3
|
Zagaglia S, Selch C, Nisevic JR, Mei D, Michalak Z, Hernandez-Hernandez L, Krithika S, Vezyroglou K, Varadkar SM, Pepler A, Biskup S, Leão M, Gärtner J, Merkenschlager A, Jaksch M, Møller RS, Gardella E, Kristiansen BS, Hansen LK, Vari MS, Helbig KL, Desai S, Smith-Hicks CL, Hino-Fukuyo N, Talvik T, Laugesaar R, Ilves P, Õunap K, Körber I, Hartlieb T, Kudernatsch M, Winkler P, Schimmel M, Hasse A, Knuf M, Heinemeyer J, Makowski C, Ghedia S, Subramanian GM, Striano P, Thomas RH, Micallef C, Thom M, Werring DJ, Kluger GJ, Cross JH, Guerrini R, Balestrini S, Sisodiya SM. Neurologic phenotypes associated with COL4A1/ 2 mutations: Expanding the spectrum of disease. Neurology 2018; 91:e2078-e2088. [PMID: 30413629 PMCID: PMC6282239 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To characterize the neurologic phenotypes associated with COL4A1/2 mutations and to seek genotype–phenotype correlation. Methods We analyzed clinical, EEG, and neuroimaging data of 44 new and 55 previously reported patients with COL4A1/COL4A2 mutations. Results Childhood-onset focal seizures, frequently complicated by status epilepticus and resistance to antiepileptic drugs, was the most common phenotype. EEG typically showed focal epileptiform discharges in the context of other abnormalities, including generalized sharp waves or slowing. In 46.4% of new patients with focal seizures, porencephalic cysts on brain MRI colocalized with the area of the focal epileptiform discharges. In patients with porencephalic cysts, brain MRI frequently also showed extensive white matter abnormalities, consistent with the finding of diffuse cerebral disturbance on EEG. Notably, we also identified a subgroup of patients with epilepsy as their main clinical feature, in which brain MRI showed nonspecific findings, in particular periventricular leukoencephalopathy and ventricular asymmetry. Analysis of 15 pedigrees suggested a worsening of the severity of clinical phenotype in succeeding generations, particularly when maternally inherited. Mutations associated with epilepsy were spread across COL4A1 and a clear genotype–phenotype correlation did not emerge. Conclusion COL4A1/COL4A2 mutations typically cause a severe neurologic condition and a broader spectrum of milder phenotypes, in which epilepsy is the predominant feature. Early identification of patients carrying COL4A1/COL4A2 mutations may have important clinical consequences, while for research efforts, omission from large-scale epilepsy sequencing studies of individuals with abnormalities on brain MRI may generate misleading estimates of the genetic contribution to the epilepsies overall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zagaglia
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Christina Selch
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Jelena Radic Nisevic
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide Mei
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Zuzanna Michalak
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Hernandez-Hernandez
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - S Krithika
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Katharina Vezyroglou
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Sophia M Varadkar
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Alexander Pepler
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Saskia Biskup
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Miguel Leão
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Jutta Gärtner
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Andreas Merkenschlager
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Michaela Jaksch
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Rikke S Møller
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Gardella
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Britta Schlott Kristiansen
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Lars Kjærsgaard Hansen
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Vari
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Katherine L Helbig
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonal Desai
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Constance L Smith-Hicks
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Naomi Hino-Fukuyo
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiina Talvik
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Rael Laugesaar
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Pilvi Ilves
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Katrin Õunap
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Ingrid Körber
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Till Hartlieb
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Manfred Kudernatsch
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Peter Winkler
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Mareike Schimmel
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Anette Hasse
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Markus Knuf
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Jan Heinemeyer
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Christine Makowski
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Sondhya Ghedia
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Gopinath M Subramanian
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Rhys H Thomas
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Caroline Micallef
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Thom
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - David J Werring
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Gerhard Josef Kluger
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - J Helen Cross
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Balestrini
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.Z., Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.) and Division of Neuropathology (Z.M., M.T.), UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Clinic of Neurology (S.Z.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation (C.S., T.H., P.W., G.J.K.) and Neurosurgery Clinic and Clinic for Epilepsy Surgery (M.K.), Schön Klinik Vogtareuth; Department of Pediatrics (C.S., M.S.), Children's Hospital Augsburg, Germany; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (J.R.N., K.V., S.M.V., J.H.C.), London, UK; Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories (D.M., R.G.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Italy; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (Z.M., L.H.-H., S.K., S. Balestrini, S.M.S.), Chalfont-St-Peter, Buckinghamshire, UK; CeGaT-Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (A.P., S. Biskup), Tübingen, Germany; Neurogenetics Unit (M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.G.), University Medical Center Göttingen; Hospital for Children and Adolescents (A.M.), University Clinic Leipzig, Germany; Freiburg Medical Laboratory (M.J.), Dubai; The Danish Epilepsy Centre (R.S.M., E.G.), Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Genetics (B.S.K.), Odense University Hospital; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital (L.K.H.), Odense, Denmark; Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (M.S.V., P.S.), Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa "G. Gaslini" Institute, Italy; Division of Neurology (K.L.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Department of Neurology (S.D., C.L.S.-H.), Division of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD; Center for Genomic Medicine (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University; Department of Pediatrics (N.H.-F.), Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (T.T., R.L.) and Institute of Clinical Medicine (K.O.), University of Tartu; Children's Clinic (T.T., R.L.), Department of Radiology (P.I.), and Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories (K.O.), Tartu University Hospital, Estonia; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (I.K.); Department of Pediatric Neurology (A.H.), Clinic Traunstein; Children's Hospital (M.K.), Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik, Wiesbaden; Altona Children's Hospital (J.H.), Hamburg; Department of Pediatrics (C. Makowski), Technische Universität München, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics (S.G.), Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards; John Hunter Children's Hospital (G.M.S.), New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology (R.T.), University Hospital of Wales; Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.T.), Cardiff University; Division of Neuroradiology (C. Micallef), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London; Department of Brain Repair & Rehabilitation (D.J.W.), Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Paracelsus Medical University (G.J.K.), Salzburg, Austria; and IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Papandreou A, Schneider RB, Augustine EF, Ng J, Mankad K, Meyer E, McTague A, Ngoh A, Hemingway C, Robinson R, Varadkar SM, Kinali M, Salpietro V, O'Driscoll MC, Basheer SN, Webster RI, Mohammad SS, Pula S, McGowan M, Trump N, Jenkins L, Elmslie F, Scott RH, Hurst JA, Perez-Duenas B, Paciorkowski AR, Kurian MA. Delineation of the movement disorders associated with FOXG1 mutations. Neurology 2016; 86:1794-800. [PMID: 27029630 PMCID: PMC4862244 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The primary objective of this research was to characterize the movement disorders associated with FOXG1 mutations. Methods: We identified patients with FOXG1 mutations who were referred to either a tertiary movement disorder clinic or tertiary epilepsy service and retrospectively reviewed medical records, clinical investigations, neuroimaging, and available video footage. We administered a telephone-based questionnaire regarding the functional impact of the movement disorders and perceived efficacy of treatment to the caregivers of one cohort of participants. Results: We identified 28 patients with FOXG1 mutations, of whom 6 had previously unreported mutations. A wide variety of movement disorders were identified, with dystonia, choreoathetosis, and orolingual/facial dyskinesias most commonly present. Ninety-three percent of patients had a mixed movement disorder phenotype. In contrast to the phenotype classically described with FOXG1 mutations, 4 patients with missense mutations had a milder phenotype, with independent ambulation, spoken language, and normocephaly. Hyperkinetic involuntary movements were a major clinical feature in these patients. Of the symptomatic treatments targeted to control abnormal involuntary movements, most did not emerge as clearly beneficial, although 4 patients had a caregiver-reported response to levodopa. Conclusions: Abnormal involuntary movements are a major feature of FOXG1 mutations. Our study delineates the spectrum of movement disorders and confirms an expanding clinical phenotype. Symptomatic treatment may be considered for severe or disabling cases, although further research regarding potential treatment strategies is necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Papandreou
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruth B Schneider
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erika F Augustine
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joanne Ng
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Meyer
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amy McTague
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adeline Ngoh
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cheryl Hemingway
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Robinson
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophia M Varadkar
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Kinali
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margaret C O'Driscoll
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Nigel Basheer
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard I Webster
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shekeeb S Mohammad
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shpresa Pula
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marian McGowan
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalie Trump
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucy Jenkins
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frances Elmslie
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard H Scott
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jane A Hurst
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belen Perez-Duenas
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander R Paciorkowski
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manju A Kurian
- From Molecular Neurosciences (A.P., J.N., E.M., A.M., A.N., S.S.M., B.P.-D., M.A.K.), Developmental Neurosciences Programme, University College London-Institute of Child Health; Departments of Neurology (A.P., C.H., R.R., S.M.V., M.A.K.) and Neuroradiology (K.M.), Department of Molecular Genetics, North East Thames Regional Genetics Services (N.T., L.J.), and Department of Clinical Genetics (R.H.S., J.A.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurology (R.B.S., E.F.A., A.R.P.), Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (E.F.A.), and Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Genetics (A.R.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY; Gene Transfer Technology Group (J.N.), UCL-Institute for Women's Health, London; Departments of Paediatric Neurology (M.K., V.S.) and Paediatrics (M.C.O.), Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London; Department of Perinatal Neurology (S.N.B.), Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (R.I.W.), Department of Neurology (R.I.W.), and Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research (S.S.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Child Development Centre (S.P., M.M.) and South West Thames Regional Genetics Service (F.E.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; and Department of Child Neurology (B.P.-D.) and Centre for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER-ISCIII) (B.P.-D.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|