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Abstract
Episodic Future Thinking (EFT), mental simulation of personally relevant and positive future events, may modulate delay discounting (DD) in cannabis users. Whether EFT impacts cannabis use, whether DD mediates this effect, and whether EFT can be enhanced by prompting future events across specific life domains is unknown. Active, adult cannabis users (n = 90) recruited from Amazon mTurk and Qualtrics Panels were administered an Episodic Specificity Induction (ESI) to enhance quality of imagined events before being randomized to EFT, domain-specific-EFT (DS-EFT), or Episodic Recent Thinking (ERT). All participants created four, positive life events; DS-EFT participants imagined social, leisure, health, and financial events. Event-quality ratings were assessed (e.g., enjoyment). DD was assessed at baseline (Day 1), post-intervention (Days 2-4), and follow-up (Days 9-12). Cannabis use was assessed at baseline and follow-up. Differences in change in days and grams of cannabis use between conditions and mediation of changes in use by DD were examined. No differences in DD were observed between conditions. DS-EFT, but not EFT, showed significantly greater reductions in grams (d = .54) and days of cannabis use (d = .50) than ERT. DS-EFT and EFT demonstrated significantly greater event-quality ratings than ERT (ds > .55). EFT-based interventions showed potential for reducing cannabis use. Unexpectedly, effects on DD did not mediate this effect. Further testing with larger samples of cannabis users is needed to better understand EFT's mechanisms of action and determine optimal implementation strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Sofis
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Center for Technology and Behavioral Health
| | - Shea M Lemley
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Center for Technology and Behavioral Health
| | - Nicholas C Jacobson
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Center for Technology and Behavioral Health
| | - Alan J Budney
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Center for Technology and Behavioral Health
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Stafylis C, Vavala G, Wang Q, McLeman B, Lemley SM, Young SD, Xie H, Matthews AG, Oden N, Revoredo L, Shmueli-Blumberg D, Hichborn EG, McKelle E, Moran LM, Jacobs P, Marsch LA, Klausner JD. Relative Effectiveness of Social Media, Dating Apps, and Information Search Sites in Promoting HIV Self-testing: Observational Cohort Study. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e35648. [PMID: 36149729 PMCID: PMC9591705 DOI: 10.2196/35648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Social media sites, dating apps, and information search sites have been used to reach individuals at high risk for HIV infection. However, it is not clear which platform is the most efficient in promoting home HIV self-testing, given that the users of various platforms may have different characteristics that impact their readiness for HIV testing. Objective This study aimed to compare the relative effectiveness of social media sites, dating apps, and information search sites in promoting HIV self-testing among minority men who have sex with men (MSM) at an increased risk of HIV infection. Test kit order rates were used as a proxy to evaluate promotion effectiveness. In addition, we assessed differences in characteristics between participants who ordered and did not order an HIV test kit. Methods Culturally appropriate advertisements were placed on popular sites of three different platforms: social media sites (Facebook, Instagram), dating apps (Grindr, Jack’D), and information search sites (Google, Bing). Advertisements targeted young (18-30 years old) and minority (Black or Latinx) MSM at risk of HIV exposure. Recruitment occurred in 2 waves, with each wave running advertisements on 1 platform of each type over the same period. Participants completed a baseline survey assessing sexual or injection use behavior, substance use including alcohol, psychological readiness to test, attitudes toward HIV testing and treatment, and HIV-related stigma. Participants received an electronic code to order a free home-based HIV self-test kit. Follow-up assessments were conducted to assess HIV self-test kit use and uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) at 14 and 60 days post enrollment. Results In total, 271 participants were enrolled, and 254 were included in the final analysis. Among these 254 participants, 177 (69.7%) ordered a home HIV self-test kit. Most of the self-test kits were ordered by participants enrolled from dating apps. Due to waves with low enrollment, between wave statistical comparisons were not feasible. Within wave comparison revealed that Jack’D showed higher order rates (3.29 kits/day) compared to Instagram (0.34 kits/day) and Bing (0 kits/day). There were no associations among self-test kit ordering and HIV-related stigma, perceptions about HIV testing and treatment, and mistrust of medical organizations. Conclusions Our findings show that using popular dating apps might be an efficient way to promote HIV self-testing. Stigma, perceptions about HIV testing and treatment, or mistrust of medical organizations may not affect order rates of HIV test kits promoted on the internet. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04155502; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04155502 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/20417
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysovalantis Stafylis
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gabriella Vavala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Qiao Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bethany McLeman
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Shea M Lemley
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Sean D Young
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Informatics, Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Haiyi Xie
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | | | - Neal Oden
- The Emmes Company LLC, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Leslie Revoredo
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | | | - Emily G Hichborn
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Erin McKelle
- Education, Training and Research Associates, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Landhing M Moran
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Petra Jacobs
- National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lisa A Marsch
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Klausner
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Jarmolowicz DP, LeComte RS, Lemley SM. A multiple-stimulus-without-replacement assessment for sexual partners: Test-retest stability. J Appl Behav Anal 2022; 55:1059-1067. [PMID: 35739612 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The stability of stimulus preference assessment results is an important consideration when using the identified stimuli in treatments and/or additional experiments. Prior research has demonstrated that the preference hierarchies identified by the multiple stimulus without replacement (MSWO) preference assessment are generally stable over time. This stability has been demonstrated with tangible and edible items, yet the extent to which that stability can be expected for other types of stimuli remains unknown. The current study tested the 2-month stability of the MSWO preference assessment in the context of college students' preferred sexual partners. Adequate stability was shown in most cases, suggesting generality of the stability of preference across tasks, populations, and stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shea M Lemley
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Heath, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College
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Scherer EA, Metcalf SA, Whicker CL, Bartels SM, Grabinski M, Kim SJ, Sweeney MA, Lemley SM, Lavoie H, Xie H, Bissett PG, Dallery J, Kiernan M, Lowe MR, Onken L, Prochaska JJ, Stoeckel LE, Poldrack RA, MacKinnon DP, Marsch LA. Momentary Influences on Self-Regulation in Two Populations With Health Risk Behaviors: Adults Who Smoke and Adults Who Are Overweight and Have Binge-Eating Disorder. Front Digit Health 2022; 4:798895. [PMID: 35373179 PMCID: PMC8971561 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2022.798895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Self-regulation has been implicated in health risk behaviors and is a target of many health behavior interventions. Despite most prior research focusing on self-regulation as an individual-level trait, we hypothesize that self-regulation is a time-varying mechanism of health and risk behavior that may be influenced by momentary contexts to a substantial degree. Because most health behaviors (e.g., eating, drinking, smoking) occur in the context of everyday activities, digital technologies may help us better understand and influence these behaviors in real time. Using a momentary self-regulation measure, the current study (which was part of a larger multi-year research project on the science of behavior change) used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to assess if self-regulation can be engaged and manipulated on a momentary basis in naturalistic, non-laboratory settings. Methods This one-arm, open-label exploratory study prospectively collected momentary data for 14 days from 104 participants who smoked regularly and 81 participants who were overweight and had binge-eating disorder. Four times per day, participants were queried about momentary self-regulation, emotional state, and social and environmental context; recent smoking and exposure to smoking cues (smoking sample only); and recent eating, binge eating, and exposure to binge-eating cues (binge-eating sample only). This study used a novel, momentary self-regulation measure comprised of four subscales: momentary perseverance, momentary sensation seeking, momentary self-judgment, and momentary mindfulness. Participants were also instructed to engage with Laddr, a mobile application that provides evidence-based health behavior change tools via an integrated platform. The association between momentary context and momentary self-regulation was explored via mixed-effects models. Exploratory assessments of whether recent Laddr use (defined as use within 12 h of momentary responses) modified the association between momentary context and momentary self-regulation were performed via mixed-effects models. Results Participants (mean age 35.2; 78% female) in the smoking and binge-eating samples contributed a total of 3,233 and 3,481 momentary questionnaires, respectively. Momentary self-regulation subscales were associated with several momentary contexts, in the combined as well as smoking and binge-eating samples. For example, in the combined sample momentary perseverance was associated with location, positively associated with positive affect, and negatively associated with negative affect, stress, and tiredness. In the smoking sample, momentary perseverance was positively associated with momentary difficulty in accessing cigarettes, caffeine intake, and momentary restraint in smoking, and negatively associated with temptation and urge to smoke. In the binge-eating sample, momentary perseverance was positively associated with difficulty in accessing food and restraint in eating, and negatively associated with urge to binge eat. While recent Laddr use was not associated directly with momentary self-regulation subscales, it did modify several of the contextual associations, including challenging contexts. Conclusions Overall, this study provides preliminary evidence that momentary self-regulation may vary in response to differing momentary contexts in samples from two exemplar populations with risk behaviors. In addition, the Laddr application may modify some of these relationships. These findings demonstrate the possibility of measuring momentary self-regulation in a trans-diagnostic way and assessing the effects of momentary, mobile interventions in context. Health behavior change interventions may consider measuring and targeting momentary self-regulation in addition to trait-level self-regulation to better understand and improve health risk behaviors. This work will be used to inform a later stage of research focused on assessing the transdiagnostic mediating effect of momentary self-regulation on medical regimen adherence and health outcomes. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT03352713.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Scherer
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Stephen A Metcalf
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cady L Whicker
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Sophia M Bartels
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States.,Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Michael Grabinski
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Sunny Jung Kim
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Mary Ann Sweeney
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Shea M Lemley
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Hannah Lavoie
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States.,Department of Health Education and Behavior, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Haiyi Xie
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Patrick G Bissett
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jesse Dallery
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michaela Kiernan
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michael R Lowe
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lisa Onken
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Judith J Prochaska
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Luke E Stoeckel
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Russell A Poldrack
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - David P MacKinnon
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Lisa A Marsch
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
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Marsch LA, Gómez-Restrepo C, Bartels SM, Bell K, Camblor PM, Castro S, Cárdenas Charry MP, Cepeda M, Cubillos L, John D, Jassir MP, Lemley SM, Suárez-Obando F, Torrey WC, Uribe JM, Williams MJ. Scaling Up Science-Based Care for Depression and Unhealthy Alcohol Use in Colombia: An Implementation Science Project. Psychiatr Serv 2022; 73:196-205. [PMID: 34347504 PMCID: PMC8810677 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.202000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental disorders are a major cause of the global burden of disease and significantly contribute to disability and death. This challenge is particularly evident in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where >85% of the world's population live. Latin America is one region comprising LMICs where the burden of mental disorders is high and the availability of mental health services is low. This is particularly evident in Colombia, a country with a long-standing history of violence and associated mental health problems. METHODS This article describes the design of a multisite implementation science project, "Scaling Up Science-Based Mental Health Interventions in Latin America" (also known as the DIADA project), that is being conducted in six primary care systems in Colombia. This project, funded via a cooperative agreement from the National Institute of Mental Health, seeks to implement and assess the impact of a new model for promoting widespread access to mental health care for depression and unhealthy alcohol use within primary care settings and building an infrastructure to support research capacity and sustainability of the new service delivery model in Colombia. This care model centrally harnesses mobile health technology to increase the reach of science-based mental health care for depression and unhealthy alcohol use. RESULTS This initiative offers great promise to increase capacity for providing and sustaining evidence-based treatment for depression and unhealthy alcohol use in Colombia. NEXT STEPS This project may inform models of care that can extend to other regions of Latin America or other LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Marsch
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Marsch, Bartels, Bell, Martinez Camblor, Cubillos, John, Lemley, Torrey); Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Castro, Cárdenas Charry, Cepeda, Jassir, Suárez-Obando, Uribe); Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Suárez-Obando); Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Cubillos, Torrey); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Williams)
| | - Carlos Gómez-Restrepo
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Marsch, Bartels, Bell, Martinez Camblor, Cubillos, John, Lemley, Torrey); Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Castro, Cárdenas Charry, Cepeda, Jassir, Suárez-Obando, Uribe); Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Suárez-Obando); Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Cubillos, Torrey); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Williams)
| | - Sophie M Bartels
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Marsch, Bartels, Bell, Martinez Camblor, Cubillos, John, Lemley, Torrey); Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Castro, Cárdenas Charry, Cepeda, Jassir, Suárez-Obando, Uribe); Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Suárez-Obando); Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Cubillos, Torrey); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Williams)
| | - Kathleen Bell
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Marsch, Bartels, Bell, Martinez Camblor, Cubillos, John, Lemley, Torrey); Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Castro, Cárdenas Charry, Cepeda, Jassir, Suárez-Obando, Uribe); Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Suárez-Obando); Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Cubillos, Torrey); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Williams)
| | - Pablo Martinez Camblor
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Marsch, Bartels, Bell, Martinez Camblor, Cubillos, John, Lemley, Torrey); Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Castro, Cárdenas Charry, Cepeda, Jassir, Suárez-Obando, Uribe); Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Suárez-Obando); Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Cubillos, Torrey); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Williams)
| | - Sergio Castro
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Marsch, Bartels, Bell, Martinez Camblor, Cubillos, John, Lemley, Torrey); Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Castro, Cárdenas Charry, Cepeda, Jassir, Suárez-Obando, Uribe); Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Suárez-Obando); Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Cubillos, Torrey); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Williams)
| | - Maria Paula Cárdenas Charry
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Marsch, Bartels, Bell, Martinez Camblor, Cubillos, John, Lemley, Torrey); Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Castro, Cárdenas Charry, Cepeda, Jassir, Suárez-Obando, Uribe); Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Suárez-Obando); Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Cubillos, Torrey); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Williams)
| | - Magda Cepeda
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Marsch, Bartels, Bell, Martinez Camblor, Cubillos, John, Lemley, Torrey); Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Castro, Cárdenas Charry, Cepeda, Jassir, Suárez-Obando, Uribe); Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Suárez-Obando); Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Cubillos, Torrey); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Williams)
| | - Leonardo Cubillos
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Marsch, Bartels, Bell, Martinez Camblor, Cubillos, John, Lemley, Torrey); Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Castro, Cárdenas Charry, Cepeda, Jassir, Suárez-Obando, Uribe); Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Suárez-Obando); Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Cubillos, Torrey); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Williams)
| | - Deepak John
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Marsch, Bartels, Bell, Martinez Camblor, Cubillos, John, Lemley, Torrey); Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Castro, Cárdenas Charry, Cepeda, Jassir, Suárez-Obando, Uribe); Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Suárez-Obando); Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Cubillos, Torrey); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Williams)
| | - Maria Paula Jassir
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Marsch, Bartels, Bell, Martinez Camblor, Cubillos, John, Lemley, Torrey); Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Castro, Cárdenas Charry, Cepeda, Jassir, Suárez-Obando, Uribe); Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Suárez-Obando); Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Cubillos, Torrey); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Williams)
| | - Shea M Lemley
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Marsch, Bartels, Bell, Martinez Camblor, Cubillos, John, Lemley, Torrey); Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Castro, Cárdenas Charry, Cepeda, Jassir, Suárez-Obando, Uribe); Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Suárez-Obando); Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Cubillos, Torrey); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Williams)
| | - Fernando Suárez-Obando
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Marsch, Bartels, Bell, Martinez Camblor, Cubillos, John, Lemley, Torrey); Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Castro, Cárdenas Charry, Cepeda, Jassir, Suárez-Obando, Uribe); Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Suárez-Obando); Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Cubillos, Torrey); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Williams)
| | - William C Torrey
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Marsch, Bartels, Bell, Martinez Camblor, Cubillos, John, Lemley, Torrey); Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Castro, Cárdenas Charry, Cepeda, Jassir, Suárez-Obando, Uribe); Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Suárez-Obando); Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Cubillos, Torrey); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Williams)
| | - José Miguel Uribe
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Marsch, Bartels, Bell, Martinez Camblor, Cubillos, John, Lemley, Torrey); Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Castro, Cárdenas Charry, Cepeda, Jassir, Suárez-Obando, Uribe); Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Suárez-Obando); Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Cubillos, Torrey); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Williams)
| | - Makeda J Williams
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Marsch, Bartels, Bell, Martinez Camblor, Cubillos, John, Lemley, Torrey); Department of Psychiatry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Castro, Cárdenas Charry, Cepeda, Jassir, Suárez-Obando, Uribe); Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia (Gómez-Restrepo, Suárez-Obando); Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Cubillos, Torrey); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Williams)
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6
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Sofis MJ, Lemley SM, Budney AJ. The Effects of Cannabis Use Frequency and Episodic Specificity Training on the Recall of Specific and Rewarding Events. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:643819. [PMID: 34305665 PMCID: PMC8292719 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.643819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Growing evidence implicates subjective episodic memory, the retrieval of detailed, integrated, and personally relevant past events, as a marker of cognitive vulnerability in mental disorders. Frequent and problematic cannabis use is associated with deficits in objective episodic memory (verbal memory), but the relationship between subjective episodic memory deficits and frequency of cannabis use is unknown. Further, whether a brief intervention designed to enhance the specificity of event retrieval, such as the Episodic Specificity Induction (ESI), might effectively target such deficits among regular cannabis users is unexamined. This study was designed to examine subjective episodic memory as a potential marker of cognitive vulnerability among frequent cannabis users. Methods: Active cannabis users (n = 133) recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk or Qualtrics Panels were randomized to receive an ESI-control or ESI session and were separated into those who used cannabis 1-25 days in the past month (low to moderate frequency group) and those who used 26-30 days (high frequency group), which facilitated a low to moderate use/ESI-control group (n = 78), low to moderate use/ESI group (n =15), high-use/ESI-control group (n = 20), and high-use/ESI group (n = 20). Following the ESI or ESI-control intervention, participants selected four, positive events from the prior day, described the who, what, and where of the events, and rated how specific (vividness) and rewarding (enjoyable, importance, and exciting) each event was on a 0-100 scale. Four two-way ANCOVAs (demographics and problematic cannabis use covariates) were performed to examine the effects of frequency of cannabis use group and ESI group on the specificity and reward ratings. Results: Lower vividness and excitement ratings were reported for those with high relative to low to moderate cannabis use frequency patterns (p < 0.05). Those who received ESI reported greater vividness, excitement, and importance ratings than the ESI-control group (p < 0.01). No significant interactions between frequency and ESI were found. Conclusion: Findings from the current exploratory study provide initial evidence suggesting that more frequent cannabis use may be associated with the retrieval of less specific and rewarding events relative to less frequent users. Further, ESI may improve such deficits. Future studies that recruit larger and more clinically serious samples of cannabis users appear warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Sofis
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Shea M Lemley
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Alan J Budney
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
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Stancato SS, Schneider TD, Reed DD, Lemley SM, Carrillo A, Jarmolowicz DP. Reinforcer pathology II: Reward magnitude, reward delay, and demand for alcohol collectively relate to college students' alcohol related problems. J Exp Anal Behav 2020; 114:354-367. [PMID: 33184869 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The reinforcer pathologies model of addiction posits that two characteristic patterns of operant behavior characterize addiction. Specifically, individuals suffering from addiction have elevated levels of behavioral economic demand for their substances of abuse and have an elevated tendency to devalue delayed rewards (reflected in high delay discounting rates). Prior research has demonstrated that these behavioral economic markers are significant predictors of many of college students' alcohol-related problems. Delay discounting, however, is a complex behavioral performance likely undergirded by multiple behavioral processes. Emerging analytical approaches have isolated the role of participants' sensitivity to changes in reinforcer magnitude and changes in reinforcer delay. The current study uses these analytic approaches to compare participants' discounting of money versus alcohol, and to build regression models that leverage these new insights to predict a wider range of college students' alcohol related problems. Using these techniques, we were able to 1) demonstrate that individuals differed in their sensitivity to magnitudes of alcohol versus money, but not sensitivity to delays to those commodities and 2) that we could use our behavioral economic measures to predict a range of students' alcohol related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Derek D Reed
- University of Kansas.,Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment
| | | | | | - David P Jarmolowicz
- University of Kansas.,Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment
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Lemley SM, Klausner JD, Young SD, Stafylis C, Mulatya C, Oden N, Xie H, Revoredo L, Shmueli-Blumberg D, Hichborn E, McKelle E, Moran L, Jacobs P, Marsch LA. Comparing Web-Based Platforms for Promoting HIV Self-Testing and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Uptake in High-Risk Men Who Have Sex With Men: Protocol for a Longitudinal Cohort Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e20417. [PMID: 33074164 PMCID: PMC7605984 DOI: 10.2196/20417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of those living with HIV in the United States are men who have sex with men (MSM), and young, minority MSM account for more new HIV infections than any other group. HIV transmission can be reduced through detection and early treatment initiation or by starting pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), but rates of testing are lower than recommended among MSM, and PrEP uptake has been slow. Although promoting HIV testing and PrEP uptake by placing advertisements on web-based platforms - such as social media websites and dating apps - is a promising approach for promoting HIV testing and PrEP, the relative effectiveness of HIV prevention advertising on common web-based platforms is underexamined. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the relative effectiveness of advertisements placed on 3 types of web-based platforms (social media websites, dating apps, and informational websites) for promoting HIV self-testing and PrEP uptake. METHODS Advertisements will be placed on social media websites (Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter), dating apps (Grindr, Jack'd, and Hornet), and informational search websites (Google, Yahoo, and Bing) to recruit approximately 400 young (18-30 years old), minority (Black or Latino) MSM at elevated risk of HIV exposure. Recruitment will occur in 3 waves, with each wave running advertisements on 1 website from each type of platform. The number of participants per platform is not prespecified, and recruitment in each wave will occur until approximately 133 HIV self-tests are ordered. Participants will complete a baseline survey assessing risk behavior, substance use, psychological readiness to test, and attitudes and then receive an electronic code to order a free home-based HIV self-test kit. Two follow-ups are planned to assess HIV self-test results and PrEP uptake. RESULTS Recruitment was completed in July 2020. CONCLUSIONS Findings may improve our understanding of how the platform users' receptivity to test for HIV differs across web-based platforms and thus may assist in facilitating web-based HIV prevention campaigns. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04155502; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04155502. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/20417.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea M Lemley
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Klausner
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sean D Young
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Informatics, Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Chrysovalantis Stafylis
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Neal Oden
- The Emmes Company, LLC, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Haiyi Xie
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | | | | | - Emily Hichborn
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Erin McKelle
- ETR Associates (Education, Training and Research), Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Landhing Moran
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Petra Jacobs
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lisa A Marsch
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
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Jarmolowicz DP, Reed DD, Stancato SS, Lemley SM, Sofis MJ, Fox A, Martin LE. On the discounting of cannabis and money: Sensitivity to magnitude vs. delay. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 212:107996. [PMID: 32386921 PMCID: PMC8439351 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While using most drugs of abuse is associated with higher than control rates of delay discounting, cannabis use may be the exception. As such, between-commodity differences in delay discounting (i.e., money vs. cannabis) have not been thoroughly examined. We examined these between-commodity differences using modern analytic techniques to disentangle effects of subjects' sensitivity to magnitude and delay as potential drivers of any obtained delay discounting rate differences. METHOD ; Fifty-eight college students (n = 33 cannabis users, n = 25 non-users) completed a monetary delay discounting task - with the cannabis users completing the cannabis problems questionnaire as well a delay discounting of cannabis task- in an on-campus laboratory. RESULTS Responding between groups differed on the cannabis problems questionnaire, but not on delay discounting of monetary outcomes. Cannabis users, however, discounted cannabis at higher rates than money. Multilevel logistic regression revealed that these between-commodity delay discounting differences were due to subjects' differential sensitivity to the magnitude of these two commodities, rather than sensitivity to delay to receiving these commodities. CONCLUSIONS Although differences in delay discounting rate were not obtained between students that did and did not use cannabis, cannabis users did discount cannabis at higher rates than they did money - suggesting considerable generality of the between commodity differences in delay discounting obtained elsewhere. The current between-commodity delay discounting differences appear to be driven by differential sensitivity to the reinforcer magnitudes presented in each task - a finding that awaits replication across other comparisons before statements about generality can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Jarmolowicz
- University of Kansas, Department of Applied Behavioral Science, Dole Human Development Center, Suite 4001, 1000 Sunnyside Ave, Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States; University of Kansas, Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Dole Human Development Center, Suite 3061, 1000 Sunnyside Ave, Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States.
| | - Derek D Reed
- University of Kansas, Department of Applied Behavioral Science, Dole Human Development Center, Suite 4001, 1000 Sunnyside Ave, Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States; University of Kansas, Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Dole Human Development Center, Suite 3061, 1000 Sunnyside Ave, Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States
| | - Stefanie S Stancato
- University of Kansas, Department of Applied Behavioral Science, Dole Human Development Center, Suite 4001, 1000 Sunnyside Ave, Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States
| | - Shea M Lemley
- University of Kansas, Department of Applied Behavioral Science, Dole Human Development Center, Suite 4001, 1000 Sunnyside Ave, Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States
| | - Michael J Sofis
- University of Kansas, Department of Applied Behavioral Science, Dole Human Development Center, Suite 4001, 1000 Sunnyside Ave, Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States
| | - Andrew Fox
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS. 66160, United States
| | - Laura E Martin
- University of Kansas, Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Dole Human Development Center, Suite 3061, 1000 Sunnyside Ave, Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States; University of Kansas Medical Center, Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS. 66160, United States
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Sofis MJ, Lemley SM, Budney AJ, Stanger C, Jarmolowicz DP. Persisting on the past: Cross-sectional and prospective associations between sunk cost propensity and cannabis use. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 28:225-234. [PMID: 31070426 PMCID: PMC6842029 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of cannabis use in the United States continues to rise, and 30% of cannabis users eventually meet criteria for Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD). One response to this problem is to develop decision-making constructs that indicate vulnerability to CUD that might not be gleaned from diagnostic criteria. Unfortunately, there is limited evidence that decision-making constructs consistently relate to cannabis use. Interestingly, those who exhibit the sunk cost bias, an overgeneralized tendency to persist based on past investment, and those who use cannabis, both tend to focus on the past and perseverate more than their counterparts. Despite this overlap, no studies have assessed whether the sunk cost bias is positively associated with cannabis use. In 2 experiments with undergraduates, relations between cannabis use and the propensity to engage in the sunk cost bias were examined using negative binomial models. Experiment 1 (n = 46) evaluated the association between sunk cost bias propensity (using hypothetical costs and rewards) and frequency of cannabis use over the past 30 days. Greater sunk cost propensity was associated with more frequent cannabis use after controlling for demographics and alcohol use. In Experiment 2 (n = 103), more frequent cannabis use during a 6-week follow-up period was predicted by greater sunk cost propensity at baseline (using a real cost and reward-based task), independently and after controlling for mental health symptoms, alcohol use, and demographics. These findings provide preliminary evidence that a propensity to exhibit the sunk cost bias may be an important feature associated with cannabis use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Sofis MJ, Lemley SM, Lee DC, Budney AJ. A web-based episodic specificity and future thinking session modulates delay discounting in cannabis users. Psychol Addict Behav 2020; 34:532-540. [PMID: 31999170 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Episodic future thinking (EFT), a brief intervention involving mental simulation of positive future events, improves delay discounting (DD) in nicotine and alcohol dependent individuals. This study is the first to assess effects of a single-session, online episodic training (ET) on constructs that might impact cannabis use and cannabis use disorder. A sample of 200 active cannabis users recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk were randomized to an EFT group (n = 102) or an episodic recent thinking control group (ERT; n = 98). A novel episodic specificity induction (ES) was included to enhance quality of episodic thinking for the ET group, and an ES attention control was provided to the ERT group (control training group; CT). Quality and manipulation ratings of event excitement, vividness, importance, and enjoyment of trainings were collected in addition to DD tasks (gains and losses) and readiness to change cannabis use. The ET group reported higher overall quality and manipulation ratings than did the CT group (p < .001, d = 0.79). DD of gains was lower in the ET relative to those of the CT group after controlling for relevant variables (p = .003, d = 0.48), unlike DD of losses (p = .50, d = 0.11). The ET group showed larger pre/post increases in readiness to change, but they were not statistically significant (p = .069, d = 0.26). These effects, following a session of online ET, suggests that ET may positively impact factors related to reduction in cannabis use. Differential effects of EFT and ES components on DD and the development of ET as an adjunctive mHealth intervention targeting reduction in cannabis use appears warranted. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Jarmolowicz DP, Gehringer R, Lemley SM, Sofis MJ, Kaplan S, Johnson MA. 5-Fluorouracil impairs attention and dopamine release in rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 362:319-322. [PMID: 30630020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy related cognitive impairment (CTRC; "chemobrain") is a syndrome that is associated with the impairment of various aspects of cognition, including executive function, processing speed, and multitasking. The role of neurotransmitter release in the expression of cognitive impairments is not well known. In this work we employed a newly developed behavioral paradigm to measure attentional shifting, a fundamental component of executive function, in rats treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a commonly used cancer chemotherapy agent. We found that one and two weeks of 5-FU treatment significantly impaired attentional shifting compared to baseline, while saline treatment had no effect. Post-mortem analysis of these rats revealed that 5-FU caused a significant overall decrease in dopamine release as well. Collectively, these results demonstrate the feasibility of our attentional shifting paradigm for evaluating the cognitive effects of chemotherapy treatment. Moreover, these results support the need for additional studies to determine if impaired dopamine release plays a role in chemobrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Jarmolowicz
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside, Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States; Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside, Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States
| | - Rachel Gehringer
- Department of Chemistry, 1140 ISB/CDS1, 1567 Irving Hill Road, room 1140, Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States
| | - Shea M Lemley
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside, Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States
| | - Michael J Sofis
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside, Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States
| | - Sam Kaplan
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside, Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States
| | - Michael A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, 1140 ISB/CDS1, 1567 Irving Hill Road, room 1140, Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States.
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Jarmolowicz DP, Hudnall JL, Hale L, Fowler SC, Bortolato M, Lemley SM, Sofis MJ. Delay discounting as impaired valuation: Delayed rewards in an animal obesity model. J Exp Anal Behav 2018; 108:171-183. [PMID: 28940395 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem, which, like many forms of addiction, is associated with an elevated tendency to choose smaller immediate rather than larger delayed rewards, a response pattern often referred to as excessive delay discounting. Although some accounts of delay discounting conceptualize this process as impulsivity (placing the emphasis on overvaluing the smaller immediate reward), others have conceptualized delay discounting as an executive function (placing the emphasis on delayed rewards failing to retain their value). The present experiments used a popular animal model of obesity that has been shown to discount delayed rewards at elevated rates (i.e., obese Zucker rats) to test two predictions that conceptualize delay discounting as executive function. In the first experiment, acquisition of lever pressing with delayed rewards was compared in obese versus lean Zucker rats. Contrary to predictions based on delay discounting as executive function, obese Zucker rats learned to press the lever more quickly than controls. In the second experiment, progressive ratio breakpoints (a measure of reward efficacy) with delayed rewards were compared in obese versus lean Zucker rats. Contrary to the notion that obese rats fail to value delayed rewards, the obese Zucker rats' breakpoints were (at least) as high as those of the lean Zucker rats.
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Jarmolowicz DP, Reed DD, Francisco AJ, Bruce JM, Lemley SM, Bruce AS. Modeling effects of risk and social distance on vaccination choice. J Exp Anal Behav 2018; 110:39-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Amanda S. Bruce
- University of Kansas Medical Center and Children's Mercy Hospital
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Lemley SM, Jarmolowicz DP, Parkhurst D, Celio MA. The Effects of Condom Availability on College Women's Sexual Discounting. Arch Sex Behav 2018; 47:551-563. [PMID: 28913688 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
College students commonly engage in risky sexual behaviors, such as casual sexual encounters and inconsistent condom use. Discounting paradigms that examine how individuals devalue rewards due to their delay or uncertainty have been used to improve our understanding of behavioral problems, including sexual risk. The current study assessed relations between college women's sexual partners discounting and risky sexual behavior. In this study, college women (N = 42) completed two sexual partners delay discounting tasks that assessed how choices among hypothetical sexual partners changed across a parametric range of delays in two conditions: condom availability and condom unavailability. Participants also completed two sexual partners probability discounting tasks that assessed partner choices across a parametric range of probabilities in condom availability and unavailability conditions. Additionally, participants reported risky sexual behavior on the Sexual Risk Survey (SRS). Participants discounted delayed partners more steeply in the condom availability condition, but those differences were significant only for those women with three or fewer lifetime sexual partners. There were no consistent differences in discounting rate across condom availability conditions for probability discounting. Sexual partners discounting measures correlated with risky sexual behaviors as measured by the SRS, but a greater number of significant relations were observed with the condoms-unavailable delay discounting task. These findings suggest the importance of examining the interaction of inconsistent condom use and multiple partners in examinations of sexual decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea M Lemley
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 4041 Dole Developmental Center, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
| | - David P Jarmolowicz
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science and Problem Gambling Research and Education Support System, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Daniel Parkhurst
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 4050 Dole Developmental Center, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Mark A Celio
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Box G-121-5, 121 S. Main Street, Providence, RI, 02915, USA
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Sofis MJ, Jarmolowicz DP, Kaplan SV, Gehringer RC, Lemley SM, Garg G, Blagg BS, Johnson MA. KU32 prevents 5-fluorouracil induced cognitive impairment. Behav Brain Res 2017; 329:186-190. [PMID: 28359881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy induced cognitive impairment (i.e. chemobrain) involves acute and long-term deficits in memory, executive function, and processing speed. Animal studies investigating these cognitive deficits have had mixed results, potentially due to variability in the complexity of behavioral tasks across experiments. Further, common chemotherapy treatments such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) break down myelin integrity corresponding to hippocampal neurodegenerative deficits and mitochondrial dysfunction. There is little evidence, however, of pharmacological treatments that may target mitochondrial dysfunction. Using a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) task combining spatial and temporal components, the current study evaluated the preventative effects of the pharmacological agent KU32 on the behavior of rats treated with 5-FU (5-FU+Saline vs. 5FU+KU32). DRL performance was analyzed the day after the first set of injections (D1), the day after the second set of injections (D7) and the last day of the experiment (D14). The 5FU+KU32 group earned significantly more reinforcers on the DRL task at D7 and D14 than the 5FU+Saline group. Further, the 5FU+KU32 group showed significantly better temporal discrimination. The 5FU+KU32 showed within-group improvement in temporal discrimination from D7 to D14. No significant differences were observed in spatial discrimination, however, those in the 5FU+Saline group responded more frequently on T3 compared to the 5FU+KU32 group, highlighting temporal discrimination differences between groups. The current data suggest that KU32 shows promise in the prevention of chemotherapy induced impairments in temporal discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Sofis
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 4041 Dole Developmental Center, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - David P Jarmolowicz
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 4041 Dole Developmental Center, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Sam V Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2919 Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Rachel C Gehringer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2919 Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Shea M Lemley
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 4041 Dole Developmental Center, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Gaurav Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 4070 Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Brian S Blagg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 4070 Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Michael A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2919 Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Lemley SM, Kaplan BA, Reed DD, Darden AC, Jarmolowicz DP. Reinforcer pathologies: Predicting alcohol related problems in college drinking men and women. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 167:57-66. [PMID: 27515726 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use in college is common, and problematic consequences of alcohol may affect college men and women differently. Approaches within behavioral economics have been used to improve our understanding of alcohol use in college students. METHODS The current study assessed relations between college students' delay discounting, demand for alcohol, and alcohol problems as measured by the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ). In this study, 80 college drinkers completed a monetary choice questionnaire that assessed delay discounting of money, a novel beer choice questionnaire that evaluated delay discounting of beer, and an alcohol purchase task that measured demand for alcohol. RESULTS Behavioral economic measures associated with the reinforcer pathologies model (i.e., demand and discounting) predicted alcohol consequences as measured by the YAACQ. For men, these significant predictor variables included money discounting, beer discounting, and intensity of alcohol demand, whereas for women money discounting and essential value were significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the utility of the reinforcer pathologies approach for the study of alcohol use and the importance of considering gender differences in examining college drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea M Lemley
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave. Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States.
| | - Brent A Kaplan
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave. Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States.
| | - Derek D Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave. Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States.
| | - Alexandria C Darden
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave. Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States.
| | - David P Jarmolowicz
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science and Problem Gambling Research and Education Support System (ProGRESS), University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave. Lawrence, KS, 66045, United States.
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Kaplan BA, Amlung M, Reed DD, Jarmolowicz DP, McKerchar TL, Lemley SM. Automating Scoring of Delay Discounting for the 21- and 27-Item Monetary Choice Questionnaires. Behav Anal 2016; 39:293-304. [PMID: 31976983 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-016-0070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Delay discounting describes the process wherein rewards lose value as a function of their delayed receipt; how quickly rewards lose value is termed the rate of delay discounting. Rates of delay discounting are robust predictors of much behavior of societal importance. One efficient approach to obtaining a human subject's rate of delay discounting is via the 21- and 27-item Monetary Choice Questionnaires, brief dichotomous choice tasks that assess preference between small immediate and larger delayed monetary outcomes. Unfortunately, the scoring procedures for the Monetary Choice Questionnaires are rather complex, which may serve as a barrier to their use. This report details a freely available Excel-based spreadsheet tool that automatically scores Monetary Choice Questionnaire response sets, using both traditional and contemporary/advanced approaches. An overview of the Monetary Choice Questionnaire and its scoring algorithm is provided. We conclude with general considerations for using the spreadsheet tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Kaplan
- 1Department of Applied Behavioral Science, 4048 Dole Human Development Center, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | | | - Derek D Reed
- 1Department of Applied Behavioral Science, 4048 Dole Human Development Center, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - David P Jarmolowicz
- 1Department of Applied Behavioral Science, 4048 Dole Human Development Center, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | | | - Shea M Lemley
- 1Department of Applied Behavioral Science, 4048 Dole Human Development Center, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
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Jarmolowicz DP, Lemley SM, Mateos A, Sofis MJ. A multiple-stimulus-without-replacement assessment for sexual partners: Purchase task validation. J Appl Behav Anal 2016; 49:723-9. [PMID: 27178093 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The current study developed and tested a multiple-stimulus-without-replacement (MSWO) assessment for potential sexual partners for use in research on human immunodeficiency virus. College students (N = 41) first completed an MSWO assessment and then completed a hypothetical purchase task for encounters with partners identified by the MSWO as high, median, and low preference. Overall, hypothetical purchase task responding was consistent with that from the MSWO, in that the highest valuation was observed for the high-preference partner and the lowest for the low-preference partner. Potentially interesting individual differences in purchase task responding, however, were obtained; some subjects showed differentiated responding among the 3 preference levels (n = 15), whereas others similarly valued high- and median-preference partners (n = 5), and others similarly valued low- and median-preference partners (n = 18).
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Jarmolowicz DP, Hudnall JL, Darden AC, Lemley SM, Sofis MJ. On the time course of rapid and repeatable response induction. Behav Processes 2015; 120:116-9. [PMID: 26409210 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
As reinforcers are delivered for a particular response, that response increases. Other similar responses also increase, with the extent to which this increase is seen being positively related to the similarity between the responses. This process, called induction, is pronounced during initial response acquisition, and dissipates as the target response is established. The present experiment examined this process in a paradigm wherein responses to one of five nose poke receptacles results in reinforcement for six sessions in each condition and the target location changes between conditions. Consistent patterns of induction were seen across conditions, with patterns of induction dissipating within each condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Jarmolowicz
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 4050 Dole Developmental Center, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Hudnall
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 4041 Dole Developmental Center, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Alexandria C Darden
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 4041 Dole Developmental Center, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Shea M Lemley
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 4041 Dole Developmental Center, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Michael J Sofis
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, 4041 Dole Developmental Center, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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Jarmolowicz DP, Lemley SM, Asmussen L, Reed DD. Mr. right versus Mr. right now: A discounting-based approach to promiscuity. Behav Processes 2015; 115:117-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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