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Vanslambrouck JM, Neil JA, Rudraraju R, Mah S, Tan KS, Groenewegen E, Forbes TA, Karavendzas K, Elliott DA, Porrello ER, Subbarao K, Little MH. Kidney organoids reveal redundancy in viral entry pathways during ACE2-dependent SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Virol 2024; 98:e0180223. [PMID: 38334329 PMCID: PMC10949421 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01802-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
With a high incidence of acute kidney injury among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, considerable attention has been focussed on whether SARS-CoV-2 specifically targets kidney cells to directly impact renal function, or whether renal damage is primarily an indirect outcome. To date, several studies have utilized kidney organoids to understand the pathogenesis of COVID-19, revealing the ability for SARS-CoV-2 to predominantly infect cells of the proximal tubule (PT), with reduced infectivity following administration of soluble ACE2. However, the immaturity of standard human kidney organoids represents a significant hurdle, leaving the preferred SARS-CoV-2 processing pathway, existence of alternate viral receptors, and the effect of common hypertensive medications on the expression of ACE2 in the context of SARS-CoV-2 exposure incompletely understood. Utilizing a novel kidney organoid model with enhanced PT maturity, genetic- and drug-mediated inhibition of viral entry and processing factors confirmed the requirement for ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2 entry but showed that the virus can utilize dual viral spike protein processing pathways downstream of ACE2 receptor binding. These include TMPRSS- and CTSL/CTSB-mediated non-endosomal and endocytic pathways, with TMPRSS10 likely playing a more significant role in the non-endosomal pathway in renal cells than TMPRSS2. Finally, treatment with the antihypertensive ACE inhibitor, lisinopril, showed negligible impact on receptor expression or susceptibility of renal cells to infection. This study represents the first in-depth characterization of viral entry in stem cell-derived human kidney organoids with enhanced PTs, providing deeper insight into the renal implications of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. IMPORTANCE Utilizing a human iPSC-derived kidney organoid model with improved proximal tubule (PT) maturity, we identified the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 entry in renal cells, confirming ACE2 as the sole receptor and revealing redundancy in downstream cell surface TMPRSS- and endocytic Cathepsin-mediated pathways. In addition, these data address the implications of SARS-CoV-2 exposure in the setting of the commonly prescribed ACE-inhibitor, lisinopril, confirming its negligible impact on infection of kidney cells. Taken together, these results provide valuable insight into the mechanism of viral infection in the human kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Vanslambrouck
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica A. Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sophia Mah
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ker Sin Tan
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ella Groenewegen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas A. Forbes
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katerina Karavendzas
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David A. Elliott
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Australia Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Enzo R. Porrello
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative Medicine, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- The WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa H. Little
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Vanslambrouck JM, Tan KS, Mah S, Little MH. Generation of proximal tubule-enhanced kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:3229-3252. [PMID: 37770563 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are now being used as models of renal disease and nephrotoxicity screening. However, the proximal tubules (PTs), which are responsible for most kidney reabsorption functions, remain immature in kidney organoids with limited expression of critical transporters essential for nephron functionality. Here, we describe a protocol for improved specification of nephron progenitors from hPSCs that results in kidney organoids with elongated proximalized nephrons displaying improved PT maturity compared with those generated using standard kidney organoid protocols. We also describe a methodology for assessing the functionality of the PTs within the organoids and visualizing maturation markers via immunofluorescence. Using these assays, PT-enhanced organoids display increased expression of a range of critical transporters, translating to improved functionality measured by substrate uptake and transport. This protocol consists of an extended (13 d) monolayer differentiation phase, during which time hPSCs are exposed to nephron progenitor maintenance media (CDBLY2), better emulating human metanephric progenitor specification in vivo. Following nephron progenitor specification, the cells are aggregated and cultured as a three-dimensional micromass on an air-liquid interface to facilitate further differentiation and segmentation into proximalized nephrons. Experience in culturing hPSCs is required to conduct this protocol and expertise in kidney organoid generation is advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Vanslambrouck
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ker Sin Tan
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sophia Mah
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Mah S, Brown M, Colley R, Rosella R, Sanmartin C, Schellenberg G. Associations between area- and individual-level community belonging and self-rated health. Eur J Public Health 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckac129.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Previous studies point to the importance of individuals’ sense of community belonging to multiple measures of health and well-being. However, the extent to which collective sense of belonging within neighbourhoods might influence individual health has not been characterized. The objectives of this study are to describe variations in self-rated health by a novel area-level measure of community belonging and determine the impact of including these measures in models of individual-level community belonging and self-rated health.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study of respondents of the 2020 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) living in census tracts. These data were merged with novel small area estimates of community belonging derived by Statistics Canada from the CCHS 2016-2019. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to analyse associations of individual- and area-level community belonging, and self-rated health. We adjusted for sex, age, recent immigrant status, visible minority status, province, marital status, presence of children in the household, smoking status, presence of chronic conditions, income, and employment status. All results were generated using survey weights and bootstraps representing a subpopulation of 21 million people.
Results
A greater proportion of CCHS respondents living in neighbourhoods with the strongest collective sense of community belonging reported being in good, very good, or excellent health. Models indicate that living in a neighbourhood with low collective sense of community belonging is associated with higher odds of reporting being in poor or fair health (OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.15-1.81) even after adjusting for other factors, including individual-level sense of community belonging, which also remained independently associated with self-rated health.
Conclusions
Both area- and individual-level sense of community belonging are independently associated with self-rated health.
Key messages
• The collective sense of belonging within neighbourhoods may influence health outcomes.
• Measures of area-level and individual-level community belonging may capture different aspects of social connections with respect to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mah
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
| | - M Brown
- Statistics Canada , Ottawa, Canada
| | - R Colley
- Statistics Canada , Ottawa, Canada
| | - R Rosella
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
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Vanslambrouck JM, Wilson SB, Tan KS, Groenewegen E, Rudraraju R, Neil J, Lawlor KT, Mah S, Scurr M, Howden SE, Subbarao K, Little MH. Enhanced metanephric specification to functional proximal tubule enables toxicity screening and infectious disease modelling in kidney organoids. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5943. [PMID: 36209212 PMCID: PMC9547573 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids are now being used to model renal disease, the proximal nephron remains immature with limited evidence for key functional solute channels. This may reflect early mispatterning of the nephrogenic mesenchyme and/or insufficient maturation. Here we show that enhanced specification to metanephric nephron progenitors results in elongated and radially aligned proximalised nephrons with distinct S1 - S3 proximal tubule cell types. Such PT-enhanced organoids possess improved albumin and organic cation uptake, appropriate KIM-1 upregulation in response to cisplatin, and improved expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors resulting in increased viral replication. The striking proximo-distal orientation of nephrons resulted from localized WNT antagonism originating from the organoid stromal core. PT-enhanced organoids represent an improved model to study inherited and acquired proximal tubular disease as well as drug and viral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Vanslambrouck
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean B Wilson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ker Sin Tan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ella Groenewegen
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kynan T Lawlor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophia Mah
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Scurr
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara E Howden
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Vanslambrouck JM, Wilson SB, Tan KS, Groenewegen E, Rudraraju R, Neil J, Lawlor KT, Mah S, Scurr M, Howden SE, Subbarao K, Little MH. Enhanced metanephric specification to functional proximal tubule enables toxicity screening and infectious disease modelling in kidney organoids. bioRxiv 2022:2021.10.14.464320. [PMID: 35665006 PMCID: PMC9164445 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.14.464320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
While pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids are now being used to model renal disease, the proximal nephron remains immature with limited evidence for key functional solute channels. This may reflect early mispatterning of the nephrogenic mesenchyme and/or insufficient maturation. Here we show that enhanced specification to metanephric nephron progenitors results in elongated and radially aligned proximalised nephrons with distinct S1 - S3 proximal tubule cell types. Such PT-enhanced organoids possess improved albumin and organic cation uptake, appropriate KIM-1 upregulation in response to cisplatin, and improved expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors resulting in increased viral replication. The striking proximo-distal orientation of nephrons resulted from localized WNT antagonism originating from the organoid stromal core. PT-enhanced organoids represent an improved model to study inherited and acquired proximal tubular disease as well as drug and viral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Vanslambrouck
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean B. Wilson
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ker Sin Tan
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ella Groenewegen
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rajeev Rudraraju
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kynan T. Lawlor
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophia Mah
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Scurr
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara E. Howden
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa H. Little
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Author for correspondence: M.H.L.: +61 3 9936 6206;
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Ling L, Ren X, Cao X, Hassan ABM, Mah S, Sathiyanathan P, Smith RAA, Tan CLL, Eio M, Samsonraj RM, van Wijnen AJ, Raghunath M, Nurcombe V, Hui JH, Cool SM. Enhancing the Efficacy of Stem Cell Therapy with Glycosaminoglycans. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:105-121. [PMID: 31902704 PMCID: PMC6962655 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) therapy offers significant potential for osteochondral regeneration. Such applications require their ex vivo expansion in media frequently supplemented with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). Particular heparan sulfate (HS) fractions stabilize FGF2-FGF receptor complexes. We show that an FGF2-binding HS variant (HS8) accelerates the expansion of freshly isolated bone marrow hMSCs without compromising their naivety. Importantly, the repair of osteochondral defects in both rats and pigs is improved after treatment with HS8-supplemented hMSCs (MSCHS8), when assessed histologically, biomechanically, or by MRI. Thus, supplementing hMSC culture media with an HS variant that targets endogenously produced FGF2 allows the elimination of exogenous growth factors that may adversely affect their therapeutic potency. An FGF2-binding heparan sulfate (HS8) accelerates the ex vivo expansion of hMSCs hMSCs expanded with HS8 maintain stem cell characteristics and potency HS8-expanded hMSCs improve osteochondral regeneration in animal models HS8 is an effective bio-additive for the scale up of highly potent hMSCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ling
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Xiafei Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074/119288, Singapore
| | - Xue Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074/119288, Singapore
| | - Afizah Binte Mohd Hassan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074/119288, Singapore
| | - Sophia Mah
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Padmapriya Sathiyanathan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Raymond A A Smith
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Clarissa L L Tan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Michelle Eio
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Rebekah M Samsonraj
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael Raghunath
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - James H Hui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074/119288, Singapore.
| | - Simon M Cool
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074/119288, Singapore.
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Putz U, Mah S, Goh CP, Low LH, Howitt J, Tan SS. PTEN secretion in exosomes. Methods 2014; 77-78:157-63. [PMID: 25542098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PTEN was discovered as a membrane-associated tumor suppressor protein nearly two decades ago, but the concept that it can be secreted and taken up by recipient cells is revolutionary. Since then, various laboratories have reported that PTEN is indeed secreted and available for uptake by other cells in at least two different guises. First, PTEN may be packaged and exported within extracellular vesicles (EV) called exosomes. Second, PTEN may also be secreted as a naked protein in a longer isoform called PTEN-long. While the conditions favouring the secretion of PTEN-long remain unknown, PTEN secretion in exosomes is enhanced by the Ndfip1/Nedd4 ubiquitination system. In this report, we describe conditions for packaging PTEN in exosomes and their potential use for mediating non cell-autonomous functions in recipient cells. We suggest that this mode of PTEN transfer may potentially provide beneficial PTEN for tumor suppression, however it may also propagate deleterious versions of mutated PTEN causing tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Putz
- Brain Development and Regeneration Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sophia Mah
- Brain Development and Regeneration Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Choo-Peng Goh
- Brain Development and Regeneration Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ley-Hian Low
- Brain Development and Regeneration Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jason Howitt
- Brain Development and Regeneration Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Seong-Seng Tan
- Brain Development and Regeneration Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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Cheng C, Cheung M, Ho K, Yu C, Kwok S, Tsu H, Chan W, Mah S, Chu S, Man C, Wong T. MP-12.13 Does Previous Endoscopic Urethrotomy Affect Results of Anastomotic Urethroplasty? Hong Kong Experience. Urology 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2011.07.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mah S, Nelson MR, Delisi LE, Reneland RH, Markward N, James MR, Nyholt DR, Hayward N, Handoko H, Mowry B, Kammerer S, Braun A. Identification of the semaphorin receptor PLXNA2 as a candidate for susceptibility to schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11:471-8. [PMID: 16402134 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of genetic factors that contribute to schizophrenia susceptibility is a key challenge in understanding the etiology of this disease. Here, we report the identification of a novel schizophrenia candidate gene on chromosome 1q32, plexin A2 (PLXNA2), in a genome-wide association study using 320 patients with schizophrenia of European descent and 325 matched controls. Over 25,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within approximately 14,000 genes were tested. Out of 62 markers found to be associated with disease status, the most consistent finding was observed for a candidate locus on chromosome 1q32. The marker SNP rs752016 showed suggestive association with schizophrenia (odds ratio (OR) = 1.49, P = 0.006). This result was confirmed in an independent case-control sample of European Americans (combined OR = 1.38, P = 0.035) and similar genetic effects were observed in smaller subsets of Latin Americans (OR = 1.26) and Asian Americans (OR = 1.37). Supporting evidence was also obtained from two family-based collections, one of which reached statistical significance (OR = 2.2, P = 0.02). High-density SNP mapping showed that the region of association spans approximately 60 kb of the PLXNA2 gene. Eight out of 14 SNPs genotyped showed statistically significant differences between cases and controls. These results are in accordance with previous genetic findings that identified chromosome 1q32 as a candidate region for schizophrenia. PLXNA2 is a member of the transmembrane semaphorin receptor family that is involved in axonal guidance during development and may modulate neuronal plasticity and regeneration. The PLXNA2 ligand semaphorin 3A has been shown to be upregulated in the cerebellum of individuals with schizophrenia. These observations, together with the genetic results, make PLXNA2 a likely candidate for the 1q32 schizophrenia susceptibility locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mah
- Sequenom Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Cho EA, Patterson LT, Brookhiser WT, Mah S, Kintner C, Dressler GR. Differential expression and function of cadherin-6 during renal epithelium development. Development 1998; 125:803-12. [PMID: 9449663 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125.5.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cadherin gene family encodes calcium-dependent adhesion molecules that promote homophilic interactions among cells. During embryogenesis, differential expression of cadherins can drive morphogenesis by stimulating cell aggregation, defining boundaries between groups of cells and promoting cell migration. In this report, the expression patterns of cadherins were examined by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization in the embryonic kidney, during the time when mesenchymal cells are phenotypically converted to epithelium and the pattern of the developing nephrons is established. At the time of mesenchymal induction, cadherin-11 is expressed in the mesenchyme but not in the ureteric bud epithelium, which expresses E-cadherin. The newly formed epithelium of the renal vesicle expresses E-cadherin near the ureteric bud tips and cadherin-6 more distally, suggesting that this primitive epithelium is already patterned with respect to progenitor cell types. In the s-shaped body, the cadherin expression patterns reflect the developmental fate of each region. The proximal tubule progenitors express cadherin-6, the distal tubule cells express E-cadherin, whereas the glomeruli express P-cadherin. Ultimately, cadherin-6 is down-regulated whereas E-cadherin expression remains in most, if not all, of the tubular epithelium. Antibodies generated against the extracellular domain of cadherin-6 inhibit aggregation of induced mesenchyme and the formation of mesenchyme-derived epithelium but do not disrupt ureteric bud branching in vitro. These data suggest that cadherin-6 function is required for the early aggregation of induced mesenchymal cells and their subsequent conversion to epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0650, USA
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Mah S, Thomson S, Demarchi D. An ecological framework for resource management in British Columbia. Environ Monit Assess 1996; 39:119-125. [PMID: 24198001 DOI: 10.1007/bf00396140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
British Columbia's landmass encompasses a complex diversity of ecosystems as a result of its diverse physiography, geology and climate. Resource planners and managers, depending upon their management objectives, use ecological information at different scales, from the very broad regional level to the local or site-specific level. The Ecoregion Classification and the Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification systems provide the means for resource managers and others in British Columbia concerned with the environment to understand, manage, and communicate about the diverse ecosystems of the province.This paper outlines this multi-level regional ecological classification and describes how it is being applied by resource managers from various resource agencies and organizations responsible for forest, wildlife and habitat management in British Columbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mah
- Research Branch, B.C. Ministry of Forests, 31 Bastion Square, V8W 3E7, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Bennett D, Tyson E, Mah S, de Groot J, Hegde S, Terao S, Teitelbaum Z. Sustained delivery of detirelix after pulmonary administration of liposomal formulations. J Control Release 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(94)90222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bennett DB, Tyson E, Nerenberg CA, Mah S, de Groot JS, Teitelbaum Z. Pulmonary delivery of detirelix by intratracheal instillation and aerosol inhalation in the briefly anesthetized dog. Pharm Res 1994; 11:1048-55. [PMID: 7937547 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018999707476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery of the decapeptide detirelix was studied in briefly anesthetized dogs and the pharmacokinetics were examined following intravenous administration, intratracheal instillation, and aerosol inhalation. Detirelix administrations to the lung gave plasma profiles that were extended over two days, and that differed markedly from those of similarly sized peptides. Absorption from the lung after instillation was slow (Tmax = 6.5 +/- 3.6 h) with a relative bioavailability of 29 +/- 10%. Administration of detirelix-containing aerosols resulted in similar plasma profiles as for administration by instillation. Compartmental and non-compartmental methods of pharmacokinetic analysis indicated no faster absorption from aerosols than from instilled solutions; an absorption rate limiting process may be an explanation. Plasma profiles were not affected by the use of detirelix liquid crystal favoring formulations or destabilizing formulations, and suggested that in situ liquid crystal formation was not an explanation for the slow absorption. No significant changes in pharmacokinetics or systemic uptake were observed during the five-month period of repeated pulmonary administrations. Histopathologic examination revealed the lungs to be essentially normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Bennett
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Syntex Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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Hansen CA, Mah S, Williamson JR. Formation and metabolism of inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate in liver. J Biol Chem 1986; 261:8100-3. [PMID: 3487541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inositol lipid pools of isolated rat hepatocytes were labeled with [3H]myo-inositol, stimulated maximally with vasopressin and the relative contents of [3H]inositol phosphates were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate accumulated rapidly (peak 20 s), while inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate and a novel inositol phosphate (ascribed to inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate) accumulated at a slower rate over 2 min. Incubation of hepatocytes with 10 mM Li+ prior to vasopressin addition selectively augmented the levels of inositol monophosphate, inositol 1,4-bisphosphate, and inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate. A kinase was partially purified from liver and brain cortex which catalyzed an ATP-dependent phosphorylation of [3H]inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate to inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate. Incubation of purified [3H]inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate with diluted liver homogenate produced initially inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate and subsequently inositol 1,3-bisphosphate, the formation of which could be inhibited by Li+. The data demonstrate that the most probable pathway for the formation of inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate is by 3-phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate by a soluble mammalian kinase. Degradation of both compounds occurs first by a Li+-insensitive 5-phosphatase and subsequently by a Li+-sensitive 4-phosphatase. The prolonged accumulation of both inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate in vasopressin-stimulated hepatocytes suggest that they have separate second messenger roles, perhaps both relating to Ca2+-signalling events.
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Ketcham R, Mah S. Thiazolothiazoles. 3. Synthesis and biological evaluation of functionalized dialkyl derivatives from , , , -tetramethylthiazolo(5,4-d)thiazole-2,5-dibutyronitrile. J Med Chem 1971; 14:743-7. [PMID: 5114070 DOI: 10.1021/jm00290a018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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