The transCampus Metabolic Training Programme Explores the Link of SARS-CoV-2 Virus to Metabolic Disease

Currently, we are experiencing a true pandemic of a communicable disease by the virus SARS-CoV-2 holding the whole world firmly in its grasp. Amazingly and unfortunately, this virus uses a metabolic and endocrine pathway via ACE2 to enter our cells causing damage and disease. Our international research training programme funded by the German Research Foundation has a clear mission to train the best students wherever they may come from to learn to tackle the enormous challenges of diabetes and its complications for our society. A modern training programme in diabetes and metabolism does not only involve a thorough understanding of classical physiology, biology and clinical diabetology but has to bring together an interdisciplinary team. With the arrival of the coronavirus pandemic, this prestigious and unique metabolic training programme is facing new challenges but also new opportunities. The consortium of the training programme has recognized early on the need for a guidance and for practical recommendations to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic for the community of patients with metabolic disease, obesity and diabetes. This involves the optimal management from surgical obesity programmes to medications and insulin replacement. We also established a global registry analyzing the dimension and role of metabolic disease including new onset diabetes potentially triggered by the virus. We have involved experts of infectious disease and virology to our faculty with this metabolic training programme to offer the full breadth and scope of expertise needed to meet these scientific challenges. We have all learned that this pandemic does not respect or heed any national borders and that we have to work together as a global community. We believe that this transCampus metabolic training programme provides a prime example how an international team of established experts in the field of metabolism can work together with students from all over the world to address a new pandemic.

KATP-channels in beta-cells in tissue slices are directly modulated by millimolar ATP

In pancreatic beta-cells, inhibition of K(ATP)-channels plays a pivotal role in signal transduction of glucose-induced insulin release. However, the extreme sensitivity of K(ATP)-channels to its ligand ATP as found in inside-out patches is not directly compatible with modulation of these channels at physiological [ATP](i). We studied K(ATP)-channel sensitivity to ATP in beta-cells in dispersed culture and in fresh pancreatic tissue slices. Physiological [ATP](i) blocks more than 99% of K(ATP)-channels in cultured beta-cells, while only 90% in beta-cells in slices, indicating reduced sensitivity to ATP in the fresh slices. Applying cytosolic factors like ADP, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) or oleoyl-CoA did not restore the K(ATP)-channel sensitivity in cultured beta-cells. Our data suggest that interaction between SUR1 and Kir6.2 subunit of the K(ATP)-channel could be a factor in sensitivity modulation. Tissue slices are the first beta-cell preparation to study direct K(ATP)-channel modulation by physiological [ATP](i).

Role of subunit-9 of mitochondrial ATP synthase in Batten disease

The role of subunit-9 of mitochondrial ATP synthase in Batten disease was defined by characterizing the expression of genes encoding this protein in human tissues. Two genetically distinct neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL) comprise Batten disease: the late-infantile (LINCL) and juvenile (JNCL) types. We tested cell lines and tissues from both types of patients, along with normal controls. Differences in expression between diseased and normal samples were found for both mRNA and protein. Antibody staining of subunit-9 protein was detected in LINCL and JNCL tissues, and in 6 LINCL and 4 of 5 JNCL fibroblast lines. No immunoreactivity was seen in fibroblasts from obligate carriers, normal controls, and 6 other storage disease controls, with the exception of faint staining in Niemann-Pick, type C cells. There was an appreciable difference in staining pattern in both tissue sections and fibroblasts between LINCL and JNCL. Three subunit-9 transcripts (Hum1, Hum2, and Hum3) were specifically detected in NCL and normal human tissue from heart, liver, brain, muscle, and pancreas. Transcriptional regulation of subunit-9 genes was found to be altered in Batten disease. Pseudogenes related to each of the subunit-9 genes were isolated. Sequence analysis of cDNAs spanning the protein-coding regions of the Hum1, Hum2, and Hum3 genes showed conclusively that the primary defect(s) causing NCL are not mutations in the protein-coding regions of the 3 known subunit-9 genes.

Comparison of the ProSpecT and Color Vue enzyme-linked immunoassays for the detection of Cryptosporidium in stool specimens

Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, the ProSpecT (Al-exon, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) and the Color Vue (Seradyn, Indianapolis, IN, USA) were compared for their ability to detect Cryptosporidium in 236 formalin-fixed stool specimens using the Merifluor C/G (Meridian, Cincinnati, OH, USA) stain as the reference method. The initial sensitivities of the ProSpecT and the Color Vue were 96.0% and 76.0%, which upon repeat testing of all discrepancies remained at 96.0% for the ProSpecT and decreased to 72.0% for the Color Vue. There were 25 (11%) specimens positive by the reference method. Initially, there were five false positive specimens by the ProSpecT, only one of which remained positive on retesting. The specificity of the Color Vue was 100% for the initial and repeated results, whereas the ProspecT had an initial specificity of 97.6% that increased to 99.5% upon repeat testing. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays offered the advantages of objectivity, batch testing, and, in the case of the ProSpecT, an acceptable sensitivity.

Phenytoin, methylprednisolone sodium succinate and graft survival

A laboratory study was undertaken to explore the possible interference of phenytoin with the immunosuppressive effect of methylprednisolone sodium succinate on skin graft survival in mice. Full thickness skin allografts were performed on five groups of 10 mice. Each group received various combinations of phenytoin and/or methylprednisolone sodium succinate or no treatment at all (control). In vitro stimulation of lymphocytes from these mice with phytohemagglutinin was carried out to corroborate the immune status of the recipients. All mice demonstrated prolonged graft survival as compared to the control group regardless of what agents were used. Our results indicate that the concomitant administration of phenytoin and methylprednisolone sodium succinate does not accelerate skin homograft rejection in the murine model.