Linking land cover and water quality in New York City's water supply watersheds

The Catskill/Delaware reservoirs supply 90% of New York City's drinking water. The City has implemented a series of watershed protection measures, including land acquisition, aimed at preserving water quality in the Catskill/Delaware watersheds. The objective of this study was to examine how relationships between landscape and surface water measurements change between years. Thirty-two drainage areas delineated from surface water sample points (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and fecal coliform bacteria concentrations) were used in step-wise regression analyses to test landscape and surface-water quality relationships. Two measurements of land use, percent agriculture and percent urban development, were positively related to water quality and consistently present in all regression models. Together these two land uses explained 25 to 75% of the regression model variation. However, the contribution of agriculture to water quality condition showed a decreasing trend with time as overall agricultural land cover decreased. Results from this study demonstrate that relationships between land cover and surface water concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and fecal coliform bacteria counts over a large area can be evaluated using a relatively simple geographic information system method. Land managers may find this method useful for targeting resources in relation to a particular water quality concern, focusing best management efforts, and maximizing benefits to water quality with minimal costs.

Protein ligand interactions. Indole alkaloids as inhibitors for lactate dehydrogenase

Kinetic analysis showed that the indole alkaloids strychnine and brucine interact competitively with the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase with respect to the substrate pyruvate and non competitively with respect to NADH. Since the alkaloids possess a potential enolate and a quaternary nitrogen they bridge the binding sites for the substrates - pyruvate and NAD+. Conformational alterations induced by the binding of ligands to the enzyme subunits are discussed in terms of the proposed chemical model.