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Redjem W, Zhiyenbayev Y, Qarony W, Ivanov V, Papapanos C, Liu W, Jhuria K, Al Balushi ZY, Dhuey S, Schwartzberg A, Tan LZ, Schenkel T, Kanté B. All-silicon quantum light source by embedding an atomic emissive center in a nanophotonic cavity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3321. [PMID: 37286540 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Silicon is the most scalable optoelectronic material but has suffered from its inability to generate directly and efficiently classical or quantum light on-chip. Scaling and integration are the most fundamental challenges facing quantum science and technology. We report an all-silicon quantum light source based on a single atomic emissive center embedded in a silicon-based nanophotonic cavity. We observe a more than 30-fold enhancement of luminescence, a near-unity atom-cavity coupling efficiency, and an 8-fold acceleration of the emission from the all-silicon quantum emissive center. Our work opens immediate avenues for large-scale integrated cavity quantum electrodynamics and quantum light-matter interfaces with applications in quantum communication and networking, sensing, imaging, and computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Redjem
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Y Zhiyenbayev
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - W Qarony
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - V Ivanov
- Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - C Papapanos
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - W Liu
- Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - K Jhuria
- Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Z Y Al Balushi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - S Dhuey
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - A Schwartzberg
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - L Z Tan
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - T Schenkel
- Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - B Kanté
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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2
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Ji Q, Afridi KK, Bauer T, Giesbrecht G, Hou Y, Lal A, Ni D, Persaud A, Qin Z, Seidl P, Sinha S, Schenkel T. Beam power scale-up in micro-electromechanical systems based multi-beam ion accelerators. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:103301. [PMID: 34717413 DOI: 10.1063/5.0058175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of multi-beam radio frequency (RF) linear ion accelerators that are formed from stacks of low cost wafers and describe the status of beam power scale-up using an array of 112 beams. The total argon ion current extracted from the 112-beamlet extraction column was 0.5 mA. The measured energy gain in each RF gap reached as high as 7.25 keV. We present a path toward using this technology to achieve ion currents >1 mA and ion energies >100 keV for applications in material processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Ji
- Acceleration Technology and Applied Physics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K K Afridi
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - T Bauer
- Acceleration Technology and Applied Physics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Giesbrecht
- Acceleration Technology and Applied Physics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Y Hou
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - A Lal
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - D Ni
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - A Persaud
- Acceleration Technology and Applied Physics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Z Qin
- Acceleration Technology and Applied Physics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - P Seidl
- Acceleration Technology and Applied Physics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S Sinha
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - T Schenkel
- Acceleration Technology and Applied Physics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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3
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Ranjan V, O'Sullivan J, Albertinale E, Albanese B, Chanelière T, Schenkel T, Vion D, Esteve D, Flurin E, Morton JJL, Bertet P. Multimode Storage of Quantum Microwave Fields in Electron Spins over 100 ms. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:210505. [PMID: 33274991 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.210505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report long coherence times (up to 300 ms) for near-surface bismuth donor electron spins in silicon coupled to a superconducting microresonator, biased at a clock transition. This enables us to demonstrate the partial absorption of a train of weak microwave fields in the spin ensemble, their storage for 100 ms, and their retrieval, using a Hahn-echo-like protocol. Phase coherence and quantum statistics are preserved in the storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ranjan
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J O'Sullivan
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - E Albertinale
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - B Albanese
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - T Chanelière
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T Schenkel
- Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Vion
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - D Esteve
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - E Flurin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J J L Morton
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - P Bertet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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4
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Spendlove J, Xu X, Halliday OJ, Schenkel T, Halliday I. Chromodynamic multirelaxation-time lattice Boltzmann scheme for fluids with density difference. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:013309. [PMID: 32794994 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.013309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We develop, after Dellar [Phys. Rev. E. 65, 036309 (2002)10.1103/PhysRevE.65.036309; J. Comput. Phys. 190, 351 (2003)10.1016/S0021-9991(03)00279-1], a multiple-relaxation-time (MRT), chromodynamic, multicomponent lattice Boltzmann equation (MCLBE) scheme for simulation of isothermal, immiscible fluid flow with a density contrast. It is based on Lishchuk's method [Brackbill, Kothe, and Zemach, J. Comp. Phys. 100, 335 (1992)10.1016/0021-9991(92)90240-Y; Lishchuk, Care, and Halliday, Phys. Rev. E. 67, 036701, (2003)10.1103/PhysRevE.76.036701] and the segregation of d'Ortona et al. [Phys. Rev. E. 51, 3718, (1995)10.1103/PhysRevE.51.3718]. We focus on fundamental model verifiability but do relate some of our data to that from previous approaches, due to Ba et al. [Phys. Rev. E 94, 023310 (2016)10.1103/PhysRevE.94.023310] and earlier Liu et al. [Phys. Rev. E 85, 046309 (2012)10.1103/PhysRevE.85.046309], who pioneered large density difference chromodynamic MCLBE and showed the practical benefits of an MRT collision model. Specifically, we test the extent to which chromodynamic MCLBE MRT schemes comply with the kinematic condition of mutual impenetrability and the continuous traction condition by developing analytical benchmarking flows. We conclude that our data, taken with those of Ba et al., verify the utility of MRT chromodynamic MCLBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Spendlove
- Materials & Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, United Kingdom
| | - X Xu
- Materials & Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, United Kingdom.,Department of Engineering and Mathematics, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, United Kingdom
| | - O J Halliday
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, United Kingdom
| | - T Schenkel
- Materials & Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, United Kingdom.,Department of Engineering and Mathematics, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, United Kingdom
| | - I Halliday
- Materials & Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, United Kingdom
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5
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Bin JH, Ji Q, Seidl PA, Raftrey D, Steinke S, Persaud A, Nakamura K, Gonsalves A, Leemans WP, Schenkel T. Absolute calibration of GafChromic film for very high flux laser driven ion beams. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:053301. [PMID: 31153260 DOI: 10.1063/1.5086822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on the calibration of GafChromic HD-v2 radiochromic film in the extremely high dose regime up to 100 kGy together with very high dose rates up to 7 × 1011 Gy/s. The absolute calibration was done with nanosecond ion bunches at the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment II particle accelerator at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and covers a broad dose dynamic range over three orders of magnitude. We then applied the resulting calibration curve to calibrate a laser driven ion experiment performed on the BELLA petawatt laser facility at LBNL. Here, we reconstructed the spatial and energy resolved distributions of the laser-accelerated proton beams. The resulting proton distribution is in fair agreement with the spectrum that was measured with a Thomson spectrometer in combination with a microchannel plate detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Bin
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Q Ji
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - P A Seidl
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Raftrey
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S Steinke
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Persaud
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Nakamura
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Gonsalves
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W P Leemans
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Schenkel
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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6
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Treffert F, Ji Q, Seidl PA, Persaud A, Ludewigt B, Barnard JJ, Friedman A, Grote DP, Gilson EP, Kaganovich ID, Stepanov A, Roth M, Schenkel T. Design and implementation of a Thomson parabola for fluence dependent energy-loss measurements at the Neutralized Drift Compression eXperiment. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:103302. [PMID: 30399880 DOI: 10.1063/1.5030541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of ion beams with matter includes the investigation of the basic principles of ion stopping in heated materials. An unsolved question is the effect of different, especially higher, ion beam fluences on ion stopping in solid targets. This is relevant in applications such as in fusion sciences. To address this question, a Thomson parabola was built for the Neutralized Drift Compression eXperiment (NDCX-II) for ion energy-loss measurements at different ion beam fluences. The linear induction accelerator NDCX-II delivers 2 ns short, intense ion pulses, up to several tens of nC/pulse, or 1010-1011 ions, with a peak kinetic energy of ∼1.1 MeV and a minimal spot size of 2 mm FWHM. For this particular accelerator, the energy determination with conventional beam diagnostics, for example, time of flight measurements, is imprecise due to the non-trivial longitudinal phase space of the beam. In contrast, a Thomson parabola is well suited to reliably determine the beam energy distribution. The Thomson parabola differentiates charged particles by energy and charge-to-mass ratio, through deflection of charged particles by electric and magnetic fields. During first proof-of-principle experiments, we achieved to reproduce the average initial helium beam energy as predicted by computer simulations with a deviation of only 1.4%. Successful energy-loss measurements with 1 μm thick silicon nitride foils show the suitability of the accelerator for such experiments. The initial ion energy was determined during a primary measurement without a target, while a second measurement, incorporating the target, was used to determine the transmitted energy. The energy-loss was then determined as the difference between the two energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Treffert
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Q Ji
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - P A Seidl
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Persaud
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B Ludewigt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Barnard
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Friedman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D P Grote
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E P Gilson
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - I D Kaganovich
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - A Stepanov
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, 100 Stellarator Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - M Roth
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Technical University Darmstadt, Schloßgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T Schenkel
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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7
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Seidl PA, Persaud A, Ghiorso W, Ji Q, Waldron WL, Lal A, Vinayakumar KB, Schenkel T. Source-to-accelerator quadrupole matching section for a compact linear accelerator. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:053302. [PMID: 29864834 DOI: 10.1063/1.5023415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we presented a new approach for a compact radio-frequency (RF) accelerator structure and demonstrated the functionality of the individual components: acceleration units and focusing elements. In this paper, we combine these units to form a working accelerator structure: a matching section between the ion source extraction grids and the RF-acceleration unit and electrostatic focusing quadrupoles between successive acceleration units. The matching section consists of six electrostatic quadrupoles (ESQs) fabricated using 3D-printing techniques. The matching section enables us to capture more beam current and to match the beam envelope to conditions for stable transport in an acceleration lattice. We present data from an integrated accelerator consisting of the source, matching section, and an ESQ doublet sandwiched between two RF-acceleration units.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Seidl
- Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Persaud
- Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W Ghiorso
- Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Q Ji
- Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W L Waldron
- Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Lal
- SonicMEMS Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - K B Vinayakumar
- SonicMEMS Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - T Schenkel
- Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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8
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Persaud A, Ji Q, Feinberg E, Seidl PA, Waldron WL, Schenkel T, Lal A, Vinayakumar KB, Ardanuc S, Hammer DA. A compact linear accelerator based on a scalable microelectromechanical-system RF-structure. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:063304. [PMID: 28667999 DOI: 10.1063/1.4984969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new approach for a compact radio-frequency (RF) accelerator structure is presented. The new accelerator architecture is based on the Multiple Electrostatic Quadrupole Array Linear Accelerator (MEQALAC) structure that was first developed in the 1980s. The MEQALAC utilized RF resonators producing the accelerating fields and providing for higher beam currents through parallel beamlets focused using arrays of electrostatic quadrupoles (ESQs). While the early work obtained ESQs with lateral dimensions on the order of a few centimeters, using a printed circuit board (PCB), we reduce the characteristic dimension to the millimeter regime, while massively scaling up the potential number of parallel beamlets. Using Microelectromechanical systems scalable fabrication approaches, we are working on further reducing the characteristic dimension to the sub-millimeter regime. The technology is based on RF-acceleration components and ESQs implemented in the PCB or silicon wafers where each beamlet passes through beam apertures in the wafer. The complete accelerator is then assembled by stacking these wafers. This approach has the potential for fast and inexpensive batch fabrication of the components and flexibility in system design for application specific beam energies and currents. For prototyping the accelerator architecture, the components have been fabricated using the PCB. In this paper, we present proof of concept results of the principal components using the PCB: RF acceleration and ESQ focusing. Ongoing developments on implementing components in silicon and scaling of the accelerator technology to high currents and beam energies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Persaud
- E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Q Ji
- E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - E Feinberg
- E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - P A Seidl
- E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W L Waldron
- E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Schenkel
- E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Lal
- SonicMEMS Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - K B Vinayakumar
- SonicMEMS Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - S Ardanuc
- SonicMEMS Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - D A Hammer
- SonicMEMS Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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9
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Ji Q, Lin CJ, Tindall C, Garcia-Sciveres M, Schenkel T, Ludewigt BA. Note: Coincidence measurements of 3He and neutrons from a compact D-D neutron generator. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:056105. [PMID: 28571430 DOI: 10.1063/1.4981896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tagging of neutrons (2.45 MeV) with their associated 3He particles from deuterium-deuterium (D-D) fusion reactions has been demonstrated in a compact neutron generator setup enabled by a high brightness, microwave-driven ion source with a high fraction of deuterons. Energy spectra with well separated peaks of the D-D fusion reaction products, 3He, tritons, and protons, were measured with a silicon PIN diode. The neutrons were detected using a liquid scintillator detector with pulse shape discrimination. By correlating the 3He detection events with the neutron detection in time, we demonstrated the tagging of emitted neutrons with 3He particles detected with a Si PIN diode detector mounted inside the neutron generator vacuum vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Ji
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C-J Lin
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Tindall
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Garcia-Sciveres
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Schenkel
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B A Ludewigt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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10
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Seidl PA, Barnard JJ, Davidson RC, Friedman A, Gilson EP, Grote D, Ji Q, Kaganovich ID, Persaud A, Waldron WL, Schenkel T. Short-pulse, compressed ion beams at the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/717/1/012079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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11
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Bienfait A, Pla JJ, Kubo Y, Stern M, Zhou X, Lo CC, Weis CD, Schenkel T, Thewalt MLW, Vion D, Esteve D, Julsgaard B, Mølmer K, Morton JJL, Bertet P. Reaching the quantum limit of sensitivity in electron spin resonance. Nat Nanotechnol 2016; 11:253-257. [PMID: 26657787 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The detection and characterization of paramagnetic species by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is widely used throughout chemistry, biology and materials science, from in vivo imaging to distance measurements in spin-labelled proteins. ESR relies on the inductive detection of microwave signals emitted by the spins into a coupled microwave resonator during their Larmor precession. However, such signals can be very small, prohibiting the application of ESR at the nanoscale (for example, at the single-cell level or on individual nanoparticles). Here, using a Josephson parametric microwave amplifier combined with high-quality-factor superconducting microresonators cooled at millikelvin temperatures, we improve the state-of-the-art sensitivity of inductive ESR detection by nearly four orders of magnitude. We demonstrate the detection of 1,700 bismuth donor spins in silicon within a single Hahn echo with unit signal-to-noise ratio, reduced to 150 spins by averaging a single Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequence. This unprecedented sensitivity reaches the limit set by quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field instead of thermal or technical noise, which constitutes a novel regime for magnetic resonance. The detection volume of our resonator is ∼ 0.02 nl, and our approach can be readily scaled down further to improve sensitivity, providing a new versatile toolbox for ESR at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bienfait
- Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J J Pla
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Y Kubo
- Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Stern
- Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, BINA, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - X Zhou
- Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- ISEN Department, Institute of Electronics Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, CNRS UMR 8520, Avenue Poincaré, CS 60069, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex 59652, France
| | - C C Lo
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - C D Weis
- Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Schenkel
- Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M L W Thewalt
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - D Vion
- Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - D Esteve
- Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - B Julsgaard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - K Mølmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - J J L Morton
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - P Bertet
- Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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12
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Ji Q, Seidl PA, Waldron WL, Takakuwa JH, Friedman A, Grote DP, Persaud A, Barnard JJ, Schenkel T. Development and testing of a pulsed helium ion source for probing materials and warm dense matter studies. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:02B707. [PMID: 26932070 DOI: 10.1063/1.4932569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The neutralized drift compression experiment was designed and commissioned as a pulsed, linear induction accelerator to drive thin targets to warm dense matter (WDM) states with peak temperatures of ∼1 eV using intense, short pulses (∼1 ns) of 1.2 MeV lithium ions. At that kinetic energy, heating a thin target foil near the Bragg peak energy using He(+) ions leads to more uniform energy deposition of the target material than Li(+) ions. Experiments show that a higher current density of helium ions can be delivered from a plasma source compared to Li(+) ions from a hot plate type ion source. He(+) beam pulses as high as 200 mA at the peak and 4 μs long were measured from a multi-aperture 7-cm-diameter emission area. Within ±5% variation, the uniform beam area is approximately 6 cm across. The accelerated and compressed pulsed ion beams can be used for materials studies and isochoric heating of target materials for high energy density physics experiments and WDM studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Ji
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - P A Seidl
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W L Waldron
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J H Takakuwa
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Friedman
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D P Grote
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Persaud
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Barnard
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Schenkel
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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13
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Lo CC, Weis CD, van Tol J, Bokor J, Schenkel T. All-electrical nuclear spin polarization of donors in silicon. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:057601. [PMID: 23414045 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.057601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an all-electrical donor nuclear spin polarization method in silicon by exploiting the tunable interaction of donor bound electrons with a two-dimensional electron gas, and achieve over two orders of magnitude nuclear hyperpolarization at T=5 K and B=12 T with an in-plane magnetic field. We also show an intricate dependence of nuclear polarization effects on the orientation of the magnetic field, and both hyperpolarization and antipolarization can be controllably achieved in the quantum Hall regime. Our results demonstrate that donor nuclear spin qubits can be initialized through local gate control of electrical currents without the need for optical excitation, enabling the implementation of nuclear spin qubit initialization in dense multiqubit arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Lo
- Accelerator and Fusion Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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14
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Sy A, Ji Q, Persaud A, Waldmann O, Schenkel T. Novel methods for improvement of a Penning ion source for neutron generator applications. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:02B309. [PMID: 22380288 DOI: 10.1063/1.3670744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Penning ion source performance for neutron generator applications is characterized by the atomic ion fraction and beam current density, providing two paths by which source performance can be improved for increased neutron yields. We have fabricated a Penning ion source to investigate novel methods for improving source performance, including optimization of wall materials and electrode geometry, advanced magnetic confinement, and integration of field emitter arrays for electron injection. Effects of several electrode geometries on discharge characteristics and extracted ion current were studied. Additional magnetic confinement resulted in a factor of two increase in beam current density. First results indicate unchanged proton fraction and increased beam current density due to electron injection from carbon nanofiber arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sy
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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15
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Ji Q, Staples J, Sy A, Schenkel T, Li D. Research and development of H- ion source and low energy beam transport for a kaon-neutrino factory. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:02A718. [PMID: 22380227 DOI: 10.1063/1.3673011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A baseline H(-) ion source and low energy beam transport (LEBT) system have been identified for Project X. The filament-discharge H(-) ion source has been fabricated by D-Pace, Inc. and is now in operation at LBNL. The source is capable of delivering over 10 mA of H(-) beam in cw operation with normalized 4 rms emittances less than 0.7 π mm mrad. A two-solenoid magnetic lens LEBT system has been design. The design has been validated with simulations of beam transport for 5 mA 30 keV H(-) beams using various simulation codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Ji
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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16
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Lo CC, Lang V, George RE, Morton JJL, Tyryshkin AM, Lyon SA, Bokor J, Schenkel T. Electrically detected magnetic resonance of neutral donors interacting with a two-dimensional electron gas. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 106:207601. [PMID: 21668263 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.207601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the electrically detected magnetic resonance of donor-doped silicon field-effect transistors in resonant X- (9.7 GHz) and W-band (94 GHz) microwave cavities. The two-dimensional electron gas resonance signal increases by 2 orders of magnitude from X to W band, while the donor resonance signals are enhanced by over 1 order of magnitude. Bolometric effects and spin-dependent scattering are inconsistent with the observations. We propose that polarization transfer from the donor to the two-dimensional electron gas is the main mechanism giving rise to the spin resonance signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Lo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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17
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Lang V, Lo CC, George RE, Lyon SA, Bokor J, Schenkel T, Ardavan A, Morton JJL. Electrically detected magnetic resonance in a W-band microwave cavity. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:034704. [PMID: 21456773 DOI: 10.1063/1.3557395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We describe a low-temperature sample probe for the electrical detection of magnetic resonance in a resonant W-band (94 GHz) microwave cavity. The advantages of this approach are demonstrated by experiments on silicon field-effect transistors. A comparison with conventional low-frequency measurements at X-band (9.7 GHz) on the same devices reveals an up to 100-fold enhancement of the signal intensity. In addition, resonance lines that are unresolved at X-band are clearly separated in the W-band measurements. Electrically detected magnetic resonance at high magnetic fields and high microwave frequencies is therefore a very sensitive technique for studying electron spins with an enhanced spectral resolution and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom.
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18
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Fuchs GD, Dobrovitski VV, Hanson R, Batra A, Weis CD, Schenkel T, Awschalom DD. Excited-state spectroscopy using single spin manipulation in diamond. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:117601. [PMID: 18851332 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.117601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We use single-spin resonant spectroscopy to study the spin structure in the orbital excited state of a diamond nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) center at room temperature. The data show that the excited-state spin levels have a zero-field splitting that is approximately half of the value of the ground state levels, a g factor similar to the ground state value, and a hyperfine splitting approximately 20x larger than in the ground state. In addition, the width of the resonances reflects the electronic lifetime in the excited state. We also show that the spin level splitting can significantly differ between N-V centers, likely due to the effects of local strain, which provides a pathway to control over the spin Hamiltonian and may be useful for quantum-information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Fuchs
- Center for Spintronics and Quantum Computation, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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19
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Schiller W, Spiegel K, Schmid T, Rudorf H, Flacke S, Probst C, Kovacz A, Schenkel T, Welz A, Oertel H, Liepsch D. Numerical simulation of pulsatile blood flow in the human left ventricle. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-967594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Schenkel T, Oertel H. Numerical simulation of the asymmetric redirection of blood flow in the left ventricle. J Biomech 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9290(06)84213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Abstract
We report the integration of a scanning force microscope with ion beams. The scanning probe images surface structures non-invasively and aligns the ion beam to regions of interest. The ion beam is transported through a hole in the scanning probe tip. Piezoresistive force sensors allow placement of micromachined cantilevers close to the ion beam lens. Scanning probe imaging and alignment is demonstrated in a vacuum chamber coupled to the ion beam line. Dot arrays are formed by ion implantation in resist layers on silicon samples with dot diameters limited by the hole size in the probe tips of a few hundred nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Persaud
- E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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22
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McDonald JW, Hamza AV, Newman MW, Holder JP, Schneider DHG, Schenkel T. Surface charge compensation for a highly charged ion emission microscope. Ultramicroscopy 2004; 101:225-9. [PMID: 15450667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Revised: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A surface charge compensation electron flood gun has been added to the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) highly charged ion (HCI) emission microscope. HCI surface interaction results in a significant charge residue being left on the surface of insulators and semiconductors. This residual charge causes undesirable aberrations in the microscope images and a reduction of the time-of-flight (T-O-F) mass resolution when studying the surfaces of insulators and semiconductors. The benefits and problems associated with HCI microscopy and recent results of the electron flood gun-enhanced HCI microscope are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W McDonald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L 472, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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23
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Schenkel T, Schlathölter T, Newman MW, Machicoane GA, McDonald JW, Hamza AV. Influence of hydrogen on the stability of positively charged silicon dioxide clusters. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.482058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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