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Almeter PJ, Isaacs JT, Hunter AN, Lyman TA, Zapata SP, Henderson BS, Larkin SA, Long LM, Bossle MN, Bhaktawara SA, Warren MF, Lozier AM, Melson JD, Fraley SR, Relucio EHL, Felix MA, Reynolds JW, Naseman RW, Platt TL, Lodder RA. Screening for quality with process analytical technology in a health-system pharmacy: A primer. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2024; 81:e73-e82. [PMID: 37756628 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The University of Kentucky Drug Quality Study team briefly reviews the growing concerns over pharmaceutical manufacturing quality in the globalized environment, reviews the historical approach by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that prioritizes process over product in enforcing quality with manufacturers, reviews the science of process analytical technology (PAT) such as near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, illustrates the use of PAT methods for assessing uniformity and quality in injectable pharmaceuticals, and demonstrates the application of NIR spectroscopy in a health-system pharmacy setting while maintaining current good practice quality guidelines and regulations (cGxP). SUMMARY Given that the current approach to monitoring quality in pharmaceutical manufacturing was developed in the late 1960s at a time when manufacturing was mostly domestic, the current approach prioritizes process over product, and the global footprint of manufacturing is straining federal resources to fulfill their task of monitoring quality, an approach to augment the quality monitoring process has been developed. PAT methodologies are supported by FDA for monitoring quality and offer a fast, low-cost, nondestructive solution. Given that the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education has not required qualitative/quantitative analysis and drug assaying in the pharmacy curriculum for several decades, the authors spend time explaining the science behind one of these PAT methodologies, NIR spectroscopy. This primer reviews the application of this technology in the health-system pharmacy setting and the relevant clinical applications. CONCLUSION Utilizing PAT methodologies such as NIR spectroscopy, health-system pharmacies can gain insights about whether process controls are in place or lacking in FDA-approved formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Almeter
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - James T Isaacs
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Aaron N Hunter
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Thomas A Lyman
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stephanie P Zapata
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Bradley S Henderson
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Seth A Larkin
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lindsey M Long
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Megan N Bossle
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Smaran A Bhaktawara
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Matthew F Warren
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Austin M Lozier
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joshua D Melson
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Savannah R Fraley
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Eunice Hazzel L Relucio
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Margaret A Felix
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Reynolds
- Department of Finance, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ryan W Naseman
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Thomas L Platt
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY, USA
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Robert A Lodder
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Isaacs JT, Almeter PJ, Hunter AN, Lyman TA, Zapata SP, Henderson BS, Larkin SA, Long LM, Bossle MN, Bhaktawara SA, Warren MF, Lozier AM, Melson JD, Fraley SR, Relucio EHL, Felix MA, Reynolds JW, Naseman RW, Platt TL, Lodder RA. Application of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Screening of Chlorothiazide Sodium Vials. Contact Context 2024; 2024:10.6084/m9.figshare.25773429. [PMID: 38774605 PMCID: PMC11108027 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.25773429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Chlorothiazide sodium for injection, USP, is a diuretic and antihypertensive medication in the form of a white or practically white, sterile, lyophilized powder. Each vial contains 500 mg of chlorothiazide sodium, equivalent to 500 mg of chlorothiazide, and 250 mg of mannitol as an inactive ingredient. The pH is adjusted with sodium hydroxide. Chlorothiazide sodium has a molecular weight of 317.71 amu. Since 2020 there have been multiple national shortages of chlorothiazide. Recent studies target chlorothiazide's low bioavailability, aiming to enhance it through nanoparticle production via a supercritical method. The drug's solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is vital, with measurements ranging from 0.417×10-5 to 1.012×10-5 mole fraction under specific conditions. Adding co-solvents, like ethanol, DMSO, and acetone, to scCO2 boosts solubility, with ethanol proving most effective, enhancing solubility by 2.02-11.75 times. Intra-lot variability was discovered in a sample of a lot of chlorothiazide sodium by the University of Kentucky Drug Quality Task Force. Two vials of six screened in one lot were displaced from the center of the lot by 4.0 and 4.2 SDs, respectively. Inter-lot variability was confirmed in the near-IR spectra of 204 vials obtained from 28 different lots of chlorothiazide sodium. Using full spectrum BEST analysis 13 vials (6.4%) were outliers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Isaacs
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Philip J. Almeter
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Aaron N. Hunter
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Thomas A. Lyman
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Stephanie P. Zapata
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Bradley S. Henderson
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Seth A. Larkin
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Lindsey M. Long
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Megan N. Bossle
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Smaran A. Bhaktawara
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Matthew F. Warren
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Austin M. Lozier
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Joshua D. Melson
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Savannah R. Fraley
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Eunice Hazzel L. Relucio
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Margaret A. Felix
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
| | | | - Ryan W. Naseman
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Thomas L. Platt
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Robert A. Lodder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
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Isaacs JT, Almeter PJ, Hunter AN, Lyman TA, Zapata SP, Henderson BS, Larkin SA, Long LM, Bossle MN, Bhaktawara SA, Warren MF, Lozier AM, Melson JD, Fraley SR, Relucio EHL, Felix MA, Reynolds JW, Naseman RW, Platt TL, Lodder RA. Assessment of Vecuronium Quality Using Near-Infrared Spectrometry. Contact Context 2023; 2023:10.6084/m9.figshare.24846285. [PMID: 38187821 PMCID: PMC10768930 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.24846285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
This study employed Fourier Transform near-infrared spectrometry to assess the quality of vecuronium bromide, a neuromuscular blocking agent. Spectral data from two lots of vecuronium were collected and analyzed using the BEST metric, principal component analysis (PCA) and other statistical techniques. The results showed that there was variability between the two lots and within each lot. Several outliers in the spectral data suggested potential differences in the chemical composition or sample condition of the vials. The outliers were identified and their spectral features were examined. A total of eight unique outliers were found in the PC space from PCs 1 to 9, so 22% of the total vials were outliers. The study findings suggest that the manufacturing process of vecuronium bromide may have been operating outside of a state of process control. Further investigation is needed to determine the source of these variations and their impact on the safety and efficacy of the drug product.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Isaacs
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Philip J. Almeter
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Aaron N. Hunter
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Thomas A. Lyman
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Stephanie P. Zapata
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Bradley S. Henderson
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Seth A. Larkin
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Lindsey M. Long
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Megan N. Bossle
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Smaran A. Bhaktawara
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Matthew F. Warren
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Austin M. Lozier
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Joshua D. Melson
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Savannah R. Fraley
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Eunice Hazzel L. Relucio
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Margaret A. Felix
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
| | | | - Ryan W. Naseman
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Thomas L. Platt
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536
- Pharmacy Practice & Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Robert A. Lodder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Larkin
- University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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DiPietro CM, Larkin SA. A cost effective plan for CPR recertification. J Nurs Staff Dev 1989; 5:45-6. [PMID: 2493516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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