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Palmer MA, Garland MJ, Stewart LD, Helyar SJ, O'Connell NE. Variations in the Physical Properties and Microbial Community of Dairy Cow Manure-Implications for Testing and Efficacy of Footbathing Products. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2386. [PMID: 37508163 PMCID: PMC10376490 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Footbaths containing disinfectants are used on dairy farms to reduce the spread of digital dermatitis; however, they commonly become contaminated with manure. This trial investigated the physical properties and microbial composition of dairy cow manure from two production systems and examined whether the source of manure impacted the efficacy of footbathing disinfectants. Manure was collected from eighteen dairy cows, nine housed and fed grass silage (HOUSED) and nine at pasture (PASTURE). The pH and dry matter content was determined, total DNA was extracted and the region v3-v4 of the 16s rRNA gene sequenced. The efficacy of formalin and two trial products (TP1: peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide; TP2: chlorocresol and triamine) was evaluated when mixed with manure from the two production systems. Production system differences were found in manure dry matter content, bacterial microbiome and the efficacy of both trial footbathing products but not formalin. The properties of manure affected the results of laboratory testing and therefore have the potential to influence footbathing disinfectant efficacy when footbaths are contaminated with manure. Further research into the impact of organic contaminants on the efficacy of disinfectants could facilitate the development of improved testing programmes and disinfectant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve A Palmer
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Martin J Garland
- Functional Chemical Research Centre, Kersia Group UK and Ireland Ltd., Belfast BT36 4TY, UK
| | - Linda D Stewart
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Sarah J Helyar
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Niamh E O'Connell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
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Rodriguez-Ezpeleta N, Morissette O, Bean CW, Manu S, Banerjee P, Lacoursière-Roussel A, Beng KC, Alter SE, Roger F, Holman LE, Stewart KA, Monaghan MT, Mauvisseau Q, Mirimin L, Wangensteen OS, Antognazza CM, Helyar SJ, de Boer H, Monchamp ME, Nijland R, Abbott CL, Doi H, Barnes MA, Leray M, Hablützel PI, Deiner K. Trade-offs between reducing complex terminology and producing accurate interpretations from environmental DNA: Comment on "Environmental DNA: What's behind the term?" by Pawlowski et al., (2020). Mol Ecol 2021; 30:4601-4605. [PMID: 34036646 PMCID: PMC8698002 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In a recent paper, “Environmental DNA: What's behind the term? Clarifying the terminology and recommendations for its future use in biomonitoring,” Pawlowski et al. argue that the term eDNA should be used to refer to the pool of DNA isolated from environmental samples, as opposed to only extra‐organismal DNA from macro‐organisms. We agree with this view. However, we are concerned that their proposed two‐level terminology specifying sampling environment and targeted taxa is overly simplistic and might hinder rather than improve clear communication about environmental DNA and its use in biomonitoring. This terminology is based on categories that are often difficult to assign and uninformative, and it overlooks a fundamental distinction within eDNA: the type of DNA (organismal or extra‐organismal) from which ecological interpretations are derived.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Morissette
- Direction de l'expertise sur la Faune Aquatique, Ministère des Forêt de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Colin W Bean
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shivakumara Manu
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pritam Banerjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Anaïs Lacoursière-Roussel
- Government of Canada, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, St. Andrews Biological Station, St. Andrews, NB, Canada
| | - Kingsly C Beng
- Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - S Elizabeth Alter
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, USA
| | - Fabian Roger
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research (CEC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Luke E Holman
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kathryn A Stewart
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael T Monaghan
- Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Luca Mirimin
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and Computing, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Owen S Wangensteen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Caterina M Antognazza
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Sarah J Helyar
- Institute of Global Food Security (IGFS), School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Hugo de Boer
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Reindert Nijland
- Marine Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cathryn L Abbott
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Hideyuki Doi
- Graduate School of Simulation Studies, University of Hyogo, Kobe, Japan
| | - Matthew A Barnes
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Matthieu Leray
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Panama City, Panama
| | | | - Kristy Deiner
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Fairweather R, Bradbury IR, Helyar SJ, de Bruyn M, Therkildsen NO, Bentzen P, Hemmer‐Hansen J, Carvalho GR. Range-wide genomic data synthesis reveals transatlantic vicariance and secondary contact in Atlantic cod. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:12140-12152. [PMID: 30598806 PMCID: PMC6303715 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in genetic and genomic analysis have greatly improved our understanding of spatial population structure in marine species. However, studies addressing phylogeographic patterns at oceanic spatial scales remain rare. In Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), existing range-wide examinations suggest significant transatlantic divergence, although the fine-scale contemporary distribution of populations and potential for secondary contact are largely unresolved. Here, we explore transatlantic phylogeography in Atlantic cod using a data-synthesis approach, integrating multiple genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) datasets representative of different regions to create a single range-wide dataset containing 1,494 individuals from 54 locations and genotyped at 796 common loci. Our analysis highlights significant transatlantic divergence and supports the hypothesis of westward post-glacial colonization of Greenland from the East Atlantic. Accordingly, our analysis suggests the presence of transatlantic secondary contact off eastern North America and supports existing perspectives on the phylogeographic history of Atlantic cod with an unprecedented combination of genetic and geographic resolution. Moreover, we demonstrate the utility of integrating distinct SNP databases of high comparability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fairweather
- Department of BiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
- School of Biological SciencesBangor UniversityBangorUK
| | - Ian R. Bradbury
- Science Branch, Department of FisheriesSt John’s, Newfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Sarah J. Helyar
- Institute of Global Food SecurityQueen’s University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Mark de Bruyn
- School of Biological SciencesBangor UniversityBangorUK
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Paul Bentzen
- Department of BiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Jakob Hemmer‐Hansen
- Section for Marine Living Resources, National Institute for Aquatic ResourcesTechnical University of DenmarkSilkeborgDenmark
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Ferrari A, Tinti F, Bertucci Maresca V, Velonà A, Cannas R, Thasitis I, Costa FO, Follesa MC, Golani D, Hemida F, Helyar SJ, Mancusi C, Mulas A, Serena F, Sion L, Stagioni M, Cariani A. Natural history and molecular evolution of demersal Mediterranean sharks and skates inferred by comparative phylogeographic and demographic analyses. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5560. [PMID: 30245927 PMCID: PMC6149499 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The unique and complex paleoclimatic and paleogeographic events which affected the Mediterranean Sea since late Miocene deeply influenced the distribution and evolution of marine organisms and shaped their genetic structure. Following the Messinian salinity crisis and the sea-level fluctuations during the Pleistocene, several Mediterranean marine species developed deep genetic differentiation, and some underwent rapid radiation. Here, we consider two of the most prioritized groups for conservation in the light of their evolutionary history: sharks and rays (elasmobranchs). This paper deals with a comparative multispecies analysis of phylogeographic structure and historical demography in two pairs of sympatric, phylogenetically- and ecologically-related elasmobranchs, two scyliorhinid catsharks (Galeus melastomus, Scyliorhinus canicula) and two rajid skates (Raja clavata, Raja miraletus). Sampling and experimental analyses were designed to primarily test if the Sicilian Channel can be considered as effective eco-physiological barrier for Mediterranean demersal sympatric elasmobranchs. Methods The phylogeography and the historical demography of target species were inferred by analysing the nucleotide variation of three mitochondrial DNA markers (i.e., partial sequence of COI, NADH2 and CR) obtained from a total of 248 individuals sampled in the Western and Eastern Mediterranean Sea as well as in the adjacent northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Phylogeographic analysis was performed by haplotype networking and testing spatial genetic differentiation of samples (i.e., analysis of molecular variance and of principal components). Demographic history of Mediterranean populations was reconstructed using mismatch distribution and Bayesian Skyline Plot analyses. Results No spatial genetic differentiation was identified in either catshark species, while phylogeographic structure of lineages was identified in both skates, with R. miraletus more structured than R. clavata. However, such structuring of skate lineages was not consistent with the separation between Western and Eastern Mediterranean. Sudden demographic expansions occurred synchronously during the upper Pleistocene (40,000–60,000 years ago) in both skates and G. melastomus, likely related to optimal environmental conditions. In contrast, S. canicula experienced a slow and constant increase in population size over the last 350,000 years. Discussion The comparative analysis of phylogeographic and historical demographic patterns for the Mediterranean populations of these elasmobranchs reveals that historical phylogeographic breaks have not had a large impact on their microevolution. We hypothesize that interactions between environmental and ecological/physiological traits may have been the driving force in the microevolution of these demersal elasmobranch species in the Mediterranean rather than oceanographic barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ferrari
- Department of Biological, Geological & Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fausto Tinti
- Department of Biological, Geological & Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Victoria Bertucci Maresca
- Department of Biological, Geological & Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Velonà
- Department of Biological, Geological & Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Cannas
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ioannis Thasitis
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Filipe Oliveira Costa
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Daniel Golani
- Department of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Farid Hemida
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences de la Mer et de Aménagement du Littoral (ENSSMAL), Algiers, Algeria
| | - Sarah J Helyar
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, The Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Mancusi
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Toscana (ARPAT), Livorno, Italy
| | - Antonello Mulas
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Serena
- Institute Coastal Marine Environment, Italian National Research Council (CNR-IAMC), Mazara del Vallo, Italy
| | - Letizia Sion
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Stagioni
- Department of Biological, Geological & Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Cariani
- Department of Biological, Geological & Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Bekkevold D, Gross R, Arula T, Helyar SJ, Ojaveer H. Outlier Loci Detect Intraspecific Biodiversity amongst Spring and Autumn Spawning Herring across Local Scales. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148499. [PMID: 27050440 PMCID: PMC4822851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herring, Clupea harengus, is one of the ecologically and commercially most important species in European northern seas, where two distinct ecotypes have been described based on spawning time; spring and autumn. To date, it is unknown if these spring and autumn spawning herring constitute genetically distinct units. We assessed levels of genetic divergence between spring and autumn spawning herring in the Baltic Sea using two types of DNA markers, microsatellites and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, and compared the results with data for autumn spawning North Sea herring. Temporally replicated analyses reveal clear genetic differences between ecotypes and hence support reproductive isolation. Loci showing non-neutral behaviour, so-called outlier loci, show convergence between autumn spawning herring from demographically disjoint populations, potentially reflecting selective processes associated with autumn spawning ecotypes. The abundance and exploitation of the two ecotypes have varied strongly over space and time in the Baltic Sea, where autumn spawners have faced strong depression for decades. The results therefore have practical implications by highlighting the need for specific management of these co-occurring ecotypes to meet requirements for sustainable exploitation and ensure optimal livelihood for coastal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Bekkevold
- Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Charlottenlund, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Riho Gross
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Department of Aquaculture, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Timo Arula
- University of Tartu, Estonian Marine Institute, Pärnu, Estonia
| | - Sarah J. Helyar
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Henn Ojaveer
- University of Tartu, Estonian Marine Institute, Pärnu, Estonia
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Pampoulie C, Skirnisdottir S, Star B, Jentoft S, Jónsdóttir IG, Hjörleifsson E, Thorsteinsson V, Pálsson ÓK, Berg PR, Andersen Ø, Magnusdottir S, Helyar SJ, Daníelsdóttir AK. Rhodopsin Gene Polymorphism Associated with Divergent Light Environments in Atlantic Cod. Behav Genet 2015; 45:236-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s10519-014-9701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Helyar SJ, Lloyd HAD, de Bruyn M, Leake J, Bennett N, Carvalho GR. Fish product mislabelling: failings of traceability in the production chain and implications for illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98691. [PMID: 24921655 PMCID: PMC4055496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing consumer demand for seafood, combined with concern over the health of our oceans, has led to many initiatives aimed at tackling destructive fishing practices and promoting the sustainability of fisheries. An important global threat to sustainable fisheries is Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing, and there is now an increased emphasis on the use of trade measures to prevent IUU-sourced fish and fish products from entering the international market. Initiatives encompass new legislation in the European Union requiring the inclusion of species names on catch labels throughout the distribution chain. Such certification measures do not, however, guarantee accuracy of species designation. Using two DNA-based methods to compare species descriptions with molecular ID, we examined 386 samples of white fish, or products labelled as primarily containing white fish, from major UK supermarket chains. Species specific real-time PCR probes were used for cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) to provide a highly sensitive and species-specific test for the major species of white fish sold in the UK. Additionally, fish-specific primers were used to sequence the forensically validated barcoding gene, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Overall levels of congruence between product label and genetic species identification were high, with 94.34% of samples correctly labelled, though a significant proportion in terms of potential volume, were mislabelled. Substitution was usually for a cheaper alternative and, in one case, extended to a tropical species. To our knowledge, this is the first published study encompassing a large-scale assessment of UK retailers, and if representative, indicates a potentially significant incidence of incorrect product designation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Helyar
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Hywel ap D. Lloyd
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Mark de Bruyn
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Gary R. Carvalho
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, United Kingdom
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Milano I, Babbucci M, Cariani A, Atanassova M, Bekkevold D, Carvalho GR, Espiñeira M, Fiorentino F, Garofalo G, Geffen AJ, Hansen JH, Helyar SJ, Nielsen EE, Ogden R, Patarnello T, Stagioni M, Tinti F, Bargelloni L. Outlier SNP markers reveal fine-scale genetic structuring across European hake populations (Merluccius merluccius). Mol Ecol 2013; 23:118-35. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Milano
- Department of Biological; Geological and Environmental Sciences; University of Bologna; via Selmi 3 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Massimiliano Babbucci
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science-Agripolis-Viale dell'Università 16; I-35020 Legnaro Padova Italy
| | - Alessia Cariani
- Department of Biological; Geological and Environmental Sciences; University of Bologna; via Selmi 3 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Miroslava Atanassova
- Living Resources, Aquaculture and Management of their Traceability Division of ANFACO-CECOPESCA; Ctra. Colegio Universitario 16; 36.310 Vigo Spain
| | - Dorte Bekkevold
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources; Technical University of Denmark; Vejlsøvej 39 DK-8600 Silkeborg Denmark
| | - Gary R. Carvalho
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory; School of Biological Sciences; Bangor University; Environment Centre Wales; Bangor UK
| | - Montserrat Espiñeira
- Living Resources, Aquaculture and Management of their Traceability Division of ANFACO-CECOPESCA; Ctra. Colegio Universitario 16; 36.310 Vigo Spain
| | - Fabio Fiorentino
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute for Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC); Via L. Vaccara 61 91026 Mazara del Vallo Trapani Italy
| | - Germana Garofalo
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute for Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC); Via L. Vaccara 61 91026 Mazara del Vallo Trapani Italy
| | - Audrey J. Geffen
- Department of Biology; University of Bergen; P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen Norway
| | - Jakob. H. Hansen
- Living Resources, Aquaculture and Management of their Traceability Division of ANFACO-CECOPESCA; Ctra. Colegio Universitario 16; 36.310 Vigo Spain
| | - Sarah J. Helyar
- Food Safety, Environment & Genetics; Matís ohf, Vínlandsleið 12; 113 Reykjavík Iceland
| | - Einar E. Nielsen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources; Technical University of Denmark; Vejlsøvej 39 DK-8600 Silkeborg Denmark
| | - Rob Ogden
- TRACE Wildlife Forensics Network; Royal Zoological Society of Scotland; Edinburgh EH12 6TS UK
| | - Tomaso Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science-Agripolis-Viale dell'Università 16; I-35020 Legnaro Padova Italy
| | - Marco Stagioni
- Department of Biological; Geological and Environmental Sciences; University of Bologna; via Selmi 3 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Fausto Tinti
- Department of Biological; Geological and Environmental Sciences; University of Bologna; via Selmi 3 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science-Agripolis-Viale dell'Università 16; I-35020 Legnaro Padova Italy
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Helyar SJ, Limborg MT, Bekkevold D, Babbucci M, van Houdt J, Maes GE, Bargelloni L, Nielsen RO, Taylor MI, Ogden R, Cariani A, Carvalho GR, Panitz F. SNP discovery using Next Generation Transcriptomic Sequencing in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus). PLoS One 2012; 7:e42089. [PMID: 22879907 PMCID: PMC3413699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) has revolutionised population genetics, providing studies of non-model species with unprecedented genomic coverage, allowing evolutionary biologists to address questions previously far beyond the reach of available resources. Furthermore, the simple mutation model of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) permits cost-effective high-throughput genotyping in thousands of individuals simultaneously. Genomic resources are scarce for the Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), a small pelagic species that sustains high revenue fisheries. This paper details the development of 578 SNPs using a combined NGS and high-throughput genotyping approach. Eight individuals covering the species distribution in the eastern Atlantic were bar-coded and multiplexed into a single cDNA library and sequenced using the 454 GS FLX platform. SNP discovery was performed by de novo sequence clustering and contig assembly, followed by the mapping of reads against consensus contig sequences. Selection of candidate SNPs for genotyping was conducted using an in silico approach. SNP validation and genotyping were performed simultaneously using an Illumina 1,536 GoldenGate assay. Although the conversion rate of candidate SNPs in the genotyping assay cannot be predicted in advance, this approach has the potential to maximise cost and time efficiencies by avoiding expensive and time-consuming laboratory stages of SNP validation. Additionally, the in silico approach leads to lower ascertainment bias in the resulting SNP panel as marker selection is based only on the ability to design primers and the predicted presence of intron-exon boundaries. Consequently SNPs with a wider spectrum of minor allele frequencies (MAFs) will be genotyped in the final panel. The genomic resources presented here represent a valuable multi-purpose resource for developing informative marker panels for population discrimination, microarray development and for population genomic studies in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Helyar
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom.
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Saccheri IJ, Lloyd HD, Helyar SJ, Brakefield PM. Inbreeding uncovers fundamental differences in the genetic load affecting male and female fertility in a butterfly. Proc Biol Sci 2005; 272:39-46. [PMID: 15875568 PMCID: PMC1634945 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inbreeding depression is most pronounced for traits closely associated with fitness. The traditional explanation is that natural selection eliminates deleterious mutations with additive or dominant effects more effectively than recessive mutations, leading to directional dominance for traits subject to strong directional selection. Here we report the unexpected finding that, in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana, male sterility contributes disproportionately to inbreeding depression for fitness (complete sterility in about half the sons from brother-sister matings), while female fertility is insensitive to inbreeding. The contrast between the sexes for functionally equivalent traits is inconsistent with standard selection arguments, and suggests that trait-specific developmental properties and cryptic selection play crucial roles in shaping genetic architecture. There is evidence that spermatogenesis is less developmentally stable than oogenesis, though the unusually high male fertility load in B. anynana additionally suggests the operation of complex selection maintaining male sterility recessives. Analysis of the precise causes of inbreeding depression will be needed to generate a model that reliably explains variation in directional dominance and reconciles the gap between observed and expected genetic loads carried by populations. This challenging evolutionary puzzle should stimulate work on the occurrence and causes of sex differences in fertility load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilik J Saccheri
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, The Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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