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Ruggeri RB, Buckbinder L, Bagley SW, Carpino PA, Conn EL, Dowling MS, Fernando DP, Jiao W, Kung DW, Orr STM, Qi Y, Rocke BN, Smith A, Warmus JS, Zhang Y, Bowles D, Widlicka DW, Eng H, Ryder T, Sharma R, Wolford A, Okerberg C, Walters K, Maurer TS, Zhang Y, Bonin PD, Spath SN, Xing G, Hepworth D, Ahn K, Kalgutkar AS. Discovery of 2-(6-(5-Chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)acetamide (PF-06282999): A Highly Selective Mechanism-Based Myeloperoxidase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8513-28. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger B. Ruggeri
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Leonard Buckbinder
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Scott W. Bagley
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Philip A. Carpino
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Edward L. Conn
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew S. Dowling
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dilinie P. Fernando
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Wenhua Jiao
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel W. Kung
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Suvi T. M. Orr
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yingmei Qi
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin N. Rocke
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Aaron Smith
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Joseph S. Warmus
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel Bowles
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel W. Widlicka
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Heather Eng
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tim Ryder
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Raman Sharma
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Angela Wolford
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Carlin Okerberg
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Karen Walters
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tristan S. Maurer
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Paul D. Bonin
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Samantha N. Spath
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gang Xing
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David Hepworth
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kay Ahn
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amit S. Kalgutkar
- Worldwide Research
and Development, Pfizer,
Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Hampel JA, Spath SN, Bergin IL, Lim A, Bolin SR, Dyson MC. Prevalence and diagnosis of hemotrophic mycoplasma infection in research sheep and its effects on hematology variables and erythrocyte membrane fragility. Comp Med 2014; 64:478-485. [PMID: 25527029 PMCID: PMC4275084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hemotrophic mycoplasma (hemoplasma) infection in research sheep can confound experimental results and contribute to morbidity and mortality. Prevalence and clinicopathologic studies historically relied on blood-smear diagnosis, but systematic studies using current molecular techniques are warranted. Here we sought to report the prevalence of subclinical infection in our study population, compare diagnostic sensitivity and specificity between blood smears and a PCR assay, and determine the effects of infection on CBC variables and erythrocyte membrane fragility. We collected whole-blood samples from 111 convenience-sampled research sheep. All samples were tested for hemoplasmas by using a PCR assay, blood smears were evaluated for visual presence of hemoplasmas, and CBC and osmotic fragility assays were performed. Subclinical prevalence, according to PCR diagnosis, was 14.1% (14 of 99) in our study population. Relative to the PCR assay, blood-smear diagnosis was 8.3% sensitive and 100% specific for hemoplasma detection. Subclinical infection was associated with changes in MCV, MCHC, RBC distribution width, and absolute monocyte count. Acute infection was associated with changes in RBC mass, Hgb concentration, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and absolute lymphocyte and monocyte counts. Acute infection was associated with increased mean erythrocyte fragility compared with that in uninfected control and treated sheep. We demonstrated that hemoplasma infection is common in our study population, blood-smear evaluation is insensitive at detecting infection, and infection is associated with changes in CBC variables and increased erythrocyte membrane fragility. These findings raise concerns regarding the suitability of hemoplasma-infected sheep for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Hampel
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Samantha N Spath
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Ingrid L Bergin
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ailam Lim
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven R Bolin
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Melissa C Dyson
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Ward J, Spath SN, Pabst B, Carpino PA, Ruggeri RB, Xing G, Speers AE, Cravatt BF, Ahn K. Mechanistic characterization of a 2-thioxanthine myeloperoxidase inhibitor and selectivity assessment utilizing click chemistry--activity-based protein profiling. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9187-201. [PMID: 24320749 DOI: 10.1021/bi401354d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a heme peroxidase that catalyzes the production of hypochlorous acid. Despite a high level of interest in MPO as a therapeutic target, there have been limited reports about MPO inhibitors that are suitable for evaluating MPO in pharmacological studies. 2-Thioxanthine, 3-(2-ethoxypropyl)-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-purin-6(9H)-one (A), has recently been reported to inhibit MPO by covalently modifying the heme prosthetic group. Here we report a detailed mechanistic characterization demonstrating that A possesses all the distinguishing features of a mechanism-based inactivator. A is a time-dependent MPO inhibitor and displays saturable inactivation kinetics consistent with a two-step mechanism of inactivation and a potency (k(inact)/K(I) ratio) of 8450 ± 780 M⁻¹ s⁻¹. MPO inactivation by A is dependent on MPO catalysis and is protected by substrate. A reduces MPO compound I to compound II with a second-order rate constant of (0.801 ± 0.056) × 10⁶ M⁻¹ s⁻¹, and its irreversible inactivation of MPO occurs prior to release of the activated inhibitory species. Despite its relatively high selectivity against a broad panel of more than 100 individual targets, including enzymes, receptors, transporters, and ion channels, we demonstrate that A labels multiple other protein targets in the presence of MPO. By synthesizing an alkyne analogue of A and utilizing click chemistry-activity-based protein profiling, we present that the MPO-activated inhibitory species can diffuse away to covalently modify other proteins, as reflected by the relatively high partition ratio of A, which we determined to be 15.6. This study highlights critical methods that can guide the discovery and development of next-generation MPO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ward
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Geoghegan KF, Varghese AH, Feng X, Bessire AJ, Conboy JJ, Ruggeri RB, Ahn K, Spath SN, Filippov SV, Conrad SJ, Carpino PA, Guimarães CRW, Vajdos FF. Deconstruction of Activity-Dependent Covalent Modification of Heme in Human Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase by Multistage Mass Spectrometry (MS4). Biochemistry 2012; 51:2065-77. [DOI: 10.1021/bi201872j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xidong Feng
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton, Connecticut
06340, United States
| | | | - James J. Conboy
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton, Connecticut
06340, United States
| | - Roger B. Ruggeri
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton, Connecticut
06340, United States
| | - Kay Ahn
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton, Connecticut
06340, United States
| | | | | | - Steven J. Conrad
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton, Connecticut
06340, United States
| | | | | | - Felix F. Vajdos
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Groton, Connecticut
06340, United States
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