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Fitzgerald AH, Davies RK, Zhang Y, Ensley S, Fritz S. Successful treatment of bifenthrin toxicosis using therapeutic plasma exchange. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2024. [PMID: 38708999 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a case of bifenthrin toxicosis in a dog with a successful outcome following the use of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and intralipid therapy. CASE SUMMARY An 8-month-old female neutered poodle mix dog ingested an unknown amount of powered bifenthrin, which resulted in acutely altered mentation, cranial nerve deficits, and intractable tremors that persisted in severity despite aggressive medical management to include intravenous fluids, intravenous lipid emulsion, anticonvulsant medications, and methocarbamol. TPE was initiated after lack of significant clinical improvement 12 hours after initial presentation. The dog underwent cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) following approximately 1 plasma volume equivalent exchange. The dog was successfully resuscitated and showed marked improvement 12 hours postarrest and post-TPE treatment. Serum bifenthrin concentrations were analyzed prior to TPE (445.38 ng/mL) and ∼10 hours after TPE (51.18 ng/mL), which resulted in an 89% reduction in serum bifenthrin concentration. NEW INFORMATION TPE may be a promising adjunctive therapeutic modality for bifenthrin toxicosis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson H Fitzgerald
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca K Davies
- Massachusets Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Steve Ensley
- Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Scott Fritz
- Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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2
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Ensley S, Mostrom M. Equine Mycotoxins. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:83-94. [PMID: 38061965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The main mycotoxins involved in adverse equine health issues are aflatoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, and probably ergovaline (fescue grass endophyte toxicosis). Most exposures are through contaminated grains and grain byproducts, although grasses and hays can contain mycotoxins. Clinical signs are often nonspecific and include feed refusal, colic, diarrhea, and liver damage but can be dramatic with neurologic signs associated with equine leukoencephalomalacia and tremorgens. Specific antidotes for mycotoxicosis are rare, and treatment involves stopping the use of contaminated feed, switching to a "clean" feed source, and providing supportive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Ensley
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, P217 Mosier Hall, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Michelle Mostrom
- North Dakota State University, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 4035 19th Avenue North, Department 7691 P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA.
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3
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Fritz SA, Charnas S, Ensley S. Blue Green Algae. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:121-132. [PMID: 38000985 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue green algae cyanotoxins have become increasingly more prevalent due to environmental, industrial, and agricultural changes that promote their growth into harmful algal blooms. Animals are usually exposed via water used for drinking or bathing, though specific cases related to equines are very limited. The toxic dose for horses has not been determined, and currently only experimental data in other animals can be relied upon to aid in case interpretation and treatment. Treatment is mostly limited to supportive care, and preventative control methods to limit exposures are more likely to aid in animal health until more research has been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Fritz
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1620 Denison Avenue, 228 Coles Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Savannah Charnas
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Steve Ensley
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1620 Denison Avenue, 228 Coles Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Williams H, Gebhardt JT, Tokach MD, Woodworth JC, DeRouchey JM, Goodband RD, Bergstrom JR, Hastad CW, Post Z, Rahe M, Siepker C, Sitthicharoenchai P, Ensley S. 260 The Effect of Different Bones and Analytical Methods on Assessment of Bone Mineralization Response to Dietary P, Phytase, and Vitamin D in Finishing Pigs. J Anim Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac247.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Pigs [n = 882; initial body weight (BW) of 33.2±0.31 kg] were used to evaluate the effects of different bones and analytical methods on assessment of bone mineralization response to dietary P, phytase, and vitamin D in growing-finishing pigs. Pens of pigs (20 pigs/pen) were completely randomized to 5 dietary treatments with 9 pens/treatment. After feeding diets for 112-d, nine pigs/treatment were harvested for bone analysis. Treatments were: 1) P at 80% of the NRC STTD P (deficient), 2) NRC STTD P using monocalcium phosphate, 3) NRC STTD P including phytase, 4) Industry P using monocalcium phosphate and phytase, 5) diet 4 with additional 2,000 IU/kg 25(OH)D3 (HyD). All diets contained vitamin D at 1,653 IU/kg. There were no significant differences for final BW, ADG, ADFI, G:F (P>0.10) or non-de-fat bone ash (bone ash×bone interaction, P>0.10). The response to treatment for bone density (Archimedes principle) and bone mineral content (DEXA) tended to depend on the bone (density×bone interaction, P=0.053; mineral density×bone interaction, P=0.157). There were no treatment differences (P>0.10) for bone density and bone mineral density between metacarpals, fibulas, and 2nd ribs. For 10th ribs, pigs fed industry levels of P had increased (P< 0.05) bone density compared with pigs fed NRC levels with phytase, with pigs fed deficient P, NRC P with no phytase, and excess vitamin D from HyD being intermediate. Pigs fed diets supplemented with HyD had increased bone mineral density in 10th ribs compared with pigs fed NRC levels of P with phytase, with pigs fed P deficient diets, industry P without HyD, and NRC P with monocalcium being intermediate. In summary, bone density and bone mineral content responses varied depending on the bone. Differences in bone density and mineral content in response to vitamin D and P were most apparent with the 10th ribs.
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5
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Fitzgerald AH, Magnin G, Pace E, Bischoff K, Pinn-Woodcock T, Vin R, Myhre M, Comstock E, Ensley S, Coetzee JF. Marijuana toxicosis in 2 donkeys. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:539-542. [PMID: 35037522 PMCID: PMC9254068 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211064269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Marijuana toxicosis is typically seen by companion animal veterinarians. However, with increased marijuana availability, there is a greater potential for toxicosis in other species. Herein we describe a case of suspected marijuana toxicosis in a female and a male American Mammoth donkey, aged 8 y and 20 y, respectively, fed cannabis buds. Both cases were presented because of depression and lethargy. However, the jenny had ataxia, mild colic, tachycardia, tachypnea, and decreased tongue tone. Plasma samples from the jenny on presentation and 3 d following hospitalization were submitted to the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory to be screened for cannabinoids using high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS/MS). A single serum sample from the jack was taken on presentation and submitted to the Animal Health Diagnostic Center at Cornell University for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol analysis using HPLC-MS/MS. THC was detected in all samples. Clinical signs were noted 24-36 h after ingestion, which included mild-to-moderate neurologic deficits, mild colic, tachycardia, tachypnea, and decreased tongue tone. Both donkeys recovered uneventfully within 24 h of peak effects. Utilizing a cannabinoid screening assay in collaboration with a veterinary diagnostic laboratory may be useful when an equine practitioner suspects marijuana toxicosis in a patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson H. Fitzgerald
- Alyson H. Fitzgerald,
College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1700 Denison Ave,
Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Geraldine Magnin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ellen Pace
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell
University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Karyn Bischoff
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell
University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Toby Pinn-Woodcock
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell
University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ron Vin
- Myhre Equine Clinic, Rochester, NH, USA
| | | | | | - Steve Ensley
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of
Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Johann F. Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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6
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DeLong RK, Swanson R, Niederwerder MC, Khanal P, Aryal S, Marasini R, Jaberi-Douraki M, Shakeri H, Mazloom R, Schneider S, Ensley S, Clarke LL, Woode RA, Young S, Rayamajhi S, Miesner T, Higginbotham ML, Lin Z, Shrestha T, Ghosh K, Glaspell G, Mathew EN. Zn-based physiometacomposite nanoparticles: distribution, tolerance, imaging, and antiviral and anticancer activity. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1857-1872. [PMID: 34282923 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution, tolerance, and anticancer and antiviral activity of Zn-based physiometacomposites (PMCs). Manganese, iron, nickel and cobalt-doped ZnO, ZnS or ZnSe were synthesized. Cell uptake, distribution into 3D culture and mice, and biochemical and chemotherapeutic activity were studied by fluorescence/bioluminescence, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, viability, antitumor and virus titer assays. Luminescence and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis showed that nanoparticle distribution was liver >spleen >kidney >lung >brain, without tissue or blood pathology. Photophysical characterization as ex vivo tissue probes and LL37 peptide, antisense oligomer or aptamer delivery targeting RAS/Ras binding domain (RBD) was investigated. Treatment at 25 μg/ml for 48 h showed ≥98-99% cell viability, 3D organoid uptake, 3-log inhibition of β-Galactosidase and porcine reproductive respiratory virus infection. Data support the preclinical development of PMCs for imaging and delivery targeting cancer and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K DeLong
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Nanotechnology Innovation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ryan Swanson
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Nanotechnology Innovation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Megan C Niederwerder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Pratiksha Khanal
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Santosh Aryal
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Health Outcomes, The Ben and Maytee Fisch College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
| | - Ramesh Marasini
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Majid Jaberi-Douraki
- 1DATA Consortium, & Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS 66061, USA
| | - Heman Shakeri
- 1DATA Consortium, & Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS 66061, USA
| | - Reza Mazloom
- 1DATA Consortium, & Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, KS 66061, USA
| | - Sarah Schneider
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Steve Ensley
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Lane L Clarke
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Rowena A Woode
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sarah Young
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sagar Rayamajhi
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Tracy Miesner
- Comparative Medicine Group, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Mary L Higginbotham
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Institute for Computational Comparative Medicine, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66061, USA
| | - Tej Shrestha
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Nanotechnology Innovation Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kartik Ghosh
- Department of Physics, Astronomy & Materials Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Garry Glaspell
- US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center, Alexandria, VA 22315, USA
| | - Elza N Mathew
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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7
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Fitzgerald AH, Harkin K, Biller D, Zhang Y, Njaa B, Ensley S. Investigation of suspected gadolinium neurotoxicity in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2021; 62:674-677. [PMID: 34259371 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gadolinium-based contrast agents are used across species to better visualize abnormalities during MRI and are considered generally safe in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to investigate central nervous system (CNS) gadolinium deposition in 11 dogs that had an MRI performed, received 0.22 mL/kg (0.1 mmol/kg) of gadopentetate dimeglumine, and were necropsied on the same hospital admission. The index case was a 5-year-old castrated male Australian Shepherd that presented for ataxia and following MRI developed seizure-like activity that became refractory to anticonvulsant therapy. Gadolinium concentration was quantified in CNS tissues by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry and was 43-fold higher in the index case. These findings suggest the possibility of gadolinium toxicity in select patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson H Fitzgerald
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Kenneth Harkin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - David Biller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Bradley Njaa
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Steve Ensley
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Fitzgerald AH, Zhang Y, Fritz S, Whitehouse WH, Brabson T, Pohlman L, Cernicchiaro N, Tonozzi C, Ensley S. Detecting and quantifying marijuana metabolites in serum and urine of 19 dogs affected by marijuana toxicity. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:1002-1007. [PMID: 34247555 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211027227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterinarians diagnose marijuana toxicity based on clinical signs and history, or in conjunction with an over-the-counter (OTC) human urine drug screen. With the legalization of recreational marijuana use becoming more prevalent in the United States, a more accurate test to aid in the diagnosis of canine marijuana toxicity is needed. We collected urine and serum samples from 19 dogs with confirmed or suspected marijuana toxicosis from multiple veterinary hospitals and analyzed them with a novel UPLC-MS/MS method. Calibrations from 0.1 to 100 ng/mL and QC materials were prepared. Samples were extracted, purified, and eluted with solid-phase extraction. Urine samples were tested with an OTC human urine drug screen. The limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) ranges for marijuana metabolites in serum were 0.05-0.25 ng/mL and 0.1-0.5 ng/mL, respectively. In urine, the LOD and LLOQ ranges for the metabolites were 0.05-0.1 ng/mL and 0.1-0.5 ng/mL, respectively. In serum, median and range of metabolite concentrations (ng/mL) detected included: THC, 65.0 (0.14-160); 11-OH-Δ9-THC, 4.78 (1.15-17.8); 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-THC, 2.18 (0.71-7.79); CBD, 0.28 (0.11-82.5); and THC-glucuronide, 2.05 (0.72-18.3). In the 19 urine samples, metabolite: creatinine (ng: mg) values detected included: THC, 0.22 (0.05-0.74); 11-OH-Δ9-THC, 0; 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-THC, 1.32 (0.16-11.2); CBD, 0.19 (0.12-0.26); THC-COOH-glucuronide, 0.08 (0.04-0.11); and THC-glucuronide, 0.98 (0.25-10.7). Twenty of 21 urine samples tested negative for THC on the urine drug screen. All 19 serum samples contained quantifiable concentrations of THC using our novel UPLC-MS/MS method. Utilizing a UPLC-MS/MS method can be a useful aid in the diagnosis of marijuana toxicosis in dogs, whereas using an OTC human urine drug test is not a useful test for confirming marijuana exposure in dogs because of the low concentration of THC-COOH in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson H Fitzgerald
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yuntao Zhang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Scott Fritz
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - William H Whitehouse
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Tamera Brabson
- Las Vegas Veterinary Specialty Center, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Lisa Pohlman
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Caroline Tonozzi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Steve Ensley
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
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10
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Ensley S, Evans TJ. Preface. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:xi-xii. [PMID: 33032705 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Ensley
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Mosier P217, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Tim J Evans
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Missouri, 810 East Campus Loop, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Yao L, Maloley K, Broeckling C, Ensley S, Crain S, Coffey R. Quantitative Analysis of Ethyl Carbamate in Distillers Grains Co-products and Bovine Plasma by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:10984-10991. [PMID: 32833443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a fermentation byproduct in foods and beverages and classified as a Group 2A probable human carcinogen. Each year, greater than 40 million metric tons of fermentation co-products from the U.S. ethanol industry are fed to food animals. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay was developed to quantify EC extracted from various distillers grains co-products with a limit of detection at 0.7 ng/g (on an as-fed basis). EC was detected in all the distillers grains co-products surveyed in this study. Corn condensed distillers solubles contained the highest concentration of EC, ranging from 1618 to 2956 ng/g. Concentrations of EC in other types of distillers grains co-products varied from 17 to 917 ng/g. Cattle fed distillers grains co-products that constituted 19-38% of the total feed (as-fed) were found to contain 2-3 ng/mL of EC in blood plasma. No EC was detected in blood plasma from grass-fed control cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxing Yao
- Analytical Resources Core-Bioanalysis and Omics Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Maloley
- Analytical Resources Core-Bioanalysis and Omics Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Corey Broeckling
- Analytical Resources Core-Bioanalysis and Omics Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Steve Ensley
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Scott Crain
- Veriprime Corporate Headquarters, P.O. Box 1089, Meade, Kansas 67864, United States
| | - Robert Coffey
- Veriprime Research Division, Resident Company at the Infectious Disease Research Center-Research Innovation Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Abstract
Determining mineral status of production animals is important when developing an optimum health program. Nutrition is the largest expense in food animal production and has the greatest impact on health and productivity of the animals. Knowing the bioavailability of minerals in the diet is difficult. Evaluating fluid or tissues from animals is the optimum method to determine bioavailability. Evaluating the diet provides some information. Serum/blood or liver from the animal needs to be analyzed to determine bioavailability of vitamin and minerals in the diet. This article reviews how to sample and the function of these minerals in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Ensley
- Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University, 1800 Dension Avenue, P217 Mosier Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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13
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Yuan J, Kim HJ, Filstrup CT, Guo B, Imerman P, Ensley S, Yoon KJ. Utility of a PCR-based method for rapid and specific detection of toxigenic Microcystis spp. in farm ponds. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:369-381. [PMID: 32306863 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720916156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystis is a widespread freshwater cyanobacterium that can produce microcystin, a potent hepatotoxin harmful to animals and humans. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor for the presence of toxigenic Microcystis spp. to provide early warning of potential microcystin contamination. Microscopy, which has been used traditionally to identify Microcystis spp., cannot differentiate toxigenic from non-toxigenic Microcystis. We developed a PCR-based method to detect toxigenic Microcystis spp. based on detection of the microcystin synthetase C (mcyC) gene and 16S rRNA gene. Specificity was validated against toxic and nontoxic M. aeruginosa strains, as well as 4 intergeneric freshwater cyanobacterial strains. Analytical sensitivity was as low as 747 fg/µL genomic DNA (or 3 cells/µL) for toxic M. aeruginosa. Furthermore, we tested 60 water samples from 4 farm ponds providing drinking water to swine facilities in the midwestern United States using this method. Although all water samples were positive for Microcystis spp. (i.e., 16S rRNA gene), toxigenic Microcystis spp. were detected in only 34 samples (57%). Seventeen water samples contained microcystin (0.1-9.1 μg/L) determined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, of which 14 samples (82%) were positive for mcyC. A significant correlation was found between the presence of toxigenic Microcystis spp. and microcystin in water samples (p = 0.0004). Our PCR method can be a low-cost molecular tool for rapid and specific identification of toxigenic Microcystis spp. in farm ponds, improving detection of microcystin contamination, and ensuring water safety for farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yuan
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Yuan, Guo, Imerman, Ensley, Yoon), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Food Science and Human Nutrition (Kim), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology (Filstrup), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Current addresses: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Ensley).,Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea (Kim).,Large Lakes Observatory and Minnesota Sea Grant, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN (Filstrup)
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Yuan, Guo, Imerman, Ensley, Yoon), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Food Science and Human Nutrition (Kim), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology (Filstrup), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Current addresses: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Ensley).,Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea (Kim).,Large Lakes Observatory and Minnesota Sea Grant, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN (Filstrup)
| | - Christopher T Filstrup
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Yuan, Guo, Imerman, Ensley, Yoon), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Food Science and Human Nutrition (Kim), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology (Filstrup), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Current addresses: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Ensley).,Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea (Kim).,Large Lakes Observatory and Minnesota Sea Grant, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN (Filstrup)
| | - Baoqing Guo
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Yuan, Guo, Imerman, Ensley, Yoon), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Food Science and Human Nutrition (Kim), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology (Filstrup), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Current addresses: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Ensley).,Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea (Kim).,Large Lakes Observatory and Minnesota Sea Grant, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN (Filstrup)
| | - Paula Imerman
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Yuan, Guo, Imerman, Ensley, Yoon), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Food Science and Human Nutrition (Kim), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology (Filstrup), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Current addresses: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Ensley).,Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea (Kim).,Large Lakes Observatory and Minnesota Sea Grant, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN (Filstrup)
| | - Steve Ensley
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Yuan, Guo, Imerman, Ensley, Yoon), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Food Science and Human Nutrition (Kim), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology (Filstrup), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Current addresses: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Ensley).,Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea (Kim).,Large Lakes Observatory and Minnesota Sea Grant, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN (Filstrup)
| | - Kyoung-Jin Yoon
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Yuan, Guo, Imerman, Ensley, Yoon), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Food Science and Human Nutrition (Kim), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology (Filstrup), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Current addresses: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Ensley).,Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea (Kim).,Large Lakes Observatory and Minnesota Sea Grant, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN (Filstrup)
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Beyene AM, Du X, E Schrunk D, Ensley S, Rumbeiha WK. High-performance liquid chromatography and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay techniques for detection and quantification of aflatoxin B 1 in feed samples: a comparative study. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:492. [PMID: 31391088 PMCID: PMC6686514 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4538-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Comparison was done between high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection and quantification of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in feed samples. The two procedures were standardized and validated before the actual experiment. Five concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 ppb) of feed samples were used for both methods. For the HPLC technique, the samples were extracted in acetonitrile/water (90/10) solution, cleaned-up using solid phase extraction (SPE) column, and derivatized by water/trifluoroacetic acid/glacial acetic acid (35/10/5) solution before instrument analysis. The samples were extracted in 70% methanol for the ELISA technique. RESULTS The two tests showed very strong linearity with correlation coefficient value of > 0.99 using standard solutions. The mean recovery rate was 92.42% (with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 5.97) and 75.64% (RSD = 34.88) for HPLC and ELISA, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in recovery rate between the two methods. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.84) between them which indicated that the two techniques can be used to detect and quantify aflatoxin B1 in feed samples. However, there were variations among replicates for the ELISA method, which shows that this method is more applicable for screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achenef Melaku Beyene
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Xiangwei Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Dwayne E Schrunk
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Steve Ensley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Wilson K Rumbeiha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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15
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Blank CP, Gunn PJ, Schrunk D, Ensley S, Madson D, Hansen SL. 0244 Effects of injectable trace mineral supplementation on yearling bull growth, carcass characteristics, testicular development and semen quality attributes. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Thomson DU, Loneragan GH, Henningson JN, Ensley S, Bawa B. Description of a novel fatigue syndrome of finished feedlot cattle following transportation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 247:66-72. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.247.1.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Patience JF, Myers AJ, Ensley S, Jacobs BM, Madson D. Evaluation of two mycotoxin mitigation strategies in grow-finish swine diets containing corn dried distillers grains with solubles naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:620-6. [PMID: 24398837 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 1,040 growing pigs (initially, 22.9 ± 4.3 kg) were used in a 115-d study to evaluate the effects of 2 mycotoxin mitigation strategies, a preservative blend (PB) and a yeast product (YP), on the growth performance of swine fed diets containing corn dried distillers grains with solubles naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON). The PB consists of preservatives, antioxidants, AA, and direct-fed microbials and is included in diets to help pigs cope with the toxic effects of ingested mycotoxins. The YP works as an adsorbent to bind and prevent the absorption of mycotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract. Pigs were allotted to pens by initial BW and sex; pens were then assigned to treatments in a randomized block design with initial BW and sex serving as the blocking factors. Pens were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments consisting of a positive control (PC) containing <1 mg kg(-1) DON, a negative control (NC) formulated to contain 4 mg kg(-1) DON, NC with PB, and NC with YP. From d 0 to 42 and 42 to 84, no effect of diets containing PB or YP were observed for any of the growth criteria evaluated. From d 84 to 115, pigs fed PC or diets containing PB had improved (P < 0.05) ADG compared to pigs fed NC or diets containing YP, whereas pigs fed YP had improved (P < 0.05) ADG compared to those fed NC. Pigs fed diets containing PB or YP had improved (P < 0.05) ADFI and G:F compared to pigs fed NC. Overall (d 0 to 115), pigs fed diets containing PB had improved (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared to pigs fed NC. These results indicate that PB may be a suitable mycotoxin mitigation strategy in growing swine fed diets naturally contaminated with DON.
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Aga DS, O'Connor S, Ensley S, Payero JO, Snow D, Tarkalson D. Determination of the persistence of tetracycline antibiotics and their degradates in manure-amended soil using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53:7165-71. [PMID: 16131125 DOI: 10.1021/jf050415+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of manure-borne oxytetracycline in soil was investigated under field conditions. Soil cores were collected approximately once a month for over a period of two years and subsampled at depth increments of 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-36, and 36-71 cm. Soil samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and/or by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Whereas LC-MS showed that oxytetracycline declined to <50% of its initial soil concentration after 3 weeks, ELISA showed that the total tetracyclines did not decline significantly 5 months after manure application. The differences between ELISA and LC-MS results are attributed to the broad cross-reactivity of the antibodies employed, which detect many structurally related tetracyclines, including their isomers and degradation products. Only trace amounts (< or = 1.0 microg/kg) of oxytetracycline were observed in the subsurface soil, and none was detected in water samples from field lysimeters, suggesting that oxytetracycline has low mobility in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Aga
- Chemistry Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14260, USA.
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Fogarty U, Perl D, Good P, Ensley S, Seawright A, Noonan J. A cluster of equine granulomatous enteritis cases: the link with aluminium. Vet Hum Toxicol 1998; 40:297-305. [PMID: 9778770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
A cluster of 6 cases of equine granulomatous enteritis is described. Aluminium was demonstrated in the tissues and lesions of these horses and in the intimal bodies of intestinal vessels. The relationship between granulomatous lesions, aluminium, acidity and invading microorganisms, particularly parasites, is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Fogarty
- Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co Kildare, Ireland
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