -dependent dosing schedules. A lower dose of MEPH (5mg/kg) did not produce sensitization of repetitive movement. Sensitization of ambulatory activity was not detected in any experimental paradigm. CONCLUSION These results suggest that repeated MEPH exposure produces preferential sensitization to repetitive movement produced by acute MEPH challenge. Our findings suggest that MEPH is a unique stimulant displaying weak sensitizing properties with overlapping, but distinctive, features relative to established psychostimulant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Gregg
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christopher S. Tallarida
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Allen Reitz
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Doylestown, PA
| | - Christopher McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Oxford, MS
| | - Scott M. Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Gregg RA, Rawls SM. Behavioral pharmacology of designer cathinones: a review of the preclinical literature. Life Sci 2013; 97:27-30. [PMID: 24231450 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
"Bath salts" is one street name for a family of synthetic cathinones that display pharmacological effects resembling cocaine and commonly abused amphetamines. Despite extensive legislation aimed at the criminalization of bath salts, several designer cathinones are gaining a foothold in the illicit drug scene; for example, in the United Kingdom, mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone, MEPH) is highly popular among drug abusers whereas, in the United States, MDPV (methylenedioxypyrovalerone) and methylone are highly prevalent. To date, knowledge about the hazards of designer cathinones is based mostly on hospital reports and anecdotal evidence derived from online surveys. Despite the paucity of preclinical studies directed toward designer cathinones, a number of invaluable findings arising from those studies are enabling scientists to develop their neuropharmacological profiles. Despite their commonalities in chemical structures, synthetic cathinones possess distinct neuropharmacological profiles and produce different behavioral effects, including unique effects on locomotor activity, learning, anxiety, thermoregulation, and abuse liability. The present review will discuss the behavioral effects of MEPH, MDPV, and methylone and compare those effects to established psychostimulant drugs. The rise in the use of designer cathinones in the United States and abroad justifies further investigations into these compounds, both for a greater understanding of the danger that "bath salts" pose to the public, and to provide insight into replacement cathinones as they emerge onto the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Gregg
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Scott M Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Gregg RA, Aitken PW. The clergyman as an allied health professional. J Rehabil 1970; 36:37-9. [PMID: 5423403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Gregg RA, Boyarsky S, Labay P, Levie BB. Presence of beta-adrenergic receptors in urinary bladder of dog and cat: response to isoproterenol. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1970; 51:88-94. [PMID: 5437128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Gregg RA, Rowlands GR, Borden LD, Russell MS. Spinal cord lesions and rehabilitation: Review of cases discharged from the Duke Medical Center, Neurosurgical Division (1959-1964). South Med J 1968; 61:589-97. [PMID: 4298200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rowlands GR, Jaeger BJ, Gregg RA. Continuing care--the relationship between the acute medical center and community resources. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1968; 49:285-9. [PMID: 4297282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Gregg RA. Rehabilitation following the cerebral vascular accident. South Med J 1966; 59:1275-8. [PMID: 5954417 DOI: 10.1097/00007611-196611000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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