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Esquibel CR, Wendt KD, Lee HC, Gaire J, Shoffstall A, Urdaneta ME, Chacko JV, Brodnick SK, Otto KJ, Capadona JR, Williams JC, Eliceiri KW. Second Harmonic Generation Imaging of Collagen in Chronically Implantable Electrodes in Brain Tissue. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:95. [PMID: 32733179 PMCID: PMC7358524 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in neural engineering have brought about a number of implantable devices for improved brain stimulation and recording. Unfortunately, many of these micro-implants have not been adopted due to issues of signal loss, deterioration, and host response to the device. While glial scar characterization is critical to better understand the mechanisms that affect device functionality or tissue viability, analysis is frequently hindered by immunohistochemical tissue processing methods that result in device shattering and tissue tearing artifacts. Devices are commonly removed prior to sectioning, which can itself disturb the quality of the study. In this methods implementation study, we use the label free, optical sectioning method of second harmonic generation (SHG) to examine brain slices of various implanted intracortical electrodes and demonstrate collagen fiber distribution not found in normal brain tissue. SHG can easily be used in conjunction with multiphoton microscopy to allow direct intrinsic visualization of collagen-containing glial scars on the surface of cortically implanted electrode probes without imposing the physical strain of tissue sectioning methods required for other high resolution light microscopy modalities. Identification and future measurements of these collagen fibers may be useful in predicting host immune response and device signal fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne R. Esquibel
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kristy D. Wendt
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Heui C. Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Janak Gaire
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Andrew Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Morgan E. Urdaneta
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jenu V. Chacko
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sarah K. Brodnick
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kevin J. Otto
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Justin C. Williams
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - K. W. Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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Trevathan JK, Baumgart IW, Nicolai EN, Gosink BA, Asp AJ, Settell ML, Polaconda SR, Malerick KD, Brodnick SK, Zeng W, Knudsen BE, McConico AL, Sanger Z, Lee JH, Aho JM, Suminski AJ, Ross EK, Lujan JL, Weber DJ, Williams JC, Franke M, Ludwig KA, Shoffstall AJ. Neural Interfaces: An Injectable Neural Stimulation Electrode Made from an In‐Body Curing Polymer/Metal Composite (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 23/2019). Adv Healthc Mater 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201970090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James K. Trevathan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | - Ian W. Baumgart
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Evan N. Nicolai
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | - Brian A. Gosink
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Anders J. Asp
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | - Megan L. Settell
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | - Shyam R. Polaconda
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Kevin D. Malerick
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Sarah K. Brodnick
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Weifeng Zeng
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Bruce E. Knudsen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Neurologic SurgeryMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | | | - Zachary Sanger
- Department of Neurologic SurgeryMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | - Jannifer H. Lee
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | - Johnathon M. Aho
- Division of General Thoracic SurgeryMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
- Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | - Aaron J. Suminski
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Erika K. Ross
- Department of Neurologic SurgeryMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | - Jose L. Lujan
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
- Department of Neurologic SurgeryMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
- Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
| | - Douglas J. Weber
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Justin C. Williams
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | | | - Kip A. Ludwig
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Neurologic SurgeryMayo Clinic Rochester MN 55902 USA
- Neuronoff Inc. Valencia CA 91354 USA
| | - Andrew J. Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University Cleveland OH 44106 USA
- Neuronoff Inc. Valencia CA 91354 USA
- Advanced Platform Technologies CenterLouis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center Cleveland OH 44106 USA
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3
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Trevathan JK, Baumgart IW, Nicolai EN, Gosink BA, Asp AJ, Settell ML, Polaconda SR, Malerick KD, Brodnick SK, Zeng W, Knudsen BE, McConico AL, Sanger Z, Lee JH, Aho JM, Suminski AJ, Ross EK, Lujan JL, Weber DJ, Williams JC, Franke M, Ludwig KA, Shoffstall AJ. An Injectable Neural Stimulation Electrode Made from an In-Body Curing Polymer/Metal Composite. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900892. [PMID: 31697052 PMCID: PMC10425988 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Implanted neural stimulation and recording devices hold vast potential to treat a variety of neurological conditions, but the invasiveness, complexity, and cost of the implantation procedure greatly reduce access to an otherwise promising therapeutic approach. To address this need, a novel electrode that begins as an uncured, flowable prepolymer that can be injected around a neuroanatomical target to minimize surgical manipulation is developed. Referred to as the Injectrode, the electrode conforms to target structures forming an electrically conductive interface which is orders of magnitude less stiff than conventional neuromodulation electrodes. To validate the Injectrode, detailed electrochemical and microscopy characterization of its material properties is performed and the feasibility of using it to stimulate the nervous system electrically in rats and swine is validated. The silicone-metal-particle composite performs very similarly to pure wire of the same metal (silver) in all measures, including exhibiting a favorable cathodic charge storage capacity (CSCC ) and charge injection limits compared to the clinical LivaNova stimulation electrode and silver wire electrodes. By virtue of its simplicity, the Injectrode has the potential to be less invasive, more robust, and more cost-effective than traditional electrode designs, which could increase the adoption of neuromodulation therapies for existing and new indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Trevathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Ian W Baumgart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Evan N Nicolai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Brian A Gosink
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Anders J Asp
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Megan L Settell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Shyam R Polaconda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Kevin D Malerick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Sarah K Brodnick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Weifeng Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Bruce E Knudsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Andrea L McConico
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Zachary Sanger
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Jannifer H Lee
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Johnathon M Aho
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Aaron J Suminski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Erika K Ross
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Jose L Lujan
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Douglas J Weber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Justin C Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | | | - Kip A Ludwig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
- Neuronoff Inc., Valencia, CA, 91354, USA
| | - Andrew J Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Neuronoff Inc., Valencia, CA, 91354, USA
- Advanced Platform Technologies Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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4
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Richner TJ, Brodnick SK, Thongpang S, Sandberg AA, Krugner-Higby LA, Williams JC. Phase relationship between micro-electrocorticography and cortical neurons. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:066028. [PMID: 31318702 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab335b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electrocorticography (ECoG) is commonly used to map epileptic foci and to implement brain-computer interfaces. Understanding the spatiotemporal correspondence between potentials recorded from the brain's surface and the firing patterns of neurons within the cortex would inform the interpretation of ECoG signals and the design of (microfabricated) micro-ECoG electrode arrays. Based on the theory that synaptic potentials generated by neurons firing in synchrony superimpose to generate local field potentials (LFPs), we hypothesized that neurons in the cortex would fire at preferential phases of the micro-ECoG signal in a spatially dependent way. APPROACH We custom fabricated micro-ECoG electrode arrays with a small opening for silicon arrays (NeuroNexus) to be inserted into the cortex. MAIN RESULTS We found that the spectral coherence between micro-ECoG signals and intracortical LFPs decreased with distance and frequency, but the coherence with spiking units did not simply decrease over distance, likely due to the structure of the cortex. The majority of sorted units spiked during a preferred phase (usually downward) and frequency (usually below 20 Hz) of the micro-ECoG signal. Their preferred frequency decreased with administration of dexmeditomidine, a sedative commonly used for cortical mapping in patients with epilepsy prior to surgical resection. Dexmedetomidine concomitantly shifted the micro-ECoG spectral density towards lower frequencies. Therefore, the phase relationship between micro-ECoG signals and cortical spiking depends on the state of the brain, and spectrum shifts towards lower frequencies in the electrocorticography signal are a signature of increased spike-phase coupling. However, spike-phase coupling is not a static property since visual stimuli were found to modulate the magnitude of phase coupling at gamma frequency ranges (30-80 Hz), providing empirical evidence that neurons transiently phase-lock. SIGNIFICANCE The phase relationship between intracortical spikes and micro-ECoG signals depends on brain state, site separation, cortical structure, and external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Richner
- Biomedical Engineering, 1550 Engineering Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
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5
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Brodnick SK, Ness JP, Richner TJ, Thongpang S, Novello J, Hayat M, Cheng KP, Krugner-Higby L, Suminski AJ, Ludwig KA, Williams JC. μECoG Recordings Through a Thinned Skull. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1017. [PMID: 31632232 PMCID: PMC6779785 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The studies described in this paper for the first time characterize the acute and chronic performance of optically transparent thin-film micro-electrocorticography (μECoG) grids implanted on a thinned skull as both an electrophysiological complement to existing thinned skull preparation for optical recordings/manipulations, and a less invasive alternative to epidural or subdurally placed μECoG arrays. In a longitudinal chronic study, μECoG grids placed on top of a thinned skull maintain impedances comparable to epidurally placed μECoG grids that are stable for periods of at least 1 month. Optogenetic activation of cortex is also reliably demonstrated through the optically transparent μECoG grids acutely placed on the thinned skull. Finally, spatially distinct electrophysiological recordings were evident on μECoG electrodes placed on a thinned skull separated by 500–750 μm, as assessed by stimulation evoked responses using optogenetic activation of cortex as well as invasive and epidermal stimulation of the sciatic and median nerve at chronic time points. Neural signals were collected through a thinned skull in mice and rats, demonstrating potential utility in neuroscience research applications such as in vivo imaging and optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Brodnick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jared P Ness
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Thomas J Richner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sanitta Thongpang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Joseph Novello
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mohammed Hayat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kevin P Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lisa Krugner-Higby
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Aaron J Suminski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kip A Ludwig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Justin C Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Dingle A, Zeng W, Ness JP, Albano N, Minor RL, Feldman C, Austin M, Brodnick SK, Shulzhenko N, Sanchez R, Lake WB, Williams JC, Poore SO, Suminski AJ. Strategies for interfacing with the trigeminal nerves in rodents for bioelectric medicine. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 324:108321. [PMID: 31229585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioelectric medicine seeks to modulate neural activity via targeted electrical stimulation to treat disease. Recent clinical evidence supports trigeminal nerve stimulation as a bioelectric treatment for several neurological disorders; however, the mechanisms of trigeminal nerve stimulation and potential side effects remain largely unknown. The goal of this study is to optimize the methodology and reproducibility of neural interface implantation for mechanistic studies in rodents. NEW METHOD(S) This article describes a single incision surgical approach to the infraorbital nerve of rats and mice and the supraorbital nerve in rats for trigeminal nerve stimulation studies. This article also presents the use of cortical evoked potentials and electromyography as methods for demonstrating effective engagement between the implanted electrode and target nerve. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) A number of surgical approaches to the infraorbital nerve in rats exist, many of which are technically difficult. A simple, standardized approach to infraorbital nerve in rats and mice, as well as the supraorbital nerve of rats is integral to reproducibility of future trigeminal nerve stimulation studies. CONCLUSION The infraorbital nerve of rats and mice can be easily accessed from a single dorsal incision on the bridge of the nose that avoids major anatomical structures such as the facial nerve. The supraorbital nerve is also accessible in rats from a single dorsal incision, but not mice due to size. Successful interfacing and engagement of the infra- and supraorbital nerves using the described methodology is demonstrated by recording of evoked cortical potentials and electromyography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Dingle
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States.
| | - Weifeng Zeng
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Jared P Ness
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Nicholas Albano
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Rashea L Minor
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Coner Feldman
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Mark Austin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Sarah K Brodnick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Nikita Shulzhenko
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Ruston Sanchez
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Wendell B Lake
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Justin C Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Samuel O Poore
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Aaron J Suminski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States.
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Barroso FO, Yoder B, Tentler D, Wallner JJ, Kinkhabwala AA, Jantz MK, Flint RD, Tostado PM, Pei E, Satish ADR, Brodnick SK, Suminski AJ, Williams JC, Miller LE, Tresch MC. Decoding neural activity to predict rat locomotion using intracortical and epidural arrays. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:036005. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Suminski AJ, Ness JP, Zeng W, Novello J, Brodnick SK, Pisaniello J, Dingle AM, Poore SO, Lake WB, Williams JC. Characterizing cortical responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the mouse infraorbital nerve. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2018; 2018:4756-4759. [PMID: 30441412 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8513175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the trigeminal nerve (CN V) has become a popular target for neuromodulation therapies to treat of a variety of diseases due to its access to neuromodulatory centers. Despite promising preclinical and clinical data, the mechanism of action of trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) remains in question. In this work, we describe the development and evaluation of a neural interface targeting the mouse trigeminal nerve with the goal of enabling future mechanistic research on TNS. We performed experiments designed to evaluate the ability of a peripheral nerve interface (i.e. cuff electrode) to stimulate the infraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve. We found that both artificial and naturalistic stimulation of the trigeminal nerve elicited robust cortical responses in the somatosensory cortex that scaled with increases in stimulus amplitude. These results suggest that an infraorbital nerve interface is a suitable candidate for examining the neural mechanisms of TNS in the mouse.
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9
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Park DW, Ness JP, Brodnick SK, Esquibel C, Novello J, Atry F, Baek DH, Kim H, Bong J, Swanson KI, Suminski AJ, Otto KJ, Pashaie R, Williams JC, Ma Z. Electrical Neural Stimulation and Simultaneous in Vivo Monitoring with Transparent Graphene Electrode Arrays Implanted in GCaMP6f Mice. ACS Nano 2018; 12:148-157. [PMID: 29253337 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation using implantable electrodes is widely used to treat various neuronal disorders such as Parkinson's disease and epilepsy and is a widely used research tool in neuroscience studies. However, to date, devices that help better understand the mechanisms of electrical stimulation in neural tissues have been limited to opaque neural electrodes. Imaging spatiotemporal neural responses to electrical stimulation with minimal artifact could allow for various studies that are impossible with existing opaque electrodes. Here, we demonstrate electrical brain stimulation and simultaneous optical monitoring of the underlying neural tissues using carbon-based, fully transparent graphene electrodes implanted in GCaMP6f mice. Fluorescence imaging of neural activity for varying electrical stimulation parameters was conducted with minimal image artifact through transparent graphene electrodes. In addition, full-field imaging of electrical stimulation verified more efficient neural activation with cathode leading stimulation compared to anode leading stimulation. We have characterized the charge density limitation of capacitive four-layer graphene electrodes as 116.07-174.10 μC/cm2 based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, failure bench testing, and in vivo testing. This study demonstrates the transparent ability of graphene neural electrodes and provides a method to further increase understanding and potentially improve therapeutic electrical stimulation in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Park
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Seoul , Seoul 130-743, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Farid Atry
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | | | | | - Kyle I Swanson
- Barrow Neurological Institute , Phoenix, Arizona 85013, United States
| | | | | | - Ramin Pashaie
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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10
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Park DW, Brodnick SK, Ness JP, Atry F, Krugner-Higby L, Sandberg A, Mikael S, Richner TJ, Novello J, Kim H, Baek DH, Bong J, Frye ST, Thongpang S, Swanson KI, Lake W, Pashaie R, Williams JC, Ma Z. Fabrication and utility of a transparent graphene neural electrode array for electrophysiology, in vivo imaging, and optogenetics. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:2201-2222. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Pashaie R, Baumgartner R, Richner TJ, Brodnick SK, Azimipour M, Eliceiri KW, Williams JC. Closed-Loop Optogenetic Brain Interface. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 62:2327-37. [PMID: 26011877 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2436817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a new approach for implementation of closed-loop brain-machine interface algorithms by combining optogenetic neural stimulation with electrocorticography and fluorescence microscopy. We used a new generation of microfabricated electrocorticography (micro-ECoG) devices in which electrode arrays are embedded within an optically transparent biocompatible substrate that provides optical access to the brain tissue during electrophysiology recording. An optical setup was designed capable of projecting arbitrary patterns of light for optogenetic stimulation and performing fluorescence microscopy through the implant. For realization of a closed-loop system using this platform, the feedback can be taken from electrophysiology data or fluorescence imaging. In the closed-loop systems discussed in this paper, the feedback signal was taken from the micro-ECoG. In these algorithms, the electrophysiology data are continuously transferred to a computer and compared with some predefined spatial-temporal patterns of neural activity. The computer which processes the data also readjusts the duration and distribution of optogenetic stimulating pulses to minimize the difference between the recorded activity and the predefined set points so that after a limited period of transient response the recorded activity follows the set points. Details of the system design and implementation of typical closed-loop paradigms are discussed in this paper.
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Atry F, Frye S, Richner TJ, Brodnick SK, Soehartono A, Williams J, Pashaie R. Monitoring Cerebral Hemodynamics Following Optogenetic Stimulation via Optical Coherence Tomography. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 62:766-73. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2364816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Richner TJ, Baumgartner R, Brodnick SK, Azimipour M, Krugner-Higby LA, Eliceiri KW, Williams JC, Pashaie R. Patterned optogenetic modulation of neurovascular and metabolic signals. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:140-7. [PMID: 25388678 PMCID: PMC4294407 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hemodynamic and metabolic response of the cortex depends spatially and temporally on the activity of multiple cell types. Optogenetics enables specific cell types to be modulated with high temporal precision and is therefore an emerging method for studying neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling. Going beyond temporal investigations, we developed a microprojection system to apply spatial photostimulus patterns in vivo. We monitored vascular and metabolic fluorescence signals after photostimulation in Thy1-channelrhodopsin-2 mice. Cerebral arteries increased in diameter rapidly after photostimulation, while nearby veins showed a slower smaller response. The amplitude of the arterial response was depended on the area of cortex stimulated. The fluorescence signal emitted at 450/100 nm and excited with ultraviolet is indicative of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, an endogenous fluorescent enzyme involved in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. This fluorescence signal decreased quickly and transiently after optogenetic stimulation, suggesting that glucose metabolism is tightly locked to optogenetic stimulation. To verify optogenetic stimulation of the cortex, we used a transparent substrate microelectrode array to map cortical potentials resulting from optogenetic stimulation. Spatial optogenetic stimulation is a new tool for studying neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Richner
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ryan Baumgartner
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarah K Brodnick
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mehdi Azimipour
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lisa A Krugner-Higby
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Justin C Williams
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ramin Pashaie
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Park DW, Schendel AA, Mikael S, Brodnick SK, Richner TJ, Ness JP, Hayat MR, Atry F, Frye ST, Pashaie R, Thongpang S, Ma Z, Williams JC. Graphene-based carbon-layered electrode array technology for neural imaging and optogenetic applications. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5258. [PMID: 25327513 PMCID: PMC4218963 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural micro-electrode arrays that are transparent over a broad wavelength spectrum from ultraviolet to infrared could allow for simultaneous electrophysiology and optical imaging, as well as optogenetic modulation of the underlying brain tissue. The long-term biocompatibility and reliability of neural micro-electrodes also require their mechanical flexibility and compliance with soft tissues. Here we present a graphene-based, carbon-layered electrode array (CLEAR) device, which can be implanted on the brain surface in rodents for high-resolution neurophysiological recording. We characterize optical transparency of the device at >90% transmission over the ultraviolet to infrared spectrum and demonstrate its utility through optical interface experiments that use this broad spectrum transparency. These include optogenetic activation of focal cortical areas directly beneath electrodes, in vivo imaging of the cortical vasculature via fluorescence microscopy and 3D optical coherence tomography. This study demonstrates an array of interfacing abilities of the CLEAR device and its utility for neural applications. Monitoring neuronal activity in the rodent in vivo brain is commonly done using micro-electrode arrays but these devices are not normally compatible with optical technologies. Here the authors design a transparent and flexible electrode array based on graphene that allows them to combine electrophysiological recordings with optogenetic and imaging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Amelia A Schendel
- Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Solomon Mikael
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Sarah K Brodnick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Thomas J Richner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Jared P Ness
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Mohammed R Hayat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Farid Atry
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Seth T Frye
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Ramin Pashaie
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Sanitta Thongpang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok 73170, Thailand
| | - Zhenqiang Ma
- 1] Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA [2] Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Justin C Williams
- 1] Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA [2] Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Schendel AA, Nonte MW, Vokoun C, Richner TJ, Brodnick SK, Atry F, Frye S, Bostrom P, Pashaie R, Thongpang S, Eliceiri KW, Williams JC. The effect of micro-ECoG substrate footprint on the meningeal tissue response. J Neural Eng 2014; 11:046011. [PMID: 24941335 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/11/4/046011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is great interest in designing implantable neural electrode arrays that maximize function while minimizing tissue effects and damage. Although it has been shown that substrate geometry plays a key role in the tissue response to intracortically implanted, penetrating neural interfaces, there has been minimal investigation into the effect of substrate footprint on the tissue response to surface electrode arrays. This study investigates the effect of micro-electrocorticography (micro-ECoG) device geometry on the longitudinal tissue response. APPROACH The meningeal tissue response to two micro-ECoG devices with differing geometries was evaluated. The first device had each electrode site and trace individually insulated, with open regions in between, while the second device had a solid substrate, in which all 16 electrode sites were embedded in a continuous insulating sheet. These devices were implanted bilaterally in rats, beneath cranial windows, through which the meningeal tissue response was monitored for one month after implantation. Electrode site impedance spectra were also monitored during the implantation period. MAIN RESULTS It was observed that collagenous scar tissue formed around both types of devices. However, the distribution of the tissue growth was different between the two array designs. The mesh devices experienced thick tissue growth between the device and the cranial window, and minimal tissue growth between the device and the brain, while the solid device showed the opposite effect, with thick tissue forming between the brain and the electrode sites. SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that an open architecture device would be more ideal for neural recording applications, in which a low impedance path from the brain to the electrode sites is critical for maximum recording quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia A Schendel
- Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Richner TJ, Thongpang S, Brodnick SK, Schendel AA, Falk RW, Krugner-Higby LA, Pashaie R, Williams JC. Optogenetic micro-electrocorticography for modulating and localizing cerebral cortex activity. J Neural Eng 2014; 11:016010. [PMID: 24445482 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/11/1/016010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spatial localization of neural activity from within the brain with electrocorticography (ECoG) and electroencephalography remains a challenge in clinical and research settings, and while microfabricated ECoG (micro-ECoG) array technology continues to improve, complementary methods to simultaneously modulate cortical activity while recording are needed. APPROACH We developed a neural interface utilizing optogenetics, cranial windowing, and micro-ECoG arrays fabricated on a transparent polymer. This approach enabled us to directly modulate neural activity at known locations around micro-ECoG arrays in mice expressing Channelrhodopsin-2. We applied photostimuli varying in time, space and frequency to the cortical surface, and we targeted multiple depths within the cortex using an optical fiber while recording micro-ECoG signals. MAIN RESULTS Negative potentials of up to 1.5 mV were evoked by photostimuli applied to the entire cortical window, while focally applied photostimuli evoked spatially localized micro-ECoG potentials. Two simultaneously applied focal stimuli could be separated, depending on the distance between them. Photostimuli applied within the cortex with an optical fiber evoked more complex micro-ECoG potentials with multiple positive and negative peaks whose relative amplitudes depended on the depth of the fiber. SIGNIFICANCE Optogenetic ECoG has potential applications in the study of epilepsy, cortical dynamics, and neuroprostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Richner
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Brodnick SK, Hayat MR, Kapur S, Richner TJ, Nonte MW, Eliceiri KW, Krugner-Higby L, Williams JC, Poore SO. A chronic window imaging device for the investigation of in vivo peripheral nerves. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2014; 2014:1985-1988. [PMID: 25570371 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2014.6944003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic imaging of the peripheral nervous system with contemporary techniques requires repetitive surgical procedures to reopen an area of interest in order to see underlying biological processes over time. The recurrence of surgical openings on an animal increases trauma, stress, and risk of infection. Such effects can greatly lessen the physiological relevance of any data recorded in this manner. In order to bypass repetitive surgery, a Peripheral Nerve Window (PNW) device has been created for chronic in vivo imaging purposes. Intravital imaging window devices have been used previously to image parts of the rodent model such as the brain, spinal cord, and mammary tissue, but currently have not been used in the peripheral nervous system because of lack of bone anchoring and access to deep nerve tissue. We demonstrate a novel surgical technique in a rat which transposes the sciatic nerve above the surrounding muscle tissue allowing the PNW access to an 8mm section of the nerve. Subsequent days of observation revealed increased vasculature development primarily around the nerve, showing that this preparation can be used to image nerve tissue and surrounding vasculature for up to one week post-implantation.
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Schendel AA, Thongpang S, Brodnick SK, Richner TJ, Lindevig BDB, Krugner-Higby L, Williams JC. A cranial window imaging method for monitoring vascular growth around chronically implanted micro-ECoG devices. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 218:121-30. [PMID: 23769960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Implantable neural micro-electrode arrays have the potential to restore lost sensory or motor function to many different areas of the body. However, the invasiveness of these implants often results in scar tissue formation, which can have detrimental effects on recorded signal quality and longevity. Traditional histological techniques can be employed to study the tissue reaction to implanted micro-electrode arrays, but these techniques require removal of the brain from the skull, often causing damage to the meninges and cortical surface. This is especially unfavorable when studying the tissue response to electrode arrays such as the micro-electrocorticography (micro-ECoG) device, which sits on the surface of the cerebral cortex. In order to better understand the biological changes occurring around these types of devices, a cranial window implantation scheme has been developed, through which the tissue response can be studied in vivo over the entire implantation period. Rats were implanted with epidural micro-ECoG arrays, over which glass coverslips were placed and sealed to the skull, creating cranial windows. Vascular growth around the devices was monitored for one month after implantation. It was found that blood vessels grew through holes in the micro-ECoG substrate, spreading over the top of the device. Micro-hematomas were observed at varying time points after device implantation in every animal, and tissue growth between the micro-ECoG array and the window occurred in several cases. Use of the cranial window imaging technique with these devices enabled the observation of tissue changes that would normally go unnoticed with a standard device implantation scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia A Schendel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Gage GJ, Stoetzner CR, Richner T, Brodnick SK, Williams JC, Kipke DR. Surgical implantation of chronic neural electrodes for recording single unit activity and electrocorticographic signals. J Vis Exp 2012:3565. [PMID: 22395055 PMCID: PMC3376942 DOI: 10.3791/3565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of long-term electrophysiological recordings often depends on the quality of the implantation surgery. Here we provide useful information for surgeons who are learning the process of implanting electrode systems. We demonstrate the implantation procedure of both a penetrating and a surface electrode. The surgical process is described from start to finish, including detailed descriptions of each step throughout the procedure. It should also be noted that this video guide is focused towards procedures conducted in rodent models and other small animal models. Modifications of the described procedures are feasible for other animal models.
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Wilks SJ, Richner TJ, Brodnick SK, Kipke DR, Williams JC, Otto KJ. Voltage biasing, cyclic voltammetry, & electrical impedance spectroscopy for neural interfaces. J Vis Exp 2012:3566. [PMID: 22395095 PMCID: PMC3376927 DOI: 10.3791/3566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measure properties of the electrode-tissue interface without additional invasive procedures, and can be used to monitor electrode performance over the long term. EIS measures electrical impedance at multiple frequencies, and increases in impedance indicate increased glial scar formation around the device, while cyclic voltammetry measures the charge carrying capacity of the electrode, and indicates how charge is transferred at different voltage levels. As implanted electrodes age, EIS and CV data change, and electrode sites that previously recorded spiking neurons often exhibit significantly lower efficacy for neural recording. The application of a brief voltage pulse to implanted electrode arrays, known as rejuvenation, can bring back spiking activity on otherwise silent electrode sites for a period of time. Rejuvenation alters EIS and CV, and can be monitored by these complementary methods. Typically, EIS is measured daily as an indication of the tissue response at the electrode site. If spikes are absent in a channel that previously had spikes, then CV is used to determine the charge carrying capacity of the electrode site, and rejuvenation can be applied to improve the interface efficacy. CV and EIS are then repeated to check the changes at the electrode-tissue interface, and neural recordings are collected. The overall goal of rejuvenation is to extend the functional lifetime of implanted arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Wilks
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, USA
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Thongpang S, Richner TJ, Brodnick SK, Schendel A, Kim J, Wilson JA, Hippensteel J, Krugner-Higby L, Moran D, Ahmed AS, Neimann D, Sillay K, Williams JC. A micro-electrocorticography platform and deployment strategies for chronic BCI applications. Clin EEG Neurosci 2011; 42:259-65. [PMID: 22208124 PMCID: PMC3653975 DOI: 10.1177/155005941104200412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, electrocorticography (ECoG) has been used for a wide set of clinical and experimental applications. Recently, there have been efforts in the clinic to adapt traditional ECoG arrays to include smaller recording contacts and spacing. These devices, which may be collectively called "micro-ECoG" arrays, are loosely defined as intercranial devices that record brain electrical activity on the sub-millimeter scale. An extensible 3D-platform of thin film flexible micro-scale ECoG arrays appropriate for Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) application, as well as monitoring epileptic activity, is presented. The designs utilize flexible film electrodes to keep the array in place without applying significant pressure to the brain and to enable radial subcranial deployment of multiple electrodes from a single craniotomy. Deployment techniques were tested in non-human primates, and stimulus-evoked activity and spontaneous epileptic activity were recorded. Further tests in BCI and epilepsy applications will make the electrode platform ready for initial human testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanitta Thongpang
- Department of Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 53706, USA
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