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Simonetta KR, Taygerly J, Boyle K, Basham SE, Padovani C, Lou Y, Cummins TJ, Yung SL, von Soly SK, Kayser F, Kuriyan J, Rape M, Cardozo M, Gallop MA, Bence NF, Barsanti PA, Saha A. Prospective discovery of small molecule enhancers of an E3 ligase-substrate interaction. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1402. [PMID: 30926793 PMCID: PMC6441019 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) governing the recognition of substrates by E3 ubiquitin ligases are critical to cellular function. There is significant therapeutic potential in the development of small molecules that modulate these interactions; however, rational design of small molecule enhancers of PPIs remains elusive. Herein, we report the prospective identification and rational design of potent small molecules that enhance the interaction between an oncogenic transcription factor, β-Catenin, and its cognate E3 ligase, SCFβ-TrCP. These enhancers potentiate the ubiquitylation of mutant β-Catenin by β-TrCP in vitro and induce the degradation of an engineered mutant β-Catenin in a cellular system. Distinct from PROTACs, these drug-like small molecules insert into a naturally occurring PPI interface, with contacts optimized for both the substrate and ligase within the same small molecule entity. The prospective discovery of 'molecular glue' presented here provides a paradigm for the development of small molecule degraders targeting hard-to-drug proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Simonetta
- Nurix Therapeutics, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 205, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Joshua Taygerly
- Nurix Therapeutics, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 205, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Kathleen Boyle
- Nurix Therapeutics, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 205, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Stephen E Basham
- Nurix Therapeutics, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 205, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Chris Padovani
- Nurix Therapeutics, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 205, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yan Lou
- Nurix Therapeutics, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 205, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,NiKang Therapeutics, Bldg. E500, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Thomas J Cummins
- Nurix Therapeutics, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 205, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Stephanie L Yung
- Nurix Therapeutics, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 205, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | | | - Frank Kayser
- Nurix Therapeutics, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 205, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,BioArdis, 7310 Miramar Road San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92126, USA
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Michael Rape
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mario Cardozo
- Nurix Therapeutics, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 205, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Mark A Gallop
- Nurix Therapeutics, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 205, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,5AM Ventures, 501 2nd Street, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Neil F Bence
- Nurix Therapeutics, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 205, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Paul A Barsanti
- Nurix Therapeutics, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 205, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,5AM Ventures, 501 2nd Street, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Anjanabha Saha
- Nurix Therapeutics, Inc., 1700 Owens Street, Suite 205, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. .,5AM Ventures, 501 2nd Street, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA.
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Smith IJ, Godinez GL, Singh BK, McCaughey KM, Alcantara RR, Gururaja T, Ho MS, Nguyen HN, Friera AM, White KA, McLaughlin JR, Hansen D, Romero JM, Baltgalvis KA, Claypool MD, Li W, Lang W, Yam GC, Gelman MS, Ding R, Yung SL, Creger DP, Chen Y, Singh R, Smuder AJ, Wiggs MP, Kwon OS, Sollanek KJ, Powers SK, Masuda ES, Taylor VC, Payan DG, Kinoshita T, Kinsella TM. Inhibition of Janus kinase signaling during controlled mechanical ventilation prevents ventilation-induced diaphragm dysfunction. FASEB J 2014; 28:2790-803. [PMID: 24671708 PMCID: PMC4062832 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-244210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) is associated with the development of diaphragm atrophy and contractile dysfunction, and respiratory muscle weakness is thought to contribute significantly to delayed weaning of patients. Therefore, therapeutic strategies for preventing these processes may have clinical benefit. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway in CMV-mediated diaphragm wasting and weakness in rats. CMV-induced diaphragm atrophy and contractile dysfunction coincided with marked increases in STAT3 phosphorylation on both tyrosine 705 (Tyr705) and serine 727 (Ser727). STAT3 activation was accompanied by its translocation into mitochondria within diaphragm muscle and mitochondrial dysfunction. Inhibition of JAK signaling during CMV prevented phosphorylation of both target sites on STAT3, eliminated the accumulation of phosphorylated STAT3 within the mitochondria, and reversed the pathologic alterations in mitochondrial function, reduced oxidative stress in the diaphragm, and maintained normal diaphragm contractility. In addition, JAK inhibition during CMV blunted the activation of key proteolytic pathways in the diaphragm, as well as diaphragm atrophy. These findings implicate JAK/STAT3 signaling in the development of diaphragm muscle atrophy and dysfunction during CMV and suggest that the delayed extubation times associated with CMV can be prevented by inhibition of Janus kinase signaling.-Smith, I. J., Godinez, G. L., Singh, B. K., McCaughey, K. M., Alcantara, R. R., Gururaja, T., Ho, M. S., Nguyen, H. N., Friera, A. M., White, K. A., McLaughlin, J. R., Hansen, D., Romero, J. M., Baltgalvis, K. A., Claypool, M. D., Li, W., Lang, W., Yam, G. C., Gelman, M. S., Ding, R., Yung, S. L., Creger, D. P., Chen, Y., Singh, R., Smuder, A. J., Wiggs, M. P., Kwon, O.-S., Sollanek, K. J., Powers, S. K., Masuda, E. S., Taylor, V. C., Payan, D. G., Kinoshita, T., Kinsella, T. M. Inhibition of Janus kinase signaling during controlled mechanical ventilation prevents ventilation-induced diaphragm dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira J Smith
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | | | - Baljit K Singh
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | | | | | | | - Melissa S Ho
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Henry N Nguyen
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | | | - Kathy A White
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | | | - Derek Hansen
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Jason M Romero
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | | | - Mark D Claypool
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Wei Li
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Wayne Lang
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - George C Yam
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Marina S Gelman
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Rongxian Ding
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Stephanie L Yung
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Daniel P Creger
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Yan Chen
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Rajinder Singh
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Ashley J Smuder
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael P Wiggs
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Oh-Sung Kwon
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kurt J Sollanek
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Scott K Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Esteban S Masuda
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Vanessa C Taylor
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Donald G Payan
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Taisei Kinoshita
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
| | - Todd M Kinsella
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California, USA; and
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3
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Jenkins Y, Sun TQ, Markovtsov V, Foretz M, Li W, Nguyen H, Li Y, Pan A, Uy G, Gross L, Baltgalvis K, Yung SL, Gururaja T, Kinoshita T, Owyang A, Smith IJ, McCaughey K, White K, Godinez G, Alcantara R, Choy C, Ren H, Basile R, Sweeny DJ, Xu X, Issakani SD, Carroll DC, Goff DA, Shaw SJ, Singh R, Boros LG, Laplante MA, Marcotte B, Kohen R, Viollet B, Marette A, Payan DG, Kinsella TM, Hitoshi Y. AMPK activation through mitochondrial regulation results in increased substrate oxidation and improved metabolic parameters in models of diabetes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81870. [PMID: 24339975 PMCID: PMC3855387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of mitochondrial function through inhibiting respiratory complex I activates a key sensor of cellular energy status, the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Activation of AMPK results in the mobilization of nutrient uptake and catabolism for mitochondrial ATP generation to restore energy homeostasis. How these nutrient pathways are affected in the presence of a potent modulator of mitochondrial function and the role of AMPK activation in these effects remain unclear. We have identified a molecule, named R419, that activates AMPK in vitro via complex I inhibition at much lower concentrations than metformin (IC50 100 nM vs 27 mM, respectively). R419 potently increased myocyte glucose uptake that was dependent on AMPK activation, while its ability to suppress hepatic glucose production in vitro was not. In addition, R419 treatment of mouse primary hepatocytes increased fatty acid oxidation and inhibited lipogenesis in an AMPK-dependent fashion. We have performed an extensive metabolic characterization of its effects in the db/db mouse diabetes model. In vivo metabolite profiling of R419-treated db/db mice showed a clear upregulation of fatty acid oxidation and catabolism of branched chain amino acids. Additionally, analyses performed using both 13C-palmitate and 13C-glucose tracers revealed that R419 induces complete oxidation of both glucose and palmitate to CO2 in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, confirming that the compound increases mitochondrial function in vivo. Taken together, our results show that R419 is a potent inhibitor of complex I and modulates mitochondrial function in vitro and in diabetic animals in vivo. R419 may serve as a valuable molecular tool for investigating the impact of modulating mitochondrial function on nutrient metabolism in multiple tissues and on glucose and lipid homeostasis in diabetic animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonchu Jenkins
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tian-Qiang Sun
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vadim Markovtsov
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marc Foretz
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France
| | - Wei Li
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Henry Nguyen
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yingwu Li
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alison Pan
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Gerald Uy
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Gross
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristen Baltgalvis
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie L. Yung
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tarikere Gururaja
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Taisei Kinoshita
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander Owyang
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ira J. Smith
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kelly McCaughey
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kathy White
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Guillermo Godinez
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Raniel Alcantara
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Carmen Choy
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hong Ren
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Basile
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David J. Sweeny
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xiang Xu
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sarkiz D. Issakani
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David C. Carroll
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Dane A. Goff
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Simon J. Shaw
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rajinder Singh
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Laszlo G. Boros
- SiDMAP, LLC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LABIOMED) at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Marc-André Laplante
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (Hôpital Laval), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruno Marcotte
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (Hôpital Laval), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Rita Kohen
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (Hôpital Laval), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (Hôpital Laval), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Donald G. Payan
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Todd M. Kinsella
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yasumichi Hitoshi
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pan CQ, Li F, Tom I, Wang W, Dumas M, Froland W, Yung SL, Li Y, Roczniak S, Claus TH, Wang YJ, Whelan JP. Engineering novel VPAC2-selective agonists with improved stability and glucose-lowering activity in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 320:900-6. [PMID: 17110523 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.112276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously described VPAC2-selective agonist, BAY 55-9837 (peptide HSDAVFTDNYTRLRKQVAAKKYLQSIKNKRY), had several limitations with respect to its potential as an insulin secretagogue for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. These limitations were primarily poor stability in aqueous buffer and short duration of action in vivo. In this report, we describe a series of novel analogs of BAY 55-9837 that were designed around the likely degradation mechanisms and structure-activity relationship of this peptide with a view to overcoming its limitations. These analogs were tested for improved liquid stability and retention of VPAC2-selective binding and activation, as well as prolonged activity in vivo. Although several degradation mechanisms were possible based on the degradation pattern, it was determined that deamidation at the two asparagines (N9 and N28) was the major instability determinant. Changing these two asparagines to glutamines did not negatively affect VPAC2-selective binding and activation. The double glutamine mutein analog, BAY(Q9Q28), retained full VPAC2 activity and selectivity while displaying no significant degradation when stored at 40 degrees C for 4 weeks. This is in contrast to BAY 55-9837, which showed greater than 80% degradation when stored at 40 degrees C for 2 weeks. A cysteine was added to the C terminus of BAY(Q9Q28), followed by site-specific cysteine conjugation with a 22- or 43-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) to yield BAY(Q9Q28C32)PEG22 or BAY(Q9Q28C32)PEG43, respectively. These PEGylated peptides retain the ability to selectively bind and activate the VPAC2 receptor and have prolonged glucose-lowering activity in vivo.
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Pan CQ, Buxton JM, Yung SL, Tom I, Yang L, Chen H, MacDougall M, Bell A, Claus TH, Clairmont KB, Whelan JP. Design of a long acting peptide functioning as both a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist and a glucagon receptor antagonist. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:12506-15. [PMID: 16505481 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600127200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The closely related peptides glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and glucagon have opposing effects on blood glucose. GLP-1 induces glucose-dependent insulin secretion in the pancreas, whereas glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver. The identification of a hybrid peptide acting as both a GLP-1 agonist and a glucagon antagonist would provide a novel approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Toward this end a series of hybrid peptides made up of glucagon and either GLP-1 or exendin-4, a GLP-1 agonist, was engineered. Several peptides that bind to both the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors were identified. The presence of glucagon sequence at the N terminus removed the dipeptidylpeptidase IV cleavage site and increased plasma stability compared with GLP-1. Targeted mutations were incorporated into the optimal dual-receptor binding peptide to identify a peptide with the highly novel property of functioning as both a GLP-1 receptor agonist and a glucagon receptor antagonist. To overcome the short half-life of this mutant peptide in vivo, while retaining dual GLP-1 agonist and glucagon antagonist activities, site-specific attachment of long chained polyethylene glycol (PEGylation) was pursued. PEGylation at the C terminus retained the in vitro activities of the peptide while dramatically prolonging the duration of action in vivo. Thus, we have generated a novel dual-acting peptide with potential for development as a therapeutic for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark Q Pan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bayer HealthCare, California 94701, USA
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Yung SL, Dela Cruz F, Hamren S, Zhu J, Tsutsumi M, Bloom JW, Caudle M, Roczniak S, Todd T, Lemoine L, MacDougall M, Shanafelt AB, Pan CQ. Generation of highly selective VPAC2 receptor agonists by high throughput mutagenesis of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:10273-81. [PMID: 12525492 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211945200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) has a specific receptor PAC1 and shares two receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2 with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). VPAC2 activation enhances glucose-induced insulin release while VPAC1 activation elevates glucose output. To generate a large pool of VPAC2 selective agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, structure-activity relationship studies were performed on PACAP, VIP, and a VPAC2 selective VIP analog. Chemical modifications on this analog that prevent recombinant expression were sequentially removed to show that a recombinant peptide would retain VPAC2 selectivity. An efficient recombinant expression system was then developed to produce and screen hundreds of mutant peptides. The 11 mutations found on the VIP analog were systematically replaced with VIP or PACAP sequences. Three of these mutations, V19A, L27K, and N28K, were sufficient to provide most of the VPAC2 selectivity. C-terminal extension with the KRY sequence from PACAP38 led to potent VPAC2 agonists with improved selectivity (100-1000-fold). Saturation mutagenesis at positions 19, 27, 29, and 30 of VIP and charge-scanning mutagenesis of PACAP27 generated additional VPAC2 selective agonists. We have generated the first set of recombinant VPAC2 selective agonists described, which exhibit activity profiles that suggest therapeutic utility in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Yung
- Department of Molecular Technologies and Analytics and Formulation, Biotechnology, Bayer Corp., Berkeley, California 94701, USA
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7
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Tsutsumi M, Claus TH, Liang Y, Li Y, Yang L, Zhu J, Dela Cruz F, Peng X, Chen H, Yung SL, Hamren S, Livingston JN, Pan CQ. A potent and highly selective VPAC2 agonist enhances glucose-induced insulin release and glucose disposal: a potential therapy for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2002; 51:1453-60. [PMID: 11978642 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.51.5.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) activate two shared receptors, VPAC1 and VPAC2. Activation of VPAC1 has been implicated in elevating glucose output, whereas activation of VPAC2 may be involved in insulin secretion. A hypothesis that a VPAC2-selective agonist would enhance glucose disposal by stimulating insulin secretion without causing increased hepatic glucose production was tested using a novel selective agonist of VPAC2. This agonist, BAY 55-9837, was generated through site-directed mutagenesis based on sequence alignments of PACAP, VIP, and related analogs. The peptide bound to VPAC2 with a dissociation constant (K(d)) of 0.65 nmol/l and displayed >100-fold selectivity over VPAC1. BAY 55-9837 stimulated glucose-dependent insulin secretion in isolated rat and human pancreatic islets, increased insulin synthesis in purified rat islets, and caused a dose-dependent increase in plasma insulin levels in fasted rats, with a half-maximal stimulatory concentration of 3 pmol/kg. Continuous intravenous or subcutaneous infusion of the peptide reduced the glucose area under the curve following an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. The peptide had effects on intestinal water retention and mean arterial blood pressure in rats, but only at much higher doses. BAY 55-9837 may be a useful therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diarrhea/drug therapy
- Diarrhea/metabolism
- Glucose/pharmacology
- Heart Rate/drug effects
- Hormones/blood
- Humans
- Injections, Intravenous
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Secretion
- Islets of Langerhans/drug effects
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/agonists
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/analogs & derivatives
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/chemistry
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Tsutsumi
- Department of Metabolic Disorders Research, Pharmaceutical Division, Bayer Corporation, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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