Association of Serum Vitamin D level with Asthenozoospermic Male

Although vitamin D deficiency is one of the most common health problems throughout the world, conflicting information exists on the potential association between serum vitamin D levels and semen quality. Currently available data identifies that vitamin D has a vital role in reproductive process as it affects sperm motility. This study was done with the rationality to evaluate the association between serum vitamin D levels with asthenozoospermic males. This cross-sectional analytic study was conducted on 314 men who attended the Department of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Bangladesh July 2018 to June 2019. Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria all participants were categorized into two groups; Group I included 157 asthenozoospermic male and Group II included 157 normozoospermic male according to World Health Organization 'strict' criteria 2010. Participants completed the questionnaires after they had agreed on a informed consent. Blood and semen samples were obtained for assessment and all data were adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), total motility and progressive motility. Vitamin D levels were classified according to the Endocrine Society guideline. Statistical analyses were carried out by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). The results showed that the mean vitamin D level was 16.63±5.54ng/ml in asthenozoospermic group and 19.83±5.33ng/ml in normozoospermic group. The mean vitamin D level was significantly (p<0.05) lower in asthenozoospermic group. It was noticed that 86.6% patients had vitamin D deficiency (≤20ng/ml) in asthenozoospermic group compared to 56.7% in the normozoospermic group. The study found that low vitamin D was associated with a fivefold increased risk of developing asthenozoospermia at 95% CI (2.74-8.99). Moreover, there was a positive significant correlation (r=0.285; p<0.001) between serum vitamin D level with total motility and progressive motility (r=0.232; p<0.001). Hence, the study suggests a significant association between asthenozoospermia and low vitamin D levels. However, clinical trials are warranted to further reinforce the findings.

Sustainable protein regeneration in encapsulated materials

Zhu et al. introduce MELG (materials engineered by living grafting), combining engineered microbes with non-living scaffolds for functional protein regeneration within. These MELGs can be used for long-term controlled release, enzyme-mediated biocatalysis, and DNA purification. This approach offers enhanced functionality and durability in bioactive materials compared to traditional non-living counterparts.

Mycorrhization in trees: ecology, physiology, emerging technologies and beyond

Mycorrhization has been an integral part of plants since colonization by the early land plants. Over decades, substantial research has highlighted its potential role in improving nutritional efficiency and growth, development and survival of crop plants. However, the focus of this review is trees. Evidence have been provided to explain ecological and physiological significance of mycorrhization in trees. Advances in recent technologies (e.g., metagenomics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, agricultural drones) may open new windows to apply this knowledge in promoting tree growth in forest ecosystems. Dual mycorrhization relationships in trees and even triple relationships among trees, mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria offer an interesting physiological system to understand how plants interact with other organisms for better survival. Besides, studies indicate additional roles of mycorrhization in learning, memorizing and communication between host trees through a common mycorrhizal network (CMN). Recent observations in trees suggest that mycorrhization may even promote tolerance to multiple abiotic (e.g., drought, salt, heavy metal stress) and biotic (e.g. fungi) stresses. Due to the extent of physiological reliance, local adaptation of trees is heavily impacted by the mycorrhizal community. This knowledge opens the possibility of a non-GMO avenue to promote tree growth and development. Indeed, mycorrhization could impact growth of trees in nurserys and subsequent survival of the inoculated trees in field conditions. Future studies might integrate hyperspectral imaging and drone technologies to identify tree communities that are deficient in nitrogen and spray mycorrhizal spore formulations on them.

Expanding the genetic programmability of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum

Lactobacilli are ubiquitous in nature and symbiotically provide health benefits for countless organisms including humans, animals and plants. They are vital for the fermented food industry and are being extensively explored for healthcare applications. For all these reasons, there is considerable interest in enhancing and controlling their capabilities through the engineering of genetic modules and circuits. One of the most robust and reliable microbial chassis for these synthetic biology applications is the widely used Lactiplantibacillus plantarum species. However, the genetic toolkit needed to advance its applicability remains poorly equipped. This mini-review highlights the genetic parts that have been discovered to achieve food-grade recombinant protein production and speculates on lessons learned from these studies for L. plantarum engineering. Furthermore, strategies to identify, create and optimize genetic parts for real-time regulation of gene expression and enhancement of biosafety are also suggested.

Tests of Light-Lepton Universality in Angular Asymmetries of B^{0}→D^{*-}ℓν Decays

We present the first comprehensive tests of the universality of the light leptons in the angular distributions of semileptonic B^{0}-meson decays to charged spin-1 charmed mesons. We measure five angular-asymmetry observables as functions of the decay recoil that are sensitive to lepton-universality-violating contributions. We use events where one neutral B is fully reconstructed in ϒ(4S)→BB[over ¯] decays in data corresponding to 189  fb^{-1} integrated luminosity from electron-positron collisions collected with the Belle II detector. We find no significant deviation from the standard model expectations.

Precise Measurement of the D_{s}^{+} Lifetime at Belle II

We measure the lifetime of the D_{s}^{+} meson using a data sample of 207  fb^{-1} collected by the Belle II experiment running at the SuperKEKB asymmetric-energy e^{+}e^{-} collider. The lifetime is determined by fitting the decay-time distribution of a sample of 116×10^{3} D_{s}^{+}→ϕπ^{+} decays. Our result is τ_{D_{s}^{+}}=(499.5±1.7±0.9)  fs, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. This result is significantly more precise than previous measurements.

Relation between Acute Ischemic Stroke and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction

Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity all over the world. The economic cost for stroke disability and post stroke rehabilitation is a growing concern. Ischemic stroke comprises 80.0 - 85.0% of total stroke cases caused by thrombotic or embolic occlusion of cerebral arteries. The source of embolism may be a larger artery or cardiac. Overt heart failure is an independent predictor of long term unfavorable functional outcome in stroke patients. However, there is little research whether the acute ischemic stroke risk is associated with mild to moderate degree of Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (LVSD). This study was aimed to investigate the relation between LVSD and acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and to evaluate the relation between left ventricular systolic dysfunction and severity of neurological deficits after acute ischemic stroke. This case-control study was carried out in the Department of Neurology and Department of Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh from January 2019 to December 2020. One hundred twenty (120) patients of first ever AIS and 120 age and sex matched apparently healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Severity of stroke was measured by National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Left ventricular (LV) systolic function was assessed by transthoracic 2-dimensional echocardiography. Mean±SD age was 58.23±9.34 years and 55.92±9.72 years respectively in cases and controls. Male to female ratio was 1.86:1. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction of any degree was more frequent in stroke patients (23.3%) than in controls (5.8%; p<0.001). The mean±SD of LVEF were 59.21±9.68 and 63.54±6.84 among case and control groups respectively. Mild LV dysfunction was observed 16.7% in AIS patients and 5.8% in control group. Moderate LV dysfunction was found in 6.7% in AIS patients. Participants with mild LVSD had significantly higher odds of being in the cases compared to participants with no LVSD (OR: 3.48; 95% CI: 1.41-8.59). Similarly, participants with moderate LVSD were 9.74 times more likely to be in ischemic stroke group compared to participants with no LVSD (OR: 9.74; 95% CI:1.19-19.29). LVSD was associated with AIS even after adjusting for other stroke risk factors (OR: 2.7462; 95CI for OR: 1.0204, 7.3906; p=0.0435). The NIHSS was significantly negatively correlated with LVEF (r=-0.443; p<0.001). The study may conclude that Left ventricular systolic dysfunction of mild to moderate degree, is associated with acute ischemic stroke. AIS patients with higher neurological deficit also had lower LVEF.

Search for a τ^{+}τ^{-} Resonance in e^{+}e^{-}→μ^{+}μ^{-}τ^{+}τ^{-} Events with the Belle II Experiment

We report the first search for a nonstandard-model resonance decaying into τ pairs in e^{+}e^{-}→μ^{+}μ^{-}τ^{+}τ^{-} events in the 3.6-10  GeV/c^{2} mass range. We use a 62.8  fb^{-1} sample of e^{+}e^{-} collisions collected at a center-of-mass energy of 10.58 GeV by the Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB collider. The analysis probes three different models predicting a spin-1 particle coupling only to the heavier lepton families, a Higgs-like spin-0 particle that couples preferentially to charged leptons (leptophilic scalar), and an axionlike particle, respectively. We observe no evidence for a signal and set exclusion limits at 90% confidence level on the product of cross section and branching fraction into τ pairs, ranging from 0.7 to 24 fb, and on the couplings of these processes. We obtain world-leading constraints on the couplings for the leptophilic scalar model for masses above 6.5  GeV/c^{2} and for the axionlike particle model over the entire mass range.

First Dark Matter Search Results from the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment

The LUX-ZEPLIN experiment is a dark matter detector centered on a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber operating at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. This Letter reports results from LUX-ZEPLIN's first search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) with an exposure of 60 live days using a fiducial mass of 5.5 t. A profile-likelihood ratio analysis shows the data to be consistent with a background-only hypothesis, setting new limits on spin-independent WIMP-nucleon, spin-dependent WIMP-neutron, and spin-dependent WIMP-proton cross sections for WIMP masses above 9  GeV/c^{2}. The most stringent limit is set for spin-independent scattering at 36  GeV/c^{2}, rejecting cross sections above 9.2×10^{-48}  cm at the 90% confidence level.

Relation of Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio with Clinical Severity in Patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathy. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a novel prognostic and inflammatory marker in patients with neurological diseases. The study was designed to observe the relation between neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and the clinical severity in patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS). This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the department of Neurology and Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College and Hospital from April 2019 to September 2020. Total 58 patients with GBS were enrolled according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria within 7 days of development of symptoms. The clinical diagnosis of GBS was done according to Ausbury and Cornblath's diagnostic criteria; moreover clinical severity was done according to Hughes and Rees scale, Medical Research Council (MRC) grade, cranial nerve involvement and autonomic involvement. After measuring complete blood count, NLR was calculated by dividing neutrophil count to lymphocyte count. Data analysis was done on SPSS 23.0. Mean age of the GBS patients was 36.21±11.55 years. Among 58 respondents 70.69% (41) were male and 29.31% (17) were female. Most of the patients had a GBS severity score of 4(62.07%) followed by 3(27.59%) and 5(10.34%). The mean NLR of the respondents was 3.22±2.25. Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) was in 48.28% respondents and their mean NLR was 3.89±0.31, 31.03% had AIDP and mean NLR was 3.28±0.46 and 20.69% had Acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) and mean NLR was 4.5±0.52. The mean NLR of the MRC grade 0, 1, 2, 3 patients was 6.61±1.78, 3.39±0.92, 2.71±1.39 and 1.45±0.40 respectively. Hughes score had a positive correlation (r=0.5333 and p<0.01) and MRC grade had a negative correlation (r= - 0.76805 and p<0.01) with NLR. Severity of GBS was significantly associated with raised NLR. Increase Hughes and Rees scale and decrease MRC grade also related to increased NLR.

Search for an Invisible Z^{'} in a Final State with Two Muons and Missing Energy at Belle II

The L_{μ}-L_{τ} extension of the standard model predicts the existence of a lepton-flavor-universality-violating Z^{'} boson that couples only to the heavier lepton families. We search for such a Z^{'} through its invisible decay in the process e^{+}e^{-}→μ^{+}μ^{-}Z^{'}. We use a sample of electron-positron collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 10.58 GeV collected by the Belle II experiment in 2019-2020, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 79.7  fb^{-1}. We find no excess over the expected standard-model background. We set 90%-confidence-level upper limits on the cross section for this process as well as on the coupling of the model, which ranges from 3×10^{-3} at low Z^{'} masses to 1 at Z^{'} masses of 8  GeV/c^{2}.

Occurrence of canine parvovirus type 2c in diarrhoeic faeces of dogs in Kolkata, India

Canine parvovirus-2(CPV-2) causes a highly contagious disease of dogs characterised by acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, lethargy, vomiting, fever and usually bloody or mucoid diarrhoea. In the present study, 41 faecal samples collected from dogs exhibiting the signs of fever, vomition, bloody or mucoid diarrhoea in Kolkata, India were screened by haemagglutination test and PCR for detection of capsid protein coding VP2 gene. The viral genotype was detected by multiplex PCR and analysis of partial VP2 gene nucleotide sequences of selected PCR products with bioinformatics tool. Thirteen (31.71%) samples were found positive with HA titre ≥ 32 whereas 28 (68.29%) samples were positive by PCR of VP2 gene indicating higher sensitivity of PCR. Highest occurrence of CPV-2 was observed in the age group of 1-6 months (80.65%) and non-descript breeds with no history of vaccination (85%). Three samples were antigenic type CPV-2a, rest were CPV-2b/CPV 2c. Six CPV sequences were found to be highly similar to published CPV 2c sequences in BLAST analysis revealing a maximum identity of 99-100% with other CPV-2c strains and clustered together with CPV-2c strains of India and other countries in phylogenetic analysis. The present study highlights the need for continuous monitoring of samples to detect gradual changes in circulating CPV-2 genotypes in India.

Search for Lepton-Flavor-Violating τ Decays to a Lepton and an Invisible Boson at Belle II

We search for lepton-flavor-violating τ^{-}→e^{-}α and τ^{-}→μ^{-}α decays, where α is an invisible spin-0 boson. The search uses electron-positron collisions at 10.58 GeV center-of-mass energy with an integrated luminosity of 62.8  fb^{-1}, produced by the SuperKEKB collider and collected with the Belle II detector. We search for an excess in the lepton-energy spectrum of the known τ^{-}→e^{-}ν[over ¯]_{e}ν_{τ} and τ^{-}→μ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{μ}ν_{τ} decays. We report 95% confidence-level upper limits on the branching-fraction ratio B(τ^{-}→e^{-}α)/B(τ^{-}→e^{-}ν[over ¯]_{e}ν_{τ}) in the range (1.1-9.7)×10^{-3} and on B(τ^{-}→μ^{-}α)/B(τ^{-}→μ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{μ}ν_{τ}) in the range (0.7-12.2)×10^{-3} for α masses between 0 and 1.6  GeV/c^{2}. These results provide the most stringent bounds on invisible boson production from τ decays.

Clinical efficacy of the virtual fracture clinic: analysis of 17,269 referrals by type of injury

INTRODUCTION

Numerous studies have deemed the virtual fracture clinic (VFC) model to be both cost and clinically effective. However, very few of these studies have analysed the type of injuries seen in the VFC. The objectives of this study were to assess the clinical effectiveness of the VFC and analyse the types of injuries that lead to patients re-presenting in the face-to-face fracture clinic after being discharged virtually.

METHODS

This is a retrospective study analysing 17,269 patients referred to the VFC between September 2017 and February 2020. Data regarding the type of presenting injury were collected to understand which injuries required further management after being discharged virtually. Patient clinic letters provided data regarding the purpose and outcomes of VFC referrals as well as face-to-face appointments. Theatre lists were cross-referenced to extract data regarding surgical management.

RESULTS

In total, 57.37% (9,908) patients were discharged virtually. Of these patients, 92.52% were discharged successfully and 7.48% re-presented to the fracture clinic: 98.11% were managed conservatively and 1.88% required surgery. The highest number of failed discharges were for distal radius fractures (109, 14.69%). Face-to-face follow-up in fracture clinic was requested for 37.06% (6,400) of patients; 4.98% of them required surgical intervention. Some 5.56% (961) of referrals were removed from our analysis: 807 were inappropriate referrals and 154 were deemed suitable for multidisciplinary team discussion. The trust has saved an average of £702,205 annually since introduction of the VFC.

CONCLUSIONS

The VFC model delivers as promised in terms of clinical efficacy and cost management. Injury types showing higher numbers of unsuccessful discharges could benefit from having modified management pathways.

Observation of e^{+}e^{-}→ωχ_{bJ}(1P) and Search for X_{b}→ωϒ(1S) at sqrt[s] near 10.75 GeV

We study the processes e^{+}e^{-}→ωχ_{bJ}(1P) (J=0, 1, or 2) using samples at center-of-mass energies sqrt[s]=10.701, 10.745, and 10.805 GeV, corresponding to 1.6, 9.8, and 4.7  fb^{-1} of integrated luminosity, respectively. These data were collected with the Belle II detector during special operations of the SuperKEKB collider above the ϒ(4S) resonance. We report the first observation of ωχ_{bJ}(1P) signals at sqrt[s]=10.745  GeV. By combining Belle II data with Belle results at sqrt[s]=10.867  GeV, we find energy dependencies of the Born cross sections for e^{+}e^{-}→ωχ_{b1,b2}(1P) to be consistent with the shape of the ϒ(10753) state. These data indicate that the internal structures of the ϒ(10753) and ϒ(10860) states may differ. Including data at sqrt[s]=10.653  GeV, we also search for the bottomonium equivalent of the X(3872) state decaying into ωϒ(1S). No significant signal is observed for masses between 10.45 and 10.65  GeV/c^{2}.

Search for a Dark Photon and an Invisible Dark Higgs Boson in μ^{+}μ^{-} and Missing Energy Final States with the Belle II Experiment

The dark photon A^{'} and the dark Higgs boson h^{'} are hypothetical particles predicted in many dark sector models. We search for the simultaneous production of A^{'} and h^{'} in the dark Higgsstrahlung process e^{+}e^{-}→A^{'}h^{'} with A^{'}→μ^{+}μ^{-} and h^{'} invisible in electron-positron collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 10.58 GeV in data collected by the Belle II experiment in 2019. With an integrated luminosity of 8.34  fb^{-1}, we observe no evidence for signal. We obtain exclusion limits at 90% Bayesian credibility in the range of 1.7-5.0 fb on the cross section and in the range of 1.7×10^{-8}-200×10^{-8} on the effective coupling ϵ^{2}×α_{D} for the A^{'} mass in the range of 4.0  GeV/c^{2}<M_{A^{'}}<9.7  GeV/c^{2} and for the h^{'} mass M_{h^{'}}<M_{A^{'}}, where ϵ is the mixing strength between the standard model and the dark photon and α_{D} is the coupling of the dark photon to the dark Higgs boson. Our limits are the first in this mass range.

In vitro assembly of plasmid DNA for direct cloning in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WCSF1

Lactobacilli are gram-positive bacteria that are growing in importance for the healthcare industry and genetically engineering them as living therapeutics is highly sought after. However, progress in this field is hindered since most strains are difficult to genetically manipulate, partly due to their complex and thick cell walls limiting our capability to transform them with exogenous DNA. To overcome this, large amounts of DNA (>1 μg) are normally required to successfully transform these bacteria. An intermediate host, like E. coli, is often used to amplify recombinant DNA to such amounts although this approach poses unwanted drawbacks such as an increase in plasmid size, different methylation patterns and the limitation of introducing only genes compatible with the intermediate host. In this work, we have developed a direct cloning method based on in-vitro assembly and PCR amplification to yield recombinant DNA in significant quantities for successful transformation in L. plantarum WCFS1. The advantage of this method is demonstrated in terms of shorter experimental duration and the possibility to introduce a gene incompatible with E. coli into L. plantarum WCFS1.

Novel genetic modules encoding high-level antibiotic-free protein expression in probiotic lactobacilli

Lactobacilli are ubiquitous in nature, often beneficially associated with animals as commensals and probiotics, and are extensively used in food fermentation. Due to this close-knit association, there is considerable interest to engineer them for healthcare applications in both humans and animals, for which high-performance and versatile genetic parts are greatly desired. For the first time, we describe two genetic modules in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum that achieve high-level gene expression using plasmids that can be retained without antibiotics, bacteriocins or genomic manipulations. These include (i) a promoter, P_tlpA , from a phylogenetically distant bacterium, Salmonella typhimurium, which drives up to 5-fold higher level of gene expression compared to previously reported promoters and (ii) multiple toxin-antitoxin systems as a self-contained and easy-to-implement plasmid retention strategy that facilitates the engineering of tuneable transient genetically modified organisms. These modules and the fundamental factors underlying their functionality that are described in this work will greatly contribute to expanding the genetic programmability of lactobacilli for healthcare applications.

Differential expression of TLR4 in patients of coronary artery disease with and without traditional cardiovascular risk factors

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Atherosclerosis is inherently an inflammatory process, with a complex interplay of inflammatory markers. It is established that these inflammatory markers play an important role in patients of Coronary Artery Disease(CAD) with traditional cardiovascular risk factors. However, the role of inflammation in the atherosclerotic process in patients of CAD without traditional risk factors is still not clearly known.

Purpose

Our purpose was to determine whether in patients of CAD without traditional risk factors, TLR4(Toll like receptor 4) expression as a marker of inflammation is similar to that in patients of CAD with traditional risk factors.

Materials and Methods

This observational cross sectional study was done between July’20 to Dec’21. Equal number of patients of CAD with and without traditional cardiovascular risk factors undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) were enrolled. The risk factors considered were Hypertension, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Obesity and Addiction to Tobacco and/or Alcohol. A minimum of two punch biopsy samples of aortic tissue was taken from each subject undergoing CABG. Immunohistochemistry for TLR4, was done in Ventana BenchMark GX System. The primary TLR4 antibody was procured from reputed source.

Results

The presence or absence of TLR4 expression was associated significantly with the Syntax scores (37.40±4.74 vs 29.5±8.71; p value=0.036), total Cholesterol (187±35.06mg/dL vs 130±35.69 mg/dL ;p value 0.010) and LDL cholesterol (118.86±28.12mg/dL vs 64.21±25.61 mg/dL; p value 0.003). TLR4 expression, however, was not significantly associated with the number of coronary vessels involved (p=0.298). TLR4 expression was also not significantly associated with any other individual risk factors. However, when the traditional risk factors were considered in combination, TLR4 expression was associated significantly with the number of risk factors present(p=0.029) the strongest being in those having 4 traditional risk factors. The level of TLR4 expression gradually declined with the decrease in the number of risk factors, having mostly weak or negative expression in patients without any traditional risk factors.

Conclusion

Patients with CAD without any traditional risk factors, had a less severe coronary artery disease as manifested by lower Syntax scores, and had lower degree of TLR4 expression. Patients with CAD with traditional risk factors had more severe coronary artery disease as evidenced by higher Syntax scores, and had higher degree of TLR4 expression proportional to the number of traditional risk factors present. Thus, differential TLR4 expression in CAD patients with and without traditional risk factors indicated a difference in inflammatory state between the two groups and warrants further investigation.

Association between Serum Vitamin D and Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is common in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and may be associated with metabolic and endocrine disorders in PCOS. Aim of the study was to evaluate the association between serum vitamin D level and metabolic syndrome (MS) in PCOS. This cross-sectional study was conducted in PCOS clinic of infertility outpatient department of the department of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total of 170 diagnosed patients with PCOS of aging 20 to 40 years were included in this study. Out of which 85 patients with PCOS MS and rest 85 patients without PCOS MS were considered as Group I and Group II respectively. Serum vitamin D was measured using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA). Almost two third (72.9%) populations had vitamin D moderate deficiency (10-20ng/ml) in Group I and 46(54.1%) in Group II. The mean vitamin D was 13.97±4.53ng/ml in Group I 16.02±6.62ng/ml in Group II. There were significant negative correlation found between vitamin D level with weight (r = -0.169; p=0.028), waist circumference (r = -0.208; p=0.007), Waist/Hip ratio (r = -0.205; p=0.007) and diastolic blood pressure (r = -0.187; p=0.014). In binary logistic regression analysis diastolic blood pressure (OR=1.04, 95% CI 0.89-1.29), fasting Glucose (OR=1.09, 95% CI 0.89 - 1.42), HDL (OR=1.11, 95% CI 1.05 - 1.17) and Vitamin D (OR=1.37, 95% CI 1.01 - 1.82) were significant risk factors of metabolic syndrome of the study patients. Vitamin D level was lower in PCOS subjects having MS and higher frequency of body weight, vitamin D deficiency was observed in them compared to the non-MS group. Waist: hip ratio, waist circumference and diastolic blood pressure were the negatively correlated with of vitamin D in the study subjects.

Mortality Attributable to Ambient Air Pollution: A Review of Global Estimates

Since the publication of the first epidemiological study to establish the connection between long-term exposure to atmospheric pollution and effects on human health, major efforts have been dedicated to estimate the attributable mortality burden, especially in the context of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD). In this work, we review the estimates of excess mortality attributable to outdoor air pollution at the global scale, by comparing studies available in the literature. We find large differences between the estimates, which are related to the exposure response functions as well as the number of health outcomes included in the calculations, aspects where further improvements are necessary. Furthermore, we show that despite the considerable advancements in our understanding of health impacts of air pollution and the consequent improvement in the accuracy of the global estimates, their precision has not increased in the last decades. We offer recommendations for future measurements and research directions, which will help to improve our understanding and quantification of air pollution-health relationships.

PDGFRβ promotes oncogenic progression via STAT3/STAT5 hyperactivation in anaplastic large cell lymphoma

BACKGROUND

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin T cell lymphoma commonly driven by NPM-ALK. AP-1 transcription factors, cJUN and JUNb, act as downstream effectors of NPM-ALK and transcriptionally regulate PDGFRβ. Blocking PDGFRβ kinase activity with imatinib effectively reduces tumor burden and prolongs survival, although the downstream molecular mechanisms remain elusive.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In a transgenic mouse model that mimics PDGFRβ-driven human ALCL in vivo, we identify PDGFRβ as a driver of aggressive tumor growth. Mechanistically, PDGFRβ induces the pro-survival factor Bcl-xL and the growth-enhancing cytokine IL-10 via STAT5 activation. CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of both STAT5 gene products, STAT5A and STAT5B, results in the significant impairment of cell viability compared to deletion of STAT5A, STAT5B or STAT3 alone. Moreover, combined blockade of STAT3/5 activity with a selective SH2 domain inhibitor, AC-4-130, effectively obstructs tumor development in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

We therefore propose PDGFRβ as a novel biomarker and introduce PDGFRβ-STAT3/5 signaling as an important axis in aggressive ALCL. Furthermore, we suggest that inhibition of PDGFRβ or STAT3/5 improve existing therapies for both previously untreated and relapsed/refractory ALK+ ALCL patients.

Punzi-loss:: a non-differentiable metric approximation for sensitivity optimisation in the search for new particles

We present the novel implementation of a non-differentiable metric approximation and a corresponding loss-scheduling aimed at the search for new particles of unknown mass in high energy physics experiments. We call the loss-scheduling, based on the minimisation of a figure-of-merit related function typical of particle physics, a Punzi-loss function, and the neural network that utilises this loss function a Punzi-net. We show that the Punzi-net outperforms standard multivariate analysis techniques and generalises well to mass hypotheses for which it was not trained. This is achieved by training a single classifier that provides a coherent and optimal classification of all signal hypotheses over the whole search space. Our result constitutes a complementary approach to fully differentiable analyses in particle physics. We implemented this work using PyTorch and provide users full access to a public repository containing all the codes and a training example.

MicroRNA 155:145 ratio as a marker of atherogenic tilt manifested across different age groups and risk factor profiles

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

 Differential expression of microRNAs is critical in the genesis and progression of atherosclerosis. MiR145 has atheroprotective role through improved homeostasis of smooth muscle cells (SMC). MiR155 is pro-atherogenic due to its suppression of Bcl6, which antagonises NF-κB and modulates macrophages.

Purpose

  Our purpose was to determine if the differential expression of miR 155 & 145 (expressed as miR 155:145 ratio) across various age groups and risk factor profiles correlates with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).

Materials and Methods

  This observational cross-sectional study was done between Feb"19 & Jan"20 on 108 patients divided equally into 3 age groups: &lt;18, 18-45 & &gt;45yrs. Family history (of ASCVD or risk factors) and risk factor profile were assessed in all 3 groups; and in the latter two, presence or absence of ASCVD was additionally evaluated by coronary angiogram and/or carotid IMT. MiR155 & 145 were measured in all by RT-PCR, & the results were then compared after calculating the ratio.

Results

 miR 155:145 ratio was significantly increased in &lt;18yrs aged subjects with a positive family history(p = 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation of miR155:145 with family history of risk factors or ASCVD in this group(p &lt; 0.001).

In the 18-45yrs age group, the miR 155:145 ratio was found to be significantly increased in patients with diabetes(p = 0.037) and significant coronary artery disease(CAD) as determined by Syntax score(p &lt; 0.001). In multivariate regression analysis, a significant positive correlation was found between miR 155:145 and Syntax score(p &lt; 0.001) – a ratio of 155:145 &gt; 1 implied a greater chance of CAD, with increased numerical values correlating with increased severity of disease as evidenced by Syntax score; and a ratio &lt; 1 decreased the chances of significant CAD considerably. A positive association was also discovered for this ratio with hypertension, diabetes, tobacco exposure and a combination of multiple risk factors, but none of them were statistically significant.

In the age group of &gt;45 yrs, regression analysis revealed a statistically insignificant positive association of the miR 155:145 ratio with Syntax score, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and a combination of risk factors.

Conclusion

 MiR 155:145, when &gt;1, can point towards an ‘atherogenic tilt’, and greater increase in the ratio numerically may denote more severe disease, as indicated by a positive association with Syntax Score. This atherogenic tilt occurs very early in life, even before 18 years with significant family history. Above 18 years, with addition of other risk factors, this tilt is further compounded, and correlated well with Syntax score and such risk factors. Therefore, miR 155:145 ratio may help in identifying the individuals at risk for development of clinically significant CAD and can be utilised for development of future therapeutic strategies as well as prognostication. Abstract Figure 1  Abstract Figure 2

Bilateral obstructive megaureter with right lower ureteric urothelial carcinoma: a very rare coalition

Upper tract urothelial cancers account for 5% of all urothelial cancers. Among these, more than 90% of tumours are located in the renal pelvis, while ureteric tumours are extremely rare. The distal ureter is the most common location, although multifocal implants may also occur. Megaureter is a common cause of obstructive uropathy in neonates and children. Nevertheless, it may be unnoticed, if asymptomatic. Megaureter may be obstructing or refluxing. Long-standing urinary stasis and recurrent urinary tract infection in megaureter may cause chronic irritation of the ureteric mucosa leading to dysplasia and malignancy. We report a 55-year-old man diagnosed with bilateral obstructive megaureter with right lower ureteric urothelial cancer and review the current literature.

Precise Measurement of the D^{0} and D^{+} Lifetimes at Belle II

We report a measurement of the D^{0} and D^{+} lifetimes using D^{0}→K^{-}π^{+} and D^{+}→K^{-}π^{+}π^{+} decays reconstructed in e^{+}e^{-}→cc[over ¯] data recorded by the Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB asymmetric-energy e^{+}e^{-} collider. The data, collected at center-of-mass energies at or near the ϒ(4S) resonance, correspond to an integrated luminosity of 72  fb^{-1}. The results, τ(D^{0})=410.5±1.1(stat)±0.8(syst)  fs and τ(D^{+})=1030.4±4.7(stat)±3.1(syst)  fs, are the most precise to date and are consistent with previous determinations.

Search for B^{+}→K^{+}νν[over ¯] Decays Using an Inclusive Tagging Method at Belle II

A search for the flavor-changing neutral-current decay B^{+}→K^{+}νν[over ¯] is performed at the Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB asymmetric energy electron-positron collider. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 63  fb^{-1} collected at the ϒ(4S) resonance and a sample of 9  fb^{-1} collected at an energy 60 MeV below the resonance. Because the measurable decay signature involves only a single charged kaon, a novel measurement approach is used that exploits not only the properties of the B^{+}→K^{+}νν[over ¯] decay, but also the inclusive properties of the other B meson in the ϒ(4S)→BB[over ¯] event, to suppress the background from other B meson decays and light-quark pair production. This inclusive tagging approach offers a higher signal efficiency compared to previous searches. No significant signal is observed. An upper limit on the branching fraction of B^{+}→K^{+}νν[over ¯] of 4.1×10^{-5} is set at the 90% confidence level.

Risk Association, Clinical Presentation and Management of Uterine Leiomyoma

Uterine leiomyoma is a common gynecological problem throughout the world. As 50% hysterectomies in black and 40% in Australians are performed due to fibroid, in our country also it is assumed that about 40%-50% hysterectomies are done due to fibroid uterus. Thus leiomyoma constitute a major public health cost to the community in terms of outpatient attendance and hospital cost for surgery. This is a descriptive type of cross sectional study among 50 patients having leiomyoma of uterus in the department of Obs and Gynae, BSMMU hospital from March 2011 to August 2011. The objective of the study is to find out the risk associated with leiomyoma, to find out the common presenting features of uterine leiomyoma and to find out best options for management. Study results showed that 62% patients were in the age group 36-45 years, 48%patients were in para1-2 group, 32% patients used combined oral contraceptive pill for contraception. Sixty percent (60%) patients presented with progressive menorrhagia and palpable mass was found in 62% cases. About 46% patients had associated medical conditions like hypertension, diabetes, obesity. Total abdominal hysterectomy was done in 32% cases. TAH with unilateral or bilateral salpingoophorectomy was done in 40% cases. Myomectomy was done in 20% cases. There is a scope for large scale study about risk factors of uterine leiomyoma like obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, use of hormonal contraceptive, racial differences, different treatment modalities etc. Treatment should be individualized. However in this connection a good referral system and good communication has got a tremendous contribution in the proper management of such problems.

Versatility Of Square Flaps In Post-Burn Contractures Involving Upper Limb

Post-burn contractures are a common problem and functionally limiting for upper limbs. Many different techniques have been described in the literature for their treatment. Z-plasty and release with SSG cover are the commonest procedures done for post-burn contractures. In this study we assess the use of the square flap technique in post-burn contractures of upper limb. Eleven patients with a total number of twelve upper limb contractures (mild to moderate) involving axilla, elbow and finger underwent release by standard square flap technique. All cases were followed up for at least 6 months and analyzed for range of motion and aesthetic outcome. Patient and surgeon satisfaction was recorded. All operated cases achieved a satisfactory range of movement post-operatively without any recurrence. The number of patients who were satisfied with the surgery were 7 out of 11, and 4 patients were somewhat satisfied with the results obtained. In contrast, the surgeons were satisfied in all cases. Square flap is shown to be an easy and reliable flap for mild to moderate contractures of the anterior or posterior axillary folds, elbow contractures and finger contractures with low recurrence rate.

Obstetric Outcome of Multiple Pregnancy in a Medical College Hospital

The Incidence of twin and high order multiple gestation has increased significantly over the past 15 years primarily because of the availability and increased use of ovulation inducing drugs and assisted reproductive technology. Both maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity is higher in multiple pregnancy than in singleton pregnancy. Proposed study is designed to determine the incidence and obstetric outcome of multiple pregnancy which is a high-risk pregnancy in a tertiary referral hospital. The purpose of this study is to evaluate obstetric outcome of multiple pregnancy. This prospective observational study was carried out in the Department of Obs and Gynae, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh from December 2011 to May 2012. Patients were selected by purposive way. In this study it was observed that incidence of twin pregnancy was 1.66% common age group 30-35 years (48%), common in multipara (74%), no pregnancy crossed EDD. Family history of twin was 32% and unknown etiology 58%. Most common maternal complication was preterm labour (60%). Commonest mode of delivery was LSCS (64%), incidence of perinatal mortality 15%, 36% baby had birth weight in between 2.1-2.5kg, all the baby requiring admission in neonatal unit. This prospective observational study revealed that perinatal mortality was high in our center, there was no maternal mortality.

Socio-demographic Profile of COVID-19 Patients and Difficulties Faced by Them while Testing RT-PCR: A Multi-center Cross-sectional Study

This study was aimed to find out the socio-demographic profiles as well as difficulties of Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing faced by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted from 10th August to 7th September 2020. Data were collected by telephone interview using a pre-designed questionnaire after taking verbal consent from the participants. Out of 281 COVID-19 patients, 279 were diagnosed by RT-PCR; 10.3% were asymptomatic. Off them 67.6%were males, 24% were hospital staffs. Majority (66.2%) were from the non-city corporation area. History of recent contact with known COVID-19 patients was present in 56.9% cases. Fever (78.3%) and cough (58%) were the most common symptoms. One third of the patients faced difficulty to test RT-PCR for COVID-19. Sixteen percent patients complained of difficulty of getting serial for testing, the maximum waiting time was one week before giving samples. Thirty patients (10.8%) had to wait longer than usual time after reaching the center before giving sample. Hospital staffs were unable to co-operate in 2.5% of the patients while difficulty of managing transport to the hospital for suspected COVID-19 patient was an issue in 2.2% of the patients. Though testing was more difficult in city corporation areas (p=0.028), delay of getting test result was less (p<0.001). Maximum delay of getting test result was 10 days. Finding out the difficulties of COVID-19 testing will help to point out the issues behind these and will help to take necessary steps to tackle this matter. Testing rate can be increased to contain this highly contagious virus in this densely populated country.

Antibiofilm and anti-quorum sensing activities of eugenol and linalool from Ocimum tenuiflorum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm

AIMS

The aim of this study is to determine the ability of two bioactive compounds, namely, eugenol and linalool, purified from leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum for eradication of biofilm produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The phytoextract of O. tenuiflorum (KT), a common ethno-botanical plant of India, was purified through high-performance liquid chromatography and was analysed using ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Eugenol and linalool were found to be the most active amongst all phytocompounds present in phytoextract and showed a significant reduction in the viability of sessile cells of P. aeruginosa and the minimum revival after withdrawal of phyto-challenge. They could bring about notable reduction in the protein and carbohydrate content of exopolysaccharide of biofilm. Eugenol and linalool could affect the synthesis of quorum sensing (QS) proteins like LasA and LasB as well as virulence factors such as pyocyanin, and rhamnolipids, which seriously hamper the formation of biofilm. The biofilm framework was extremely affected by the phytocompounds through the reduction of protein and carbohydrate content of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Another interesting found out was that they brought about maximum inhibition to the genomic DNA and RNA content. The studies were supported by in silico interaction between eugenol and linalool with the QS proteins. The antibiofilm efficacies of eugenol, linalool and phytoextract (KT) were further confirmed by microscopic studies with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy and fluorescence confocal microscopy microscopic studies.

CONCLUSIONS

The phytocompounds are proved to be more effective than conventional antibiotics in inhibiting the biofilm forming sessile cells and can be used as a replacement for antibiotic.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Pure eugenol extracted from common basil leaves can be used as a safe substitute for common antibiotic for treatment of chronic infections caused by P. aeruginosa. It will be cost effective, devoid of notable side effects and will not generate antibiotic resistance in host body.

The safety and efficacy of day-case total joint arthroplasty

INTRODUCTION

The popularity of day-case arthroplasty has been fuelled by focus on its cost effectiveness for the healthcare system. Safety concerns still remain. The aim of this review was to compare readmission rates after total joint arthroplasty for patients undergoing day-case surgery and for inpatients.

METHODS

A comprehensive online search of databases was performed for all published articles in the English language evaluating readmission rates after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Seventeen studies were deemed eligible and included in the meta-analysis.

RESULTS

All studies included in the meta-analysis described readmission rates following THA/TKA. The readmission rate for day-case patients was 1.9% (n=124) whereas for inpatients, it was 2.0% (n=12,399). Compared with inpatient arthroplasty, day-case arthroplasty was associated with lower total readmission rates (odds ratio [OR]: 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.63-0.94, p=0.01). Furthermore, day-case surgery conferred a decrease in readmission rates for both THA (1.3% vs 7.0%) and TKA (2.7% vs 4.3%). Moreover, day-case THA and TKA were both associated with a decreased chance of readmission (OR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.17-0.42, p<0.00001; and OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.42-0.72, p<0.00001 respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

This review emphasises that with a thoughtful, designated protocol and with careful patient selection, day-case arthroplasty is a safe and effective option.

Effect of Amniotomy on Outcome of Spontaneous Labour

Intentional artificial rupture of the amniotic membranes during labour, called amniotomy or 'breaking of the water's, is one of the most commonly performed procedures in modern obstetric and midwifery practice. The primary aim of amniotomy is to speed up uterine contractions and therefore shorten the length of labour. However there are concerns regarding unintended adverse effects on the woman and baby. A prospective observational study was conducted to determine the effectiveness and safety of routine procedure of amniotomy to shorten the duration of labour (prolonged or not) in Mymensingh Medical College & Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2011 to December 2011. One hundred low-risk women with spontaneous onset of labour at term with singleton fetus in cephalic presentation and intact amniotic membranes and a cervical dilatation between 4 and 5cm were conventionally assigned to have amniotomy during the course of labour. Maternal demographics, duration of labour (prolonged or not), maternal and perinatal outcome were considered as major outcome. Majority (49.0%) of the patients belonged to 21-25 years age group and primigravida was predominant and most of them had middle socio-economic conditions. More the three-fourth (89.0%) of the patients had head engaged. Rh-positive and negative were found 96.0% and 4.0% respectively. The primigravidae required 10.07±2.17 hours in 1st stage of labour and had 1.51±0.5 hours duration of 2nd stage of labour. In case of multi-gravidae it was 6.07±2.06 hours in 1st stage of and 1±0.5 hours in 2nd stage of labour. There was a marked reduction of amniotomy-delivery interval time in this study, which was 3 hours 40 minutes and whereas mean cervical dilatation was 4cm during amniotomy. Almost three fourth (72.0%) cases delivered vaginally among which, with episiotomy in 49.0% and without episiotomy in 23.0%. Instrumental delivery was in 9.0% of which 4.0% by forceps, 5.0% by vaccum extraction and 14.0% underwent LUCS. Still birth was found 2.0%, asphyxiated 3.0% and prenatal death 1.0%. In terms of referral to neonatal care unit it was found that 7.0% were asphyxiated. Asphyxia and low APGAR score was 4.0%, low birth weight 9.0%, instrumental delivery was 5.0%, Rh incompatibility was 2.0%. Only 1.0% babies needed admission to neonatal care unit and were intubated. So, Amniotomy significantly reduced the duration of the first stage of labour without affecting the oxytocin requirement, the rate of caesarean section and newborn outcome.

Application of 4-pyridylselenolate palladium macrocycles in Suzuki couplings

Pd macrocycles of diphosphine were constructed employing 4-pyridylselenolate. They act as excellent catalysts in the Suzuki coupling reaction.

Measurement of single-diffractive dijet production in proton-proton collisions at s = 8 Te with the CMS and TOTEM experiments

Measurements are presented of the single-diffractive dijet cross section and the diffractive cross section as a function of the proton fractional momentum loss ξ and the four-momentum transfer squared t. Both processesp p → p X andp p → X p , i.e. with the proton scattering to either side of the interaction point, are measured, whereX includes at least two jets; the results of the two processes are averaged. The analyses are based on data collected simultaneously with the CMS and TOTEM detectors at the LHC in proton-proton collisions ats = 8 Te during a dedicated run withβ ∗ = 90 m at low instantaneous luminosity and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 37.5 nb - 1 . The single-diffractive dijet cross section σ jj p X , in the kinematic region ξ < 0.1 ,0.03 < | t | < 1 Ge 2 , with at least two jets with transverse momentump T > 40 Ge , and pseudorapidity | η | < 4.4 , is 21.7 ± 0.9 (stat) - 3.3 + 3.0 (syst) ± 0.9 (lumi) nb . The ratio of the single-diffractive to inclusive dijet yields, normalised per unit of ξ , is presented as a function of x, the longitudinal momentum fraction of the proton carried by the struck parton. The ratio in the kinematic region defined above, for x values in the range - 2.9 ≤ log 10 x ≤ - 1.6 , is R = ( σ jj p X / Δ ξ ) / σ jj = 0.025 ± 0.001 (stat) ± 0.003 (syst) , where σ jj p X and σ jj are the single-diffractive and inclusive dijet cross sections, respectively. The results are compared with predictions from models of diffractive and nondiffractive interactions. Monte Carlo predictions based on the HERA diffractive parton distribution functions agree well with the data when corrected for the effect of soft rescattering between the spectator partons.

Measurement of single-diffractive dijet production in proton-proton collisions at s = 8 Te with the CMS and TOTEM experiments

Measurements are presented of the single-diffractive dijet cross section and the diffractive cross section as a function of the proton fractional momentum loss ξ and the four-momentum transfer squared t. Both processes p p → p X and p p → X p , i.e. with the proton scattering to either side of the interaction point, are measured, where X includes at least two jets; the results of the two processes are averaged. The analyses are based on data collected simultaneously with the CMS and TOTEM detectors at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at s = 8 Te during a dedicated run with β ∗ = 90 m at low instantaneous luminosity and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 37.5 nb - 1 . The single-diffractive dijet cross section σ jj p X , in the kinematic region ξ < 0.1 , 0.03 < | t | < 1 Ge 2 , with at least two jets with transverse momentum p T > 40 Ge , and pseudorapidity | η | < 4.4 , is 21.7 ± 0.9 (stat) - 3.3 + 3.0 (syst) ± 0.9 (lumi) nb . The ratio of the single-diffractive to inclusive dijet yields, normalised per unit of ξ , is presented as a function of x, the longitudinal momentum fraction of the proton carried by the struck parton. The ratio in the kinematic region defined above, for x values in the range - 2.9 ≤ log 10 x ≤ - 1.6 , is R = ( σ jj p X / Δ ξ ) / σ jj = 0.025 ± 0.001 (stat) ± 0.003 (syst) , where σ jj p X and σ jj are the single-diffractive and inclusive dijet cross sections, respectively. The results are compared with predictions from models of diffractive and nondiffractive interactions. Monte Carlo predictions based on the HERA diffractive parton distribution functions agree well with the data when corrected for the effect of soft rescattering between the spectator partons.