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Leclercq S, Szaffarczyk S, Leptourgos P, Yger P, Fakhri A, Wathelet M, Bouttier V, Denève S, Jardri R. Conspiracy beliefs and perceptual inference in times of political uncertainty. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9001. [PMID: 38637589 PMCID: PMC11026417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Sociopolitical crises causing uncertainty have accumulated in recent years, providing fertile ground for the emergence of conspiracy ideations. Computational models constitute valuable tools for understanding the mechanisms at play in the formation and rigidification of these unshakeable beliefs. Here, the Circular Inference model was used to capture associations between changes in perceptual inference and the dynamics of conspiracy ideations in times of uncertainty. A bistable perception task and conspiracy belief assessment focused on major sociopolitical events were administered to large populations from three polarized countries. We show that when uncertainty peaks, an overweighting of sensory information is associated with conspiracy ideations. Progressively, this exploration strategy gives way to an exploitation strategy in which increased adherence to conspiracy theories is associated with the amplification of prior information. Overall, the Circular Inference model sheds new light on the possible mechanisms underlying the progressive strengthening of conspiracy theories when individuals face highly uncertain situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Leclercq
- INSERM U1172, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition Centre, CURE Platform, Fontan Hospital, Lille University, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Sébastien Szaffarczyk
- INSERM U1172, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition Centre, CURE Platform, Fontan Hospital, Lille University, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Pantelis Leptourgos
- INSERM U1172, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition Centre, CURE Platform, Fontan Hospital, Lille University, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Yger
- INSERM U1172, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition Centre, CURE Platform, Fontan Hospital, Lille University, 59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Marielle Wathelet
- INSERM U1172, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition Centre, CURE Platform, Fontan Hospital, Lille University, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Bouttier
- INSERM U1172, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition Centre, CURE Platform, Fontan Hospital, Lille University, 59000, Lille, France
- LNC, INSERM U-960, Institut de Sciences Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Denève
- LNC, INSERM U-960, Institut de Sciences Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Renaud Jardri
- INSERM U1172, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition Centre, CURE Platform, Fontan Hospital, Lille University, 59000, Lille, France.
- LNC, INSERM U-960, Institut de Sciences Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, 75005, Paris, France.
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Leclercq S, Szaffarczyk S, Jardri R. Forged evidence and vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 crisis. Encephale 2024; 50:236-237. [PMID: 37813723 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Leclercq
- Lille University, Inserm U1172, CHU of Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Centre, CURE platform, Fontan Hospital, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Sébastien Szaffarczyk
- Lille University, Inserm U1172, CHU of Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Centre, CURE platform, Fontan Hospital, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Renaud Jardri
- Lille University, Inserm U1172, CHU of Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Centre, CURE platform, Fontan Hospital, 59000 Lille, France
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3
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Veerapa E, Grandgenevre P, Vaiva G, Duhem S, Fayoumi ME, Vinnac B, Szaffarczyk S, Wathelet M, Fovet T, D'Hondt F. Attentional bias toward negative stimuli in PTSD: an eye-tracking study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:5809-5817. [PMID: 36259422 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722003063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on biased processing of aversive stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has produced inconsistent results between response time (RT) and eye-tracking studies. Recent RT-based results of dot-probe studies showed no attentional bias (AB) for threat while eye-tracking research suggested heightened sustained attention for this information. Here, we used both RT-based and eye-tracking measures to explore the dynamics of AB to negative stimuli in PTSD. METHODS Twenty-three individuals diagnosed with PTSD, 23 trauma-exposed healthy controls, and 23 healthy controls performed an emotional dot-probe task with pairs of negative and neutral scenes presented for either 1 or 2 s. Analyses included eye movements during the presentation of the scenes and RT associated with target localization. RESULTS There was no evidence for an AB toward negative stimuli in PTSD from RT measures. However, the main eye-tracking results revealed that all three groups showed longer dwell times on negative pictures than neutral pictures at 1 s and that this AB was stronger for individuals with PTSD. Moreover, although AB disappeared for the two groups of healthy controls with prolonged exposure, it persisted for individuals with PTSD. CONCLUSION PTSD is associated with an AB toward negative stimuli, characterized by heightened sustained attention toward negative scenes once detected. This study sheds light on the dynamics of AB to negative stimuli in PTSD and encourages us to consider optimized therapeutic interventions targeting abnormal AB patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Veerapa
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pierre Grandgenevre
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Vaiva
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Centre national de ressources et de résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Duhem
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Centre national de ressources et de résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), F-59000 Lille, France
- Fédération de Recherche en Psychiatrie et Santé Mentale des Hauts-de-France, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC1403 - Clinical Investigation Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mohamed El Fayoumi
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Benjamin Vinnac
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Szaffarczyk
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marielle Wathelet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Centre national de ressources et de résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), F-59000 Lille, France
- Fédération de Recherche en Psychiatrie et Santé Mentale des Hauts-de-France, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Thomas Fovet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Centre national de ressources et de résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Fabien D'Hondt
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Centre national de ressources et de résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), F-59000 Lille, France
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Loisel-Fleuriot L, Fovet T, Bugnet A, Creupelandt C, Wathelet M, Szaffarczyk S, Duhem S, Vaiva G, Horn M, D'Hondt F. A pilot study investigating affective forecasting biases with a novel virtual reality-based paradigm. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9321. [PMID: 37291205 PMCID: PMC10250404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A body of research indicates that people are prone to overestimate the affective impact of future events. Here, we developed a novel experimental paradigm to study these affective forecasting biases under laboratory conditions using subjective (arousal and valence) and autonomic measures (skin conductance responses, SCRs, and heart rate). Thirty participants predicted their emotional responses to 15 unpleasant, 15 neutral, and 15 pleasant scenarios (affective forecasting phase) to which they were then exposed in virtual reality (emotional experience phase). Results showed that participants anticipated more extreme arousal and valence scores than they actually experienced for unpleasant and pleasant scenarios. The emotional experience phase was characterized by classic autonomic patterns, i.e., higher SCRs for emotionally arousing scenarios and greater peak cardiac acceleration for pleasant scenarios. During the affective forecasting phase, we found only a moderate association between arousal scores and SCRs and no valence-dependent modulation of cardiac activity. This paradigm opens up new perspectives for investigating affective forecasting abilities under lab-controlled conditions, notably in psychiatric disorders with anxious anticipations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Loisel-Fleuriot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Thomas Fovet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000, Lille, France
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Bugnet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Coralie Creupelandt
- Centre National de Ressources et de Résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), 59000, Lille, France
| | - Marielle Wathelet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000, Lille, France
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
- Centre National de Ressources et de Résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), 59000, Lille, France
- Fédération de Recherche en Psychiatrie et Santé Mentale des Hauts-de-France, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Szaffarczyk
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Duhem
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
- Centre National de Ressources et de Résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), 59000, Lille, France
- Fédération de Recherche en Psychiatrie et Santé Mentale des Hauts-de-France, 59000, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC1403 - Clinical Investigation Center, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Vaiva
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000, Lille, France
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
- Centre National de Ressources et de Résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), 59000, Lille, France
| | - Mathilde Horn
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000, Lille, France
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Fabien D'Hondt
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000, Lille, France.
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Lille, 59000, Lille, France.
- Centre National de Ressources et de Résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), 59000, Lille, France.
- CURE, Service de Psychiatrie de L'enfant et de L'adolescent, Hôpital Fontan 1, CHU de Lille, CS 70001, 59037, Lille cedex, France.
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Creupelandt C, Maurage P, Bocanegra B, Szaffarczyk S, de Timary P, Deleuze J, Lambot C, D'Hondt F. Spatial frequency processing and its modulation by emotional content in severe alcohol use disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:2647-2657. [PMID: 35524008 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06158-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Visuo-perceptive deficits in severe alcohol use disorder (SAUD) remain little understood, notably regarding the respective involvement of the two main human visual streams, i.e., magnocellular (MC) and parvocellular (PC) pathways, in these deficits. Besides, in healthy populations, low-level visual perception can adapt depending on the nature of visual cues, among which emotional features, but this MC and PC pathway adaptation to emotional content is unexplored in SAUD. OBJECTIVES To assess MC and PC functioning as well as their emotional modulations in SAUD. METHODS We used sensitivity indices (d') and repeated-measures analyses of variance to compare orientation judgments of Gabor patches sampled at various MC- and PC-related spatial frequencies in 35 individuals with SAUD and 38 matched healthy controls. We then explored how emotional content modulated performances by introducing neutral or fearful face cues immediately before the Gabor patches and added the type of cue in the analyses. RESULTS SAUD patients showed a general reduction in sensitivity across all spatial frequencies, indicating impoverished processing of both coarse and fine-scale visual content. However, we observed selective impairments depending on facial cues: individuals with SAUD processed intermediate spatial frequencies less efficiently than healthy controls following neutral faces, whereas group differences emerged for the highest spatial frequencies following fearful faces. Altogether, SAUD was associated with mixed MC and PC deficits that may vary according to emotional content, in line with a flexible but suboptimal use of low-level visual content. Such subtle alterations could have implications for everyday life's complex visual judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Creupelandt
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (UCLEP), Psychological Sciences Research Institute (IPSY), UCLouvain, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Centre National de Ressources Et de Résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), 59000, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (UCLEP), Psychological Sciences Research Institute (IPSY), UCLouvain, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bruno Bocanegra
- Department of Psychology, Educational, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sébastien Szaffarczyk
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000, Lille, France.,CURE, Service de Psychiatrie de L'enfant Et de L'adolescent, Hôpital Fontan 1, Clinique de Psychiatrie, CHU Lille, CS 70001, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Philippe de Timary
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Saint-Luc Academic Hospital, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Fabien D'Hondt
- Centre National de Ressources Et de Résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), 59000, Lille, France. .,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000, Lille, France. .,CURE, Service de Psychiatrie de L'enfant Et de L'adolescent, Hôpital Fontan 1, Clinique de Psychiatrie, CHU Lille, CS 70001, F-59000, Lille, France.
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Leroy A, Very E, Birmes P, Yger P, Szaffarczyk S, Lopes R, Outteryck O, Faure C, Duhem S, Grandgenèvre P, Warembourg F, Vaiva G, Jardri R. Intrusive experiences in posttraumatic stress disorder: Treatment response induces changes in the directed functional connectivity of the anterior insula. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 34:102964. [PMID: 35189456 PMCID: PMC8861823 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.102964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many causal paths were less influenced by the AI after effective therapy for PTSD. Insular influences over the rest of the brain were found to be positively correlated with re-experiencing. Re-experiencing was linked with changes in intrinsic networks’ spatial stability after treatment.
Background One of the core features of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is re-experiencing trauma. The anterior insula (AI) has been proposed to play a crucial role in these intrusive experiences. However, the dynamic function of the AI in re-experiencing trauma and its putative modulation by effective therapy need to be specified. Methods Thirty PTSD patients were enrolled and exposed to traumatic memory reactivation therapy. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were acquired before and after treatment. To explore AI-directed influences over the rest of the brain, we referred to a mixed model using pre-/posttreatment Granger causality analysis seeded on the AI as a within-subject factor and treatment response as a between-subject factor. To further identify correlates of re-experiencing trauma, we investigated how intrusive severity affected (i) causality maps and (ii) the spatial stability of other intrinsic brain networks. Results We observed changes in AI-directed functional connectivity patterns in PTSD patients. Many within- and between-network causal paths were found to be less influenced by the AI after effective therapy. Insular influences were found to be positively correlated with re-experiencing symptoms, while they were linked with a stronger default mode network (DMN) and more unstable central executive network (CEN) connectivity. Conclusion We showed that directed changes in AI signaling to the DMN and CEN at rest may underlie the degree of re-experiencing symptoms in PTSD. A positive response to treatment further induced changes in network-to-network anticorrelated patterns. Such findings may guide targeted neuromodulation strategies in PTSD patients not suitably improved by conventional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Leroy
- Univ Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Centre (U-1172), Plasticity & SubjectivitY Team, CURE Platform, 59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Fontan Hospital, General Psychiatry Dpt., 59037 Lille Cedex, France; Centre National de Ressources et Résilience pour les psychotraumatismes (CN2R Lille - Paris), 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Etienne Very
- CHU Toulouse, Purpan Hospital, Psychiatry Department, 31059 Toulouse Cedex, France; ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM U-1214, UPS, France
| | - Philippe Birmes
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, INSERM U-1214, UPS, France
| | - Pierre Yger
- Univ Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Centre (U-1172), Plasticity & SubjectivitY Team, CURE Platform, 59000 Lille, France; Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, Inserm S968, CNRS UMR7210, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Szaffarczyk
- Univ Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Centre (U-1172), Plasticity & SubjectivitY Team, CURE Platform, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Renaud Lopes
- Univ Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Centre (U-1772), Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders Team, 59000 Lille, France; Univ Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Olivier Outteryck
- Univ Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Centre (U-1772), Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders Team, 59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Department of Neuroradiology, Roger Salengro Hospital, 59037 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Cécile Faure
- Univ Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Centre (U-1172), Plasticity & SubjectivitY Team, CURE Platform, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Duhem
- CHU Lille, Fontan Hospital, General Psychiatry Dpt., 59037 Lille Cedex, France; Centre National de Ressources et Résilience pour les psychotraumatismes (CN2R Lille - Paris), 59000 Lille, France; Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC 1403 - Clinical Investigation Center, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Pierre Grandgenèvre
- Univ Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Centre (U-1172), Plasticity & SubjectivitY Team, CURE Platform, 59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Fontan Hospital, General Psychiatry Dpt., 59037 Lille Cedex, France
| | | | - Guillaume Vaiva
- Univ Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Centre (U-1172), Plasticity & SubjectivitY Team, CURE Platform, 59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Fontan Hospital, General Psychiatry Dpt., 59037 Lille Cedex, France; Centre National de Ressources et Résilience pour les psychotraumatismes (CN2R Lille - Paris), 59000 Lille, France
| | - Renaud Jardri
- Univ Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Centre (U-1172), Plasticity & SubjectivitY Team, CURE Platform, 59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Fontan Hospital, Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Dpt., 59037 Lille Cedex, France
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Fovet T, Yger P, Lopes R, de Pierrefeu A, Duchesnay E, Houenou J, Thomas P, Szaffarczyk S, Domenech P, Jardri R. Decoding Activity in Broca's Area Predicts the Occurrence of Auditory Hallucinations Across Subjects. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:194-201. [PMID: 34742546 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) capture aims at detecting auditory-verbal hallucinations (AVHs) from continuously recorded brain activity. Establishing efficient capture methods with low computational cost that easily generalize between patients remains a key objective in precision psychiatry. To address this issue, we developed a novel automatized fMRI-capture procedure for AVHs in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). METHODS We used a previously validated but labor-intensive personalized fMRI-capture method to train a linear classifier using machine learning techniques. We benchmarked the performances of this classifier on 2320 AVH periods versus resting-state periods obtained from SCZ patients with frequent symptoms (n = 23). We characterized patterns of blood oxygen level-dependent activity that were predictive of AVH both within and between subjects. Generalizability was assessed with a second independent sample gathering 2000 AVH labels (n = 34 patients with SCZ), while specificity was tested with a nonclinical control sample performing an auditory imagery task (840 labels, n = 20). RESULTS Our between-subject classifier achieved high decoding accuracy (area under the curve = 0.85) and discriminated AVH from rest and verbal imagery. Optimizing the parameters on the first schizophrenia dataset and testing its performance on the second dataset led to an out-of-sample area under the curve of 0.85 (0.88 for the converse test). We showed that AVH detection critically depends on local blood oxygen level-dependent activity patterns within Broca's area. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that it is possible to reliably detect AVH states from fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent signals in patients with SCZ using a multivariate decoder without performing complex preprocessing steps. These findings constitute a crucial step toward brain-based treatments for severe drug-resistant hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fovet
- Plasticity & SubjectivitY team, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Research Centre, University of Lille, INSERM U1172, Lille, France; CURE platform, Psychiatry Department, Fontan Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France; Centre National de Ressources et de Résilience Lille-Paris, France
| | - Pierre Yger
- Plasticity & SubjectivitY team, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Research Centre, University of Lille, INSERM U1172, Lille, France; Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Renaud Lopes
- Vascular & Cognitive Deficits team, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Research Centre, University of Lille, INSERM U1172, Lille, France; In-vivo Imaging and Functions core facility, Neuroradiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Josselin Houenou
- NeuroSpin, Univ Paris Saclay, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Addictology Departments, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France; Faculté de Santé UPEC, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Pierre Thomas
- Plasticity & SubjectivitY team, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Research Centre, University of Lille, INSERM U1172, Lille, France; CURE platform, Psychiatry Department, Fontan Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Szaffarczyk
- Plasticity & SubjectivitY team, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Research Centre, University of Lille, INSERM U1172, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Domenech
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris, France; Neurosurgery, Psychiatry and Addictology Departments, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France; Faculté de Santé UPEC, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Renaud Jardri
- Plasticity & SubjectivitY team, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Research Centre, University of Lille, INSERM U1172, Lille, France; CURE platform, Psychiatry Department, Fontan Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France.
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Bonnet CT, Delval A, Szaffarczyk S, Defebvre L. Levodopa has primarily negative influences on postural control in patients with Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2017; 331:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bonnet CT, Szaffarczyk S. The Stationary-Gaze Task Should Not Be Systematically Used as the Control Task in Studies of Postural Control. J Mot Behav 2016; 49:494-504. [PMID: 28033477 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2016.1241749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In studies of postural control, a control task is often used to understand significant effects obtained with experimental manipulations. This task should be the easiest task and (therefore) engage the lowest behavioral variability and cognitive workload. Since 1983, the stationary-gaze task is considered as the most relevant control task. Instead, the authors expected that free looking at small targets (white paper or images; visual angle: 12°) could be an easier task. To verify this assumption, 16 young individuals performed stationary-gaze, white-panel, and free-viewing 12° tasks in steady and relaxed stances. The stationary-gaze task led to significantly higher cognitive workload (mean score in the National Aeronotics and Space Administration Task Load Index questionnaire), higher interindividual body (head, neck, and lower back) linear variability, and higher interindividual body angular variability-not systematically yet-than both other tasks. There was more cognitive workload in steady than relaxed stances. The authors also tested if a free-viewing 24° task could lead to greater angular displacement, and hence greater body sway, than could the other tasks in relaxed stance. Unexpectedly, the participants mostly moved their eyes and not their body in this task. In the discussion, the authors explain why the stationary-gaze task may not be an ideal control task and how to choose this neutral task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédrick T Bonnet
- a SCALab, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, CNRS UMR 9193 , University of Lille 2 , France
| | - Sébastien Szaffarczyk
- a SCALab, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, CNRS UMR 9193 , University of Lille 2 , France
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Lefebvre S, Baille G, Jardri R, Plomhause L, Szaffarczyk S, Defebvre L, Thomas P, Delmaire C, Pins D, Dujardin K. Hallucinations and conscious access to visual inputs in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36284. [PMID: 27841268 PMCID: PMC5107911 DOI: 10.1038/srep36284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of visual hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease has yet to be characterized. Although stimulus-driven (“bottom-up”) processes are known to be impaired, the role of “top-down” processes remains to be determined. Distinguishing between conscious and non-conscious detections (i.e. access to consciousness) may be a valuable way of monitoring top-down processes. Conscious access to visual inputs was investigated to identify the neural substrates underlying susceptibility to hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease. Seventeen healthy controls, 18 Parkinson’s disease patients with minor visual hallucinations and 16 without were enrolled in the study. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, the participants performed a visual detection task. The detection threshold was significantly higher in each patient group than in healthy controls while the two groups of patients did not differ significantly. Compared with hallucination-free patients, patients with minor hallucinations displayed hyperactivation of prefrontal and right occipital cortices, and hypoactivation of the left cingulate, temporal and occipital cortices. During conscious access to visual inputs, the functional network in patients with visual hallucinations differed from that seen in patients without visual hallucinations. This suggests that the supremacy of top-down processes in visual information processing may enhance susceptibility to hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Lefebvre
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Clinique de Psychiatrie, CURE, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Baille
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Lille University Medical Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Renaud Jardri
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Clinique de Psychiatrie, CURE, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Lucie Plomhause
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1171 - Degenerative &vascular cognitive disorders, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Szaffarczyk
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Clinique de Psychiatrie, CURE, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Luc Defebvre
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Lille University Medical Center, F-59000 Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1171 - Degenerative &vascular cognitive disorders, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pierre Thomas
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Clinique de Psychiatrie, CURE, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Christine Delmaire
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1171 - Degenerative &vascular cognitive disorders, F-59000 Lille, France.,Neuroimaging Department, Lille University Medical Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Delphine Pins
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Clinique de Psychiatrie, CURE, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Kathy Dujardin
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Lille University Medical Center, F-59000 Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1171 - Degenerative &vascular cognitive disorders, F-59000 Lille, France
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Bonnet CT, Szaffarczyk S, Baudry S. Functional Synergy Between Postural and Visual Behaviors When Performing a Difficult Precise Visual Task in Upright Stance. Cogn Sci 2016; 41:1675-1693. [DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cédrick T. Bonnet
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Affectives; University of Lille, CNRS
| | | | - Stéphane Baudry
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Neurophysiology; Université Libre de Bruxelles, FNRS
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Lapierre P, Szaffarczyk S, Danel T, Cottencin O, Pins D. Étude du sentiment de familiarité dans l’alcoolo-dépendance : une hyperfamiliarité aux visages. Eur Psychiatry 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
L’alcoolo-dépendance est une maladie chronique hautement récidivante dont l’enjeu principal est la prévention des rechutes. Les rechutes sont favorisées par le ressenti du sujet vis-à-vis de son environnement social [1]. L’alcoolo-dépendance entraîne des troubles cognitivo-comportementaux dont des déficits de reconnaissance émotionnelle et une altération des interactions sociales [2] majorant le risque de rechutes [3]. Ces troubles pourraient être liés à une altération du sentiment de familiarité. La familiarité se définit comme un sentiment de connaissance préalable d’un stimulus générant une émotion inconsciente, sans souvenir conscient de son identité [4]. Nous nous proposons d’étudier la familiarité aux visages dans l’alcoolo-dépendance. Douze patients alcoolo-dépendants (AD) étaient appariés en sexe et en âge à 12 témoins (T). Les participants ne présentaient ni trouble psychiatrique, ni neurologique, ni addiction en dehors d’un trouble d’usage sévère d’alcool pour le groupe AD (classification DSM-5). Des morphes entre visages familiers et inconnus (contenant 5 à 95 % du visage familier) étaient présentés. Les sujets devaient indiquer les visages leur semblant familiers. Un pourcentage de réponse « familier » était alors calculé par niveau de familiarité, permettant de construire une fonction psychométrique par sujet, et d’en déduire le seuil de familiarité (pourcentage de familiarité contenue dans le morphe pour lequel 50 % des stimuli étaient considérés comme familiers). Les interactions sociales étaient évaluées par une échelle de cognition sociale (MASC). Le seuil de familiarité était significativement plus faible dans le groupe AD que dans le groupe T (48,79 % versus 54,94 % – p = 0,025). Parallèlement les 2 groupes différaient sur les scores au MASC (AD : 26/45 ; T : 31/45 – p = 0,015). Ces résultats démontrent une hyperfamiliarité dans l’alcoolo-dépendance, associée à une altération de la cognition sociale. L’implication de l’altération de ces deux processus sur les risques de rechute est abordée.
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Abstract
PURPOSE In our modern society, many touch screen applications require hand-eye coordination to associate an icon with its specific contextual unit on phones, on computers, or in public transport. We assessed the ability of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) to explore scenes and to associate a target (animal or object) with a unique congruent scene (e.g., to match a fish with the sea) presented between three other distractors on a touch screen computer. METHODS Twenty-four patients with AMD (64 to 90 years) with best-corrected visual acuity between 20/40 and 20/400 as well as 17 age-matched (60 to 94 years) and 15 young (22 to 34 years) participants with normal visual acuity had to match a target with a congruent scene by moving their index finger on a 22-in touch screen. RESULTS Patients were as accurate (98.7% correct responses) as the age-matched control (98.9% correct responses) and young participants (99.3% correct responses) at performing the task. The duration of exploration was significantly longer for the AMD patients (mean, 4.13 seconds) compared with the age-matched group (mean, 2.96 seconds). The young participants were also significantly faster than the old group (mean, 0.93 seconds). The movement parameters of the older participants (patients and old control subjects) were affected compared with the young; the peak speed decreased (-8 cm/s) and the movement duration increased (+0.9 seconds) with age compared with the young group. CONCLUSIONS People with AMD are able to perform a contextual association task on a touch screen with high accuracy. The AMD patients were specifically affected in the "exploration" phase; their accuracy and movement parameters did not differ from the old control group. Our study suggests that the decline associated with AMD is more focused on the duration of exploration than on movement parameters in touch screen use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Lenoble
- *PhD †MD, PhD ‡BS SCALab, UMR CNRS 9193, Université de Lille, France (QL, SS, MB); and Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, Lille, France (THCT)
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Abstract
AIMS We investigated the performance in scene categorization of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) using a saccadic choice task. METHOD 24 patients with mild AD, 28 age-matched controls and 26 young people participated in the study. The participants were presented pairs of coloured photographs and were asked to make a saccadic eye movement to the picture corresponding to the target scene (natural vs. urban, indoor vs. outdoor). RESULTS The patients' performance did not differ from chance for natural scenes. Differences between young and older controls and patients with AD were found in accuracy but not saccadic latency. CONCLUSIONS The results are interpreted in terms of cerebral reorganization in the prefrontal and temporo-occipital cortex of patients with AD, but also in terms of impaired processing of visual global properties of scenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Lenoble
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Université Lille Nord de France, CNRS, Lille, France
| | - Giovanna Bubbico
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Université Lille Nord de France, CNRS, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Szaffarczyk
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Université Lille Nord de France, CNRS, Lille, France
| | | | - Muriel Boucart
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Université Lille Nord de France, CNRS, Lille, France
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Abstract
Medialateral postural control mechanisms (bodyweight distribution and center of pressure location) have been studied in static conditions. Our objective was to determine how these mechanisms are adjusted to perform voluntary movements, in our case 80° lateral gaze shifts at 0.125 Hz and 0.25 Hz. In healthy, young adults, we expected body marker (neck, lower back) and center of pressure displacements to be significantly greater in gaze shift conditions than in the stationary gaze condition. To explain these changes in center of pressure displacement, the amplitude contribution of both mechanisms was expected to increase significantly. All these results were found accordingly. Unexpectedly, the active contribution of the bodyweight distribution mechanism was negatively related to body marker displacements in the gaze shift conditions (ns in stationary condition). Moreover, changes in the contribution of the mechanisms were statistically weaker in effect size than changes in body displacement. However, the participants were not unstable because they performed the visual tasks as requested. We propose that the strength of medialateral postural control mechanisms may not only be strengthened to control challenging ML stance conditions but also slightly weakened to allow the performance of adequate body motions in ongoing tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédrick T Bonnet
- a Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, CNRS, Universités Lille , France
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Boucart M, Bubbico G, Szaffarczyk S, Pasquier F. Animal spotting in Alzheimer's disease: an eye tracking study of object categorization. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 39:181-9. [PMID: 24121969 DOI: 10.3233/jad-131331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated rapid object categorization and, more specifically, the ability to detect a target object within a natural scene in people with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) using a saccadic choice task. It has been suggested that the anatomical pathway likely used to initiate rapid oculomotor responses in the saccadic choice task could involve the Frontal Eye Field, a structure that is part of the dorsal attentional network, in which connectivity is disrupted in AD. Seventeen patients with mild AD and 23 healthy age-matched controls took part in the study. A group of 24 young healthy observers was included as it has been reported that normal aging affects eye movements. Participants were presented with pairs of colored photographs of natural scenes, one containing an animal (the target) and one containing various objects (distracter), displayed for 1 s left and right of fixation. They were asked to saccade to the scene containing an animal. Neither pathology nor age affected temporal (saccade latencies and durations) and spatial (saccade amplitude) parameters of eye movements. Patients with AD were significantly less accurate than age-matched controls, and older participants were less accurate than young observers. The results are interpreted in terms of noisier sensory information and increased uncertainty in relation to deficits in the magnocellular pathway. The results suggest that, even at a mild stage of the pathology, people exhibit difficulties in selecting relevant objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Boucart
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences et Pathologies Fonctionnelles, Université Lille-Nord de France, CNRS, France
| | - Giovanna Bubbico
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences et Pathologies Fonctionnelles, Université Lille-Nord de France, CNRS, France
| | - Sébastien Szaffarczyk
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences et Pathologies Fonctionnelles, Université Lille-Nord de France, CNRS, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Université Lille Nord de France, EA1046, CHU, Centre mémoire, Lille, France
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Bonnet CT, Cherraf S, Szaffarczyk S, Rougier PR. The contribution of body weight distribution and center of pressure location in the control of mediolateral stance. J Biomech 2014; 47:1603-8. [PMID: 24679709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the mediolateral control of upright stance in 16 healthy, young adults. The model analyzed the body weight distribution and center of pressure location mechanisms under three stance width conditions (feet close, under standard condition, and apart). Our first objective was to discuss some methodological requirements to investigate the contribution of both mechanisms by means of two platforms. It is proposed that both the amplitude contribution (in variability analyses) and active contribution (in cross-correlation analyses) need to be studied distinctively. These analyses may be concerned with the strength and the degree of active contributions, respectively. Based on this theoretical proposition, we expected and found that the amplitude contribution of both mechanisms was higher and lower in wide and narrow stances compared with that in the standard stance, respectively. Indeed, the closer the two reaction forces, the lower their mechanical contribution. As expected, the active contribution of both mechanisms was significantly lower and higher in wide and narrow stances, respectively. Indeed, the further the feet apart, the less active both mechanisms needed to be to control mediolateral stance. Overall, only the center of pressure location mechanism really changed its significant contribution to control mediolateral stance under the three conditions. The result is important because this mechanism is known to be secondary, weaker than the body weight distribution mechanism to control mediolateral stance. In practical terms, these findings may explain why the mediolateral variability of center of pressure displacement was significantly higher in narrow stance but not lower in wide stance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédrick T Bonnet
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Université Lille 2, CNRS, Lille, France.
| | - Sarah Cherraf
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Université Lille 2, CNRS, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Szaffarczyk
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Université Lille 2, CNRS, Lille, France
| | - Patrice R Rougier
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l׳Exercice, EA 4338, UFR CISM, Université de Savoie, Campus Scientifique de Savoie-Technolac, F-73376 Le Bourget du Lac, France
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